UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 09-1126
FRANK SHIN, M.D.,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND MEDICAL SYSTEM CORPORATION; SUSAN
WOLFSTHAL, Doctor,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland, at Baltimore. William D. Quarles, Jr., District
Judge. (1:08-cv-00240-WDQ)
Argued: January 28, 2010 Decided: March 11, 2010
Before MICHAEL and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges, and R. Bryan HARWELL,
United States District Judge for the District of South Carolina,
sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Duncan wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Michael and Judge Harwell joined.
ARGUED: Jason I. Weisbrot, SNIDER & ASSOCIATES, LLC, Baltimore,
Maryland, for Appellant. Neal Mullan Brown, WARANCH & BROWN,
LLC, Lutherville, Maryland, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Michael J.
Snider, SNIDER & ASSOCIATES, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, for
Appellant. Nicole A. McCarus, WARANCH & BROWN, LLC,
Lutherville, Maryland, for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2
DUNCAN, Circuit Judge:
Frank Shin, M.D., appeals a decision of the district court
granting summary judgment to the University of Maryland Medical
System Corporation (“UMMSC”) and its Residency Program director
Dr. Susan D. Wolfsthal (collectively, “Appellees”). The
district court granted summary judgment to Appellees on Dr.
Shin’s discriminatory discharge and failure to provide
reasonable accommodation claims, reasoning that Dr. Shin was not
“a qualified individual with a disability” under the Americans
with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”). 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8) (2006).
Because we agree that Dr. Shin could not perform the essential
functions of his job with or without reasonable accommodation,
we affirm.
I. 1
Dr. Shin began his medical internship with UMMSC on June
24, 2006. 2 Initially, he performed his medical intern duties
satisfactorily. Medical interns are rated on a 9-point scale at
1
Because summary judgment was granted below, we present the
facts affecting our ADA analysis in the light most favorable to
the appellant. See Pueschel v. Peters, 577 F.3d 558, 563 (4th
Cir. 2009).
2
Dr. Shin had just completed medical school at Boston
University, receiving eleven Honors grades, seven High Pass
grades, and twenty Pass grades.
3
UMMSC. Generally, the score of 1-3 is deemed a failure; 4-6 is
satisfactory; and 7-9 is superior. In his first rotation
through Emergency Care Services from June 24, 2006, through July
27, 2006 (“Block 1”), Dr. Shin scored eight out of nine for
overall competence. His evaluator stated that “Dr. Shin [was]
ready to be an excellent clinician, [having] had a strong start
to his first year of residency.” J.A. 297.
After the first month, however, Dr. Shin’s evaluation
scores began to drop. For his rotation through Critical Care
Services from July 21, 2006, through August 23, 2006 (“Block
2”), both Dr. Stephen Gottlieb and Dr. Mandeep Mehra gave Dr.
Shin an overall competence score of three. Dr. Mehra explained
that Dr. Shin had to be “shadowed heavily by the residents to
prevent medical errors,” which placed “a greater burden of
responsibility on the other interns and resulted in residents
needing to act as interns.” S.J.A. 85. 3 During this rotation,
Dr. Mehra limited Dr. Shin’s workload to three patients and once
had to have other residents help complete his work.
Dr. Shin’s deteriorating performance prompted Dr. Wolfsthal
to meet with him about the problem. At that meeting, Dr. Shin
explained that he found “it difficult to balance new admissions
in the setting of taking care of patients already on the
3
References in the record to “S.J.A.” are to the
Supplemental Joint Appendix.
4
service.” S.J.A. 86. He also explained that, to keep up with
his workload, he often arrived at 6 a.m. and stayed until 8-9
p.m. Dr. Shin added that on night call he would take one to two
extra Provigil pills to stay awake. 4 To address the problem,
Dr. Wolfsthal and Dr. Shin developed the following action plan:
1. [Dr. Shin] would thoroughly work up 2 patients
while on call.
2. He would meet with [Dr.] Rebecca Manno on a weekly
basis to discuss efficiency and organizational skills
as well as key topics in cardiology.
3. He [would] check with [Dr.] Alan Krumholz [in the
Department of Neurology] . . . to see how he might
best manage his medications in this setting.
4. In addition to working on organizational skills,
he [would] also improve his skills in retrieving old
records, dealing with cross-cover issues 5 and writing
notes.
5. Whenever called on a cross-over issue, he [would]
review the event and his plans with [a resident].
S.J.A. 87 (footnote call number added).
