IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
WILLIAM S. BROWN and JULIE C. No. 68095-1-1 O?'.-;
BROWN, husband and wife and their f. j
marital community, DIVISION ONE
CO
Appellants,
v. PUBLISHED OPINION
ROD J. GARRETT d/b/a BEST AUTO
LIMITED and MARK A. THOMPSON,
d/b/a BEST AUTO,
Respondents. FILED: July 8, 2013
Schindler, J. — William and Julie Brown filed a lawsuit in Parker County, Texas
against Rod J. Garrett d/b/a Best Auto Limited and Mark A. Thompson d/b/a Best Auto
(collectively Best Auto). The Browns obtained a judgment against Best Auto and filed it
in King County Superior Court. Because the Texas court had jurisdiction over Best Auto
under the long-arm statute, and Best Auto did not file a motion in the Texas court to
enforce the forum selection clause in the "Vehicle Purchase Order," we reverse the King
County Superior Court order vacating the Texas judgment and quashing the writ of
garnishment.
FACTS
Rod J. Garrett d/b/a Best Auto Limited and Mark A. Thompson d/b/a Best Auto
(collectively Best Auto) own a used car business in Washington. In April 2008, Best
No. 68095-1-1/2
Auto listed for sale on eBay a 2004 Mini Cooper with approximately 76,000 miles. The
eBay advertisement states that Best Auto sells to purchasers in North and South
America, Europe, and Australia. The advertisement describes the condition of the 2004
Mini Cooper as follows:
THIS CAR RUNS AS SMOOTH AS SILK.
In total, this is a clean, well cared for, smoke-free, great-driving
MINI. I take great pride in the vehicles we sell and feel that you should
know as much about the car as possible. Accordingly here is a list of the
good and also things needing attention: All the glass is in great shape - no
cracks or delam[ination] spots. Hop in, fire her up and this car starts
instantly, even when cold. It idles, runs and drives as it should - strong oil
pressure, strong battery and charging system, no overheating, no brake
pull or alignment issues! I've driven it many miles over the past few weeks
and freeway cruised at 75 MPH [(miles per hour)].
Please look again at the interior [pictures]. The dark grey leather
upholstery is all-original with the pictures giving a very accurate view of its
clean, soft condition. You'll feel comfortable sitting on these firm seats for
hours and they can be adjusted for height as well as forward/back and,
when needed, they're heated too! The electric window lifts and [air
conditioning] system all work great. Push a button and roll back the large
power moonroof for that open-air drive!. . . The car is equipped with
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) operated by a dash switch that enables
you to take corners on those twisty country roads at 90+ MPH! As you
can probably guess from the photos, the original rubber factory mats have
done a great job of protecting the clean carpets beneath. It is a bit difficult
to tell from the photos, but I can see several body panels have had
paintwork done sometime in the past. Don't know why as there's no
history of accidents or other negatives, but my professional eye catches it
on a close inspection all the same. . . I have every confidence this MINI
Cooper could easily be driven cross-country tomorrow.
We've sold many cars here on eBay over the past few years and
the one thing I'm questioned about again and again is shipping. Because
we're up in Washington State, at the Northwestern tip of the country, many
Midwesterners and folks on the East Coast sometimes are reluctant to bid
due to distance. DON'T BE CONCERNED! We ship cars out almost
weekly and are happy to help arrange and/or work with the transporter of
your choice. As outlined above, please contact me here at BEST AUTO
with any questions or for suggestions. My name is Mark Thompson and
my direct phone number is 206/914-1173. [A]nd, yes, it is for sale locally
before this auction ends if you'd like to make an offer.
No. 68095-1-1/3
William and Julie Brown live in Aledo, Texas. The Browns read the eBay
description of the Mini Cooper. At the time, the "[c]urrent bid" was listed as $10,000.
On April 27, the Browns called Best Auto about the Mini Cooper. Best Auto agreed to
sell the car directly to the Browns for $11,250. On April 27, the eBay advertisement
states that "[t]he seller ended this listing early because the item is no longer available
for sale."
On April 28, the Browns sent $11,250 by wire transfer to Best Auto. Best Auto
faxed a "Vehicle Purchase Order" to the Browns. The Vehicle Purchase Order states
the odometer "reads 076,115 miles." The Browns used a company recommended by
Best Auto to ship the Mini Cooper from Washington to a shipment center in Mesquite,
Texas.
On May 13, the Browns went to Mesquite to pick up the Mini Cooper. After
inspecting the exterior of the car, the Browns called Best Auto about "several trim
items." Best Auto agreed to pay the cost to repair the trim items.
The Browns took possession of the Mini Cooper. Julie Brown drove the Mini
Cooper. Less than 10 miles from the shipping center, Julie noticed the air conditioning
was not working and the engine temperature gauge pointed to "HOT." Julie
immediately pulled over and called a tow truck. The tow truck operator took the car to
the nearest authorized Mini Cooper dealership, Moritz Mini of North Arlington, Texas.
The Browns asked the mechanic at Moritz Mini to inspect the car, identify the
cause of the problem, and provide an estimate. The mechanic identified a number of
necessary repairs, including the need to fix the cracked radiator and front panel, a
leaking valve cover gasket, and the power steering pump. The estimated cost of repairs
No. 68095-1-1/4
was $4,012.61. The Moritz Mini mechanic noted, "75% of Body Panels have been Re
painted." The Browns faxed the repair estimate to Best Auto.
After communicating with Best Auto a number of times, the Browns demanded
Best Auto take possession of the car and refund the purchase price. The Browns said
Best Auto misrepresented the condition of the Mini Cooper and that it would cost nearly
half of the purchase price to make the car run properly. Best Auto suggested the
Browns auction the car in Texas. Best Auto assured the Browns the auction operator
would be able to sell the Mini Cooper for the purchase price. Best Auto offered to help
arrange the auction and pay $350 to repair the radiator. The Browns agreed to auction
the Mini Cooper. The Browns paid an additional $800 to repair the car.
On May 27, the Browns drove the Mini Cooper from Moritz Mini to the auction
site in Texas. The auction company attempted to sell the car at least two different
times.
On June 18, William Brown contacted Thompson to demand Best Auto refund
the purchase price, pay for repairs, and accept return of the car. William stated that "the
car was nothing like you represented in the ebay ad." William told Thompson that
another mechanic at a dealership in Fort Worth inspected the car and "found a long list
of problems including a cracked radiator, failed power steering pump, a dead [air
conditioning] unit, 