4
Provigil, or “Modafanil,” is “[o]fficially [used] for
narcolepsy and excessive sleepiness associated with things like
shift work, sleep apnea, and multiple sclerosis, but also used
as an augmenting agent to boost the effectiveness of standard
antidepressants or when antidepressants cause excessive daytime
sleepiness as a side effect.” Jack M. Gorman, The Essential
Guide to Psychiatric Drugs 131 (4th ed. 2007).
5
Interns at UMMSC are responsible for their co-interns’
patients when their co-interns go home. On-call interns are
given an information sheet detailing information about each
patient, such as the patient’s allergies, location, reason for
admission, chronic medical problems, and medications, and other
information that may be pertinent to the case.
5
Two weeks later, Dr. Wolfsthal and Dr. Shin met again to
discuss his progress. Despite the action plan, Dr. Wolfsthal
discovered that Dr. Shin had written orders for patients that
were inappropriate, such as “ordering IV Prednisone, ordering
[Fresh Frozen Plasma] on the wrong patient and placing a patient
on a standing order of narcotics that cause somnolence.” S.J.A.
88. Thus, Dr. Wolfsthal asked Dr. Shin to continue meeting with
both Dr. Manno and Dr. Krumholz. In addition, she gave him the
phone number for the Employee Assistance Program so that he
could seek confidential counseling.
On September 1, 2006, UMMSC placed Dr. Shin on probation.
The Clinical Competency Committee noted that Dr. Shin had
“extremely poor organizational skills and major knowledge
deficits.” S.J.A. 91. Although the Committee recognized that
Dr. Shin had performed better during his Block 3 rotation, 6 that
success was attributed to the fact that Dr. Shin was generally
limited to three or four patients and that those patients were
“the less complicated ones.” S.J.A. 91. Thus, UMMSC informed
6
For his rotation through Medicine 1 - General Internal
Medicine from August 17, 2006, through September 19, 2006
(“Block 3”), Dr. Shin scored an eight for overall competence.
In a section labeled “Resident Strengths,” his evaluator Dr.
Jamal Mikdashi described Dr. Shin as a “thorough and hard
worker, motivated,” that “at times get[s] overwhemled [sic].”
J.A. 299.
6
Dr. Shin that he would need to meet the following criteria
before December 1, 2006, to remain in the internship program:
1. Achieve scores of 5 in all areas of competency in
all rotations. 7
2. Demonstrate the ability to manage a census of 4-7
patients and admit 5 patients per call night. He may
on occasion admit less than 5 patients depending on
the flow of admissions, but he must demonstrate the
ability to admit 5 when the need arises.
3. Demonstrate improvement in both his written and
oral presentations.
4. Continue meeting weekly with Dr. Rebecca Manno to
work on organizational skills and efficiency as well
as enhancing his knowledge base.
5. Meet every 2-3 weeks with Dr. Wolfsthal.
6. Be evaluated and have a drug screen at the
Employee Assessment Program (EAP). . . .
7. At the end of 3 months, Frank will do a full H&P
([Clinical Evaluation Exercise]) under direct
observation by Dr. Graeme Forrest.
S.J.A. 92 (footnote call number added).
Dr. Shin’s overall competence scores, however, never
improved. For his rotation through Critical Care Unit/Telemetry
7
Although a five is generally classified as “satisfactory”
in other medical internship programs, a five “is borderline in
[UMMSC’s] program. That already means there are issues that are
being raised.” S.J.A. 394-95. “Interns and residents with
scores of five and below are generally brought to the [Clinical
Competency Committee] for further discussion.” S.J.A. 395.
“The mean score for an Intern by the end of the year is
approximately 7.3, plus or minus a very small standard
deviation, so all the scores are between maybe 7.1 and 7.5.”
S.J.A. 394.
7
(“Block 4”), Dr. Gary Plotnick gave Dr. Shin a four, and Dr.
John Kastor gave him a three. Dr. Kastor characterized Dr.
Shin’s rotation as a “troubled performance,” and recommended
that Dr. Shin not be allowed to “[a]dmit more than one patient
on call until [h]is ability to d[e]al with more information
improves.” S.J.A. 94. Dr. Kastor also noted confidentially
that Dr. Shin displayed “[t]he poorest performance by an intern
that [he had] experienced at [UMMSC].” S.J.A. 248. Similarly,
Dr. Plotnick explained that Dr. Shin had “difficulty putting it
all together” and “[n]eed[ed] help synthesizing and seeing the
big picture.” S.J.A. 93. Dr. Plotnick communicated to Dr.
Wolfsthal that Dr. Shin “need[ed] complete supervision.” S.J.A.
95. These reviews prompted Dr. David Tasker to recommend that
Dr. Shin no longer be allowed to attend the outpatient clinic, a
requirement of the internship program. He reasoned that this
would “take some of the pressure off [Dr. Shin].” S.J.A. 101.
Dr. Shin also received poor reviews for his rotation
through Med 4 - General Internal Medicine (“Block 6”). Both Dr.
Majid Cina and Dr. Aba Ibe gave him a competence score of four.
S.J.A. 105-06. Dr. Cina commented that Dr. Shin’s “most glaring
deficiencies . . . [were] lack of efficiency, an inability to
think globally about patients, poor organization skills, and
difficulty with prioritization. . . . He required extensive
help with workload.” S.J.A. at 105. Likewise, Dr. Ibe
8
explained that she “found [her]self relying heavily on the
resident to constantly supervise him and [she] also stayed late
on many occasions to ensure that his documentation on patients
was appropriate.” S.J.A. at 106.
Finally, for his Block 7 rotation through the Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, Dr. Richard Rees gave Dr. Shin a one for
overall competence. To explain such a low evaluation, Dr. Rees
noted:
Frank’s overall performance was unsatisfactory. He
doesn’t know what he doesn’t know. He is extremely
argumentative and refused to accept explanations for
why certain decisions were made when they were based
on clear evidence and were well accepted standards of
care[.] Taking that one step further, he would then
write orders on those patients based on what he felt
was right/appropriate, in direct contradiciton [sic]
to the orders which the resident stated he should
write . . . . To make things even worse, when I
discussed these issues with him, it was clear he had
no insight into his problems.
S.J.A. 115. Confidentially, Dr. Rees said that Dr. Shin was
“dangerous and should no longer be allowed to continue in a
direct patient care role.” S.J.A. 249. He felt that Dr. Shin
was not remediable and that an extended internship would be of
no benefit.
Not only were Dr. Shin’s performance scores low, but he
also failed the Clinical Evaluation Exercise. 8 Although Dr. Shin
8
“The clinical evaluation exercise (CEX), a direct
observation of a history and physical examination with feedback
(Continued)
9
was able to get an adequate history of the patient, he was
unable to perform a satisfactory physical examination. In his
assessment, Dr. Forrest noted twenty-three problems with Dr.
Shin’s physical examination, including the fact that Dr. Shin
“[p]erformed [the] exam without turning on the lights” and
“[f]ailed to wash [his] hands before touching the patient.”
S.J.A. 102. In his summary, Dr. Forrest explained that “[Dr.
Shin’s] clinical competency is borderline. He may get an
adequate history and utilize the resources around him, but his
thinking is rather rigid and inflexible and he is not very open
to suggestions of help.” S.J.A. 103. Dr. Forrest was
particularly concerned that Dr. Shin’s “examination technique
[was] so poor that he may miss something obvious.” Id.
The record reflects that Dr. Forrest’s concerns proved
true: Dr. Shin misdiagnosed patients or prescribed to them the
wrong medications while at UMMSC. For example, during his Block
7 rotation, a nurse called to inform Dr. Shin that the blood
pressure of one of his cross-over patients had dropped. In
response, Dr. Shin told the nurse to give that patient fluids.
Dr. Lee-Ann Wagner overheard the conversation and instructed Dr.
to the house officer, is a form of clinical skills evaluation
used by many internal medicine training programs.” Frank J.
Kroboth et al., Didactive Value of the Clinical Evaluation
Exercise: Missed Opportunities, 11(9) J. Gen. Internal Med. 551,
551 (1996).
10
Shin to go and see the patient. Specifically, she reminded Dr.
Shin that “[w]hen a nurse calls that there’s been a change in a
vital sign like this, you need to see the patient.” S.J.A. 206-
07. Upon arriving at the patient’s room, Dr. Wagner and Dr.
Shin learned that the patient was in critical condition and
needed to be rushed to the Intensive Care Unit. Dr. Wagner
asked Dr. Shin to page the Intensive Care Resident while she
prepared the patient to be moved. Dr. Shin, however, could not
follow Dr. Wagner’s instructions on how to obtain the resident’s
beeper number. Dr. Wagner was thus forced to leave the
critically ill patient so that she could page the resident.
Similarly, during his Block 4 rotation, Dr. Shin prescribed
a large amount of Lasix 9 for a patient with aortic stenosis. 10
After being subjected to ten times the medication he was
supposed to receive, the patient began “urinating out[] more
fluid than [UMMSC] would have wanted for a patient with aortic
stenosis.” S.J.A. 281-82. Although the patient suffered no
lasting “bad effects,” after that incident, Dr. James Strait
9
Lasix, or “Furosemide,” is a “diuretic (water pill) used
to treat high blood pressure. It is also used to treat swelling
due to fluid retention associated with heart failure or kidney
or liver disease.” The Pocket Guide to Prescription Drugs 709
(9th ed. 2010).
10
Aortic stenosis is a heart valve disorder, in which “the
heart -- specifically, the left ventricle -- has to work harder
to pump blood to the brain and other vital organs.” The Merck
Manual of Health & Aging 722 (Keryn A.G. Lane ed., 2004).
11
felt he needed to review “all of [Dr. Shin’s] orders very
closely.” S.J.A 282. Yet, even under such close supervision,
Dr. Shin continued making mistakes. 11
UMMSC made assistance available to help Dr. Shin complete
his medical internship. For example, UMMSC provided Dr. Shin
with “tutoring from [its] chief residents,” S.J.A. 66;
“mentoring from several of [their] faculty members and
residents,” S.J.A. 66; less complex patients and fewer
admissions; and dayfloaters and “moonlighters to help with [his]
workload” at certain critical times, S.J.A. 86, 193-94. UMMSC
also excused Dr. Shin from participating in the outpatient
clinic -- a requirement of the internship program. Finally,
several faculty members and residents assisted Dr. Shin with his
duties. While the “Friends of Frank” would meet weekly with Dr.
Shin to discuss his various problems, 12 several of Dr. Shin’s
11
Other mistakes included (1) wrongly documenting that
“[t]he patient [was] deceased,” when in fact the patient was
not; (2) giving wrong orders for insulin (NPH 40/30 BID) at
discharge in addition to starting a new dose of Lantus; and (3)
omitting critical information, such as vital signs, in patients’
medical histories. S.J.A. 247.
12
Dr. Strait testified as follows, “We were having meetings
with Frank and Dr. Wali on a weekly basis, I and one of the
other residents, to try to discuss various time management
issues and try to help him out. We would meet, have lunch, and
then discuss things.” S.J.A. 255. They met to discuss what
sort of issues Dr. Shin was having and to “see if [they] c[ould]
help him out.” S.J.A. 257. They sometimes called it the
“Friends of Frank.” S.J.A. 257.
12
supervisors would “write his notes” or verbally dictate them to
him, S.J.A. 182, “wr[i]te orders on his patients,” S.J.A. 222,
or encourage him to go home and leave the “leftover work [for]
. . . the resident,” S.J.A. 438.
Despite these accommodations, Dr. Shin continued having
difficulties. As a consequence, both on his own initiative and
at the direction of UMMSC, Dr. Shin sought evaluation by several
mental health professionals to better understand his problems.
Dr. James F. McTamney diagnosed Dr. Shin with possible Attention
Deficit Disorder, finding that Dr. Shin had difficulties
“switch[ing] back and forth between ideas.” S.J.A. 113. He
also noted that Dr. Shin’s “working memory was . . . below
expected levels.” Id. He suggested Dr. Shin be placed on
medication and seek the aid of a rehabilitation specialist.
Similarly, after a thorough evaluation, Dr. Jill A. RachBeisel
diagnosed Dr. Shin with “significant impairment in visual-
spatial reasoning and visual memory,” S.J.A. 124, and
recommended that Dr. Shin be placed on a trial of stimulant
medication, consider Strattera, 13 and seek behavioral coaching.
On January 5, 2007, UMMSC placed Dr. Shin on leave so that he
13
Strattera, also known as “Atomoxetine hydrochloride,” is
“used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).”
The Pocket Guide, supra note 9, at 1226. This medication is
believed to help “increase attention and decrease impulsiveness
and hyperactivity.” Id.
13
could be further evaluated and engage in more extensive
rehabilitation for his deficiencies.
Even with medication, however, Dr. Shin did not improve.
Thus, on March 12, 2007, Dr. Craig D. Thorne determined that Dr.
Shin had reached maximal medical improvement but was unfit to
return to work as a medical intern. UMMSC terminated Dr. Shin
by letter dated April 4, 2007. His termination was upheld in an
internal grievance proceeding held on June 18, 2007.
Before being terminated, Dr. Shin requested the following
accommodations: (1) fewer patients; (2) additional time to
record and synthesize verbal information from the night flow
team; and (3) “a more compassionate environment.” J.A. 202.
UMMSC rejected implementation of these accommodations. It noted
that Dr. Shin would not achieve the minimum 210 admissions
required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
Education (“ACGME”) in his first year if his admissions were
further reduced, and that more time to absorb information from
the night team would not adequately train him in the skills he
needed to become a physician. As to his request for a more
compassionate environment, UMMSC explained that many of Dr.
Shin’s colleagues and administrators had already come to his
aid. Under these circumstances, UMMSC felt termination was
warranted.
14
Dr. Shin filed a complaint with the United States Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission, which issued its right to sue
letter on November 1, 2007. He then brought suit against UMMSC,
the Medical Center, the Residency Program, and Dr. Wolfsthal,
alleging both discriminatory discharge and the failure to
provide reasonable accommodation in violation of the ADA and the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), as amended, 42 U.S.C.
§ 2000e et seq., as well as state law claims for wrongful
discharge, breach of contract, and defamation. Dr. Shin
voluntarily dismissed the Medical Center and the Residency
Program as defendants on February 27, 2008. On January 7, 2009,
the district court granted summary judgment to UMMSC and Dr.
Wolfsthal on the ADA claims, and declined supplemental
jurisdiction over Dr. Shin’s state law claims. This appeal
followed.
II.
On appeal, Dr. Shin maintains that the district court
erroneously granted summary judgment to Appellees on his claims
under the ADA. We review a district court’s decision to grant
summary judgment de novo, “viewing the facts and the inferences
to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the
nonmovant.” Riddick ex rel. Riddick v. Sch. Bd. of the City of
Portsmouth, 238 F.3d 518, 522 (4th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment
15
is appropriate only “if the pleadings, the discovery and
disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(2).
Dr. Shin’s suit is based on the ADA, 14 the pertinent part of
which provides: “No covered entity shall discriminate against a
qualified individual with a disability because of the disability
of such individual in regard to . . . discharge of employees,
. . . job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges
of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a) (2006). “Discrimination”
as used in the ADA prohibits not only disparate treatment
because of an employee’s disability, see id., but also the
14
Significant changes to the ADA took effect on January 1,
2009, after this appeal was filed. See ADA Amendments Act of
2008, Pub. L. No. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553. Congress did not
express its intent for these changes to apply retroactively, and
so we look to the law in place prior to the amendments.
Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 270-71 (1994);
Olatunji v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 383, 389 (4th Cir. 2004) (“In the
face of congressional silence on the temporal reach of a given
statute, it is presumed that Congress did not intend for the
statute to be applied retroactively.”). Our sister circuits
have found that the 2008 ADA amendments are not retroactive, see
Thornton v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 587 F.3d 27, 34 n.3 (1st
Cir. 2009); EEOC v. Agro Distrib., LLC, 555 F.3d 462, 469-70 n.8
(5th Cir. 2009); Milholland v. Sumner County Bd. of Educ., 569
F.3d 562, 565-67 (6th Cir. 2009); Fredricksen v. United Parcel
Serv., Co., 581 F.3d 516, 521 n.1 (7th Cir. 2009); Becerril v.
Pima County Assessor’s Office, 587 F.3d 1162, 1164 (9th Cir.
2009); Lytes v. DC Water & Sewer Auth., 572 F.3d 936, 939-42
(D.C. Cir. 2009), and we see no reason to disagree with their
conclusion.
16
failure to make “reasonable accommodations to the known physical
or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with
a disability who is an applicant or employee,” id.
§ 12112(b)(5)(A), and “denying employment opportunities to a job
applicant or employee,” where the denial of the employment
opportunity “is based on the need . . . to make reasonable
accommodation,” id. § 12112(b)(5)(B). See Smith v. Ameritech,
129 F.3d 857, 866 (6th Cir. 1997); Sieberns v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 125 F.3d 1019, 1021-22 (7th Cir. 1997); see also Burch v.
Coca-Cola Co., 119 F.3d 305, 314 (5th Cir. 1997) (recognizing
that a reasonable accommodation claim under the ADA differs from
a wrongful termination claim under the ADA), cert. denied, 522
U.S. 1084 (1998). In his complaint, Dr. Shin alleged both
discriminatory discharge and the failure to provide reasonable
accommodation.
For both wrongful termination and the failure to provide
reasonable accommodation, a plaintiff must first establish that
he is a “qualified individual with a disability” under the ADA.
See Rohan v. Networks Presentations LLC, 375 F.3d 266, 272 (4th
Cir. 2004) (applying this standard to wrongful termination
claim); Rhoads v. FDIC, 257 F.3d 373, 387 (4th Cir. 2001)
(applying this standard to failure to accommodate claim); see
also Sieberns, 125 F.3d at 1022 (“No matter the type of
discrimination alleged . . . a plaintiff must establish first
17
that he was “‘a qualified individual with a disability.’”)
(internal quotations omitted). The ADA defines “qualified
individual with a disability” as “an individual with a
disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can
perform the essential functions of the employment position that
such individual holds or desires.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(8). Thus,
in order to survive summary judgment on his ADA claims, Dr. Shin
had to produce evidence showing that he is both qualified and
disabled. In its order, after determining that Dr. Shin had
sufficiently created a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Appellees regarded him as disabled, 15 the district court
15
The ADA defines “disability” as:
(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially
limits one or more of the major life activities of
such individual;
(B) a record of such an impairment; or
(C) being regarded as having such an impairment.
42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(A)-(C). The district court concluded that
Dr. Shin had not met his burden as to (A) or (B), but that a
genuine dispute remained as to (C). We recognize that prior to
the 2008 ADA amendments, courts were split on whether a
plaintiff could bring an accommodation claim if he could prove
only that he was regarded as having a disability. Compare
Kaplan v. City of N. Las Vegas, 323 F.3d 1226, 1232-33 (9th Cir.
2003) (concluding that there is no duty to accommodate an
individual who is regarded as having a disability); Weber v.
Strippit, Inc., 186 F.3d 907, 916-17 (8th Cir. 1999) (same);
Workman v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 165 F.3d 460, 467 (6th Cir. 1999)
(reaching same conclusion without analysis); and Newberry v. E.
Tex. State Univ., 161 F.3d 276, 280 (5th Cir. 1998) (same); with
(Continued)
18
found that Dr. Shin was unable to perform the essential
functions of his job with or without reasonable accommodation,
and thus granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees. Dr.
Shin challenges this latter finding. He contends that he could
indeed perform his job’s essential functions. Alternatively,
Dr. Shin argues that he could have performed these essential
functions if UMMSC had made reasonable accommodations. We
address each argument in turn.
A.
We first consider whether Dr. Shin was able to perform the
essential functions of his job. The essential functions of a
job are those “that bear more than a marginal relationship to
the job at issue.” Tyndall v. Nat’l Educ. Ctrs., Inc. of Cal.,
31 F.3d 209, 213 (4th Cir. 1994) (internal citations omitted).
D’Angelo v. ConAgra Foods, Inc., 422 F.3d 1220, 1240 (11th Cir.
2005) (concluding that there is a duty to accommodate an
individual who the employer regards as having a disability);
Kelly v. Metallics W., Inc., 410 F.3d 670, 675-76 (10th Cir.
2005) (same); Williams v. Phila. Hous. Auth. Police Dep’t, 380
F.3d 751, 772-76 (3d Cir. 2004) (same); and Katz v. City Metal
Co., Inc., 87 F.3d 26, 32-33 (1st Cir. 1996) (same). This court
has not taken a position on this issue. See Wilson v. Phoenix
Specialty Mfg. Co., Inc., 513 F.3d 378, 388 (4th Cir. 2008).
Nevertheless, because we resolve this appeal on other grounds,
we need not address whether Dr. Shin was an individual with a
disability within the meaning of the ADA, nor whether Dr. Shin
could bring an accommodation claim if he could prove only that
he was being regarded as disabled.
19
The parties do not dispute the district court’s determination
that
[t]he essential functions of Dr. Shin’s position were
to provide competent medical care to patients with
efficiency and reasonable autonomy. [UMMSC’s]
Graduate Medical Education Policy and Procedure Manual
states that a resident should be able to “quickly and
accurately integrate all information received” and
identify findings, provide a reasoned explanation, and
prescribe appropriate medications “in an efficient and
timely manner.” One of Dr. Shin’s responsibilities
. . . was to “provide safe and appropriate care for
patients.”
J.A. 192-93 (internal citations omitted). Instead, Dr. Shin
argues that his performance evaluations demonstrate that he
performed those essential functions. 16 We disagree.
The evaluations upon which Dr. Shin relies do not support
his argument. Aside from favorable reviews during his Block 1
and Block 3 rotations, his reviews are all unsatisfactory.
Dr. Shin even conceded that, other than in June, his evaluations
do not show that he “establish[ed] [him]self as a satisfactory
resident.” S.J.A. 357. The record also shows that Dr. Shin was
16
Dr. Shin also argues that he was qualified for the
position as evidenced by his academic accolades. In particular
he notes that his “transcript while at Boston University School
of Medicine shows that [he] received 9 Honors, 10 High Passes,
and 20 Passes.” Appellant’s Br. at 30. While that may be so,
as the district court noted, “‘[s]tudent performance and
performing the essential functions of a resident physician are
[very] dissimilar.’” J.A. 193 (quoting Stopka v. Med. Univ. of
S.C., Case No. 2:05-1728-CWH, 2007 WL 2022188, at *13 (D.S.C.
July 11, 2007)). One may achieve high marks throughout one’s
education and still not be able to perform the essential
functions of a job.
20
unable “to provide competent medical care to patients with . . .
reasonable autonomy.” J.A. 192. In their evaluations of Dr.
Shin, many of his supervisors stated that Dr. Shin required
constant supervision and aid. Dr. Mehra explained that during
Block 2, Dr. Shin “was shadowed heavily by the residents to
prevent medical errors.” S.J.A. 85. Similarly, Dr. Cina noted
that while in Block 6, Dr. Shin “required extensive help with
workload. Because of this, the senior resident functioned in a
hybrid resident/intern role, and [he] functioned in a hybrid
attending/resident role.” S.J.A. 105.
His supervisors also explained that Dr. Shin was highly
inefficient. Several evaluators noted that Dr. Shin “need[ed]
more organization,” S.J.A. 84, “lack[ed] . . . efficiency,”
S.J.A. 105, and “appeared to be frequently behind schedule for
most of his tasks,” S.J.A. 106. Dr. Wagner testified that Dr.
Shin “was so inefficient that he couldn’t get those things
[listed in his task list] done for his patients,” and thus, she
relied on “the medical students on the team . . . [to do] a lot
of the tasks for [Dr. Shin.]” S.J.A. 202-03. Similarly, Dr.
Strait testified that Dr. Shin “would spend too much time on
unrelated things and not enough time on the . . . important
things.” S.J.A. 274. Such behavior forced one of his
supervisors to stay “late on many occasions to ensure that his
documentation on patients was appropriate.” S.J.A. 106.
21
Finally, the evidence shows that Dr. Shin was not able to
“to provide safe and appropriate care for patients.” J.A. 193
(internal quotations omitted). Not only did Dr. Shin order the
wrong medications for several patients, but his poor judgment in
critical situations forced his supervisors to step in and
prevent several errors. Dr. Shin’s failure to check up on a
patient after that patient’s vitals changed is of particular
concern. Dr. Wagner’s constant supervision of Dr. Shin’s
actions allowed her to help a patient at a critical time. Left
to his own devices, Dr. Shin would have left that patient
unattended.
This evidence, even when taken in the light most favorable
to Dr. Shin, demonstrates that Dr. Shin was not performing the
essential elements of his job. 17 No reasonable jury could find
17
Nevertheless, Dr. Shin maintains that if he did fail to
perform the essential functions of his job, it was only because
Appellees forced him to work beyond the work hour limits set
forth by ACGME. We disagree. There is no evidence on the
record showing that Appellees forced Dr. Shin to work such long
hours. Rather, Appellees required Dr. Shin to complete all his
work, and for Dr. Shin, that took longer than the maximum eighty
hours per week allowed by ACGME. Dr. Shin chose to work these
long hours “to compensate for [his] problems” and get the
essential functions of the job completed. S.J.A. 116. Thus,
although there is some evidence in the record to support the
view that Dr. Shin often worked over eighty hours and that his
performance was affected by these long hours, we find that the
work hours were necessitated by the disability, not by UMMSC.
Moreover, we recognize that Appellees tried to correct the
problem. As Dr. Strait explained, “[b]ecause Frank would many
times stay after he was supposed to leave, . . . [w]e tried and
(Continued)
22
that, while at UMMSC, Dr. Shin provided “safe and appropriate
care” for patients “with efficiency and reasonable autonomy.”
J.A. 192-93.
B.
We next consider Dr. Shin’s alternative argument that he
could have performed his job’s essential functions if reasonable
accommodations had been made. The ADA states that “‘reasonable
accommodation’ may include . . . job restructuring, part-time or
modified work schedules, [and] reassignment to a vacant
position.” 42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B). The plaintiff bears the
burden of identifying an accommodation that would allow a
qualified individual to perform the job, as well as the ultimate
burden of persuasion with respect to demonstrating that such an
accommodation is reasonable. Halperin v. Abacus Tech. Corp.,
128 F.3d 191, 197 (4th Cir. 1997).
Dr. Shin argues that he would have been able to perform the
essential functions of his job had Appellees: (1) reduced the
number of patients for whom he was responsible; (2) provided him
we would force him to leave.” S.J.A. 262. At one point, the
“Friends of Frank” would page him every day at approximately
6 p.m. to remind him to go home and would even volunteer to take
care of his incomplete work. Likewise, Appellees would not
allow Dr. Shin to take a clinic –- a requirement of the
internship –- so that he would not violate the eighty hour
restriction.
23
additional time to record and synthesize information when
presentations were given from the night float team; and (3)
staffed a nurse practitioner while he was on call. Appellees
respond that Dr. Shin was given every possible accommodation to
perform the essential functions of his job, and that “there were
no additional, reasonable accommodations that would have allowed
[Dr. Shin] to perform the essential functions of a resident.”
Appellees’ Br. at 56. We agree with Appellees.
The record shows that ACGME requires UMMSC to show that its
first year residents admit a minimum of 210 patients per year.
This requirement exists to provide residents with “direct
clinical experience with progressive responsibility for patient
management.” S.J.A. 67. Moreover, “any reduction in [Dr.
Shin’s] workload for number of patients that [he] admit[s] or
care[s] along the continuum of care would become the
responsibility of supervising residents on the team.” S.J.A.
68. As a consequence, Appellees argue that “[p]atient safety
and resident morale [would] be compromised since others [would]
be required to assume a greater role in managing those cases
that [Dr. Shin] would be routinely expected to manage, diluting
or delaying their routine responsibilities.” S.J.A. 68.
Dr. Shin offers no evidence to rebut these facts. He also
fails to show how handling a reduced volume of patients would
satisfy his job’s essential functions. As the district court
24
noted, “[t]he ADA does not require an employer to assign an
employee to ‘permanent light duty,’” J.A. 192 (quoting Carter v.
Tisch, 822 F.2d 465, 467 (4th Cir. 1987)); nor does it require
an employer to “reallocate job duties in order to change the
essential functions of a job,” 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App.
§ 1630.2(o), or “hire an additional person to perform an
essential function of a disabled employee’s position,” Martinson
v. Kinney Shoe Corp., 104 F.3d 683, 687 (4th Cir. 1997). See
also Laurin v. Providence Hosp., 150 F.3d 52, 60-61 (1st Cir.
1998); Milton v. Scrivner, Inc., 53 F.3d 1118, 1125 (10th Cir.
1995) (“An accommodation that would result in other employees
having to worker [sic] harder or longer hours is not
required.”).
More importantly, Dr. Shin has failed to provide evidence
showing that “light duty” was an option for medical interns and
residents at UMMSC. The record shows the contrary. Dr. Thomas
C. Goldman opined that a reduced patient load is “not
reasonable, in that [it] could not be offered without seriously
compromising the functions of the hospital, the needs of the
staff, and patient safety.” S.J.A. 423. Similarly, Dr. Holly
J. Humphrey explained that Dr. Shin’s requested accommodations
are “not only unreasonable but in direct conflict with the goal
of residency education -- to build memory strength about patient
care disease presentations in order to develop the clinical
25
judgment essential to being a physician.” S.J.A. 172. She
further explained that “[g]iven that the goals of residency
training are to develop competency, the doctor must function at
a level allowing complex problem solving including
simultaneously managing multiple patient care situations and
dealing with ambiguity.” S.J.A. 173. Because Dr. Shin provided
no evidence to bring this fact into dispute, and we can find
none, we defer to the views of Appellees on the standards for
professional and academic achievement. See Doe v. Univ. of Md.
Med. Sys. Corp., 50 F.3d 1261, 1266 (4th Cir. 1995) (“We are
reluctant under these circumstances to substitute our judgment
for that of UMMSC.”); see also McGregor v. La. State Univ. Bd.
of Supervisors, 3 F.3d 850, 859 (5th Cir. 1993) (deferring to a
law school’s determinations on how best to meet the ABA’s
accreditation requirement on attendance); Zukle v. Regents of
Univ. of Cal., 166 F.3d 1041, 1048 (9th Cir. 1999) (making a
similar finding in the medical school context). For the above
reasons, we reject Dr. Shin’s alternative argument. No
reasonable jury could conclude that a reduced patient load was a
reasonable accommodation under these circumstances.
Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not
err in finding that Dr. Shin is not a qualified individual with
a disability under the ADA. Dr. Shin was not able to perform
the essential functions of his job without reasonable
26
accommodation, and the accommodations he identified are
unreasonable in light of the circumstances.
III.
For the reasons set forth above, the district court’s order
granting Appellees’ motion for summary judgment is
AFFIRMED.
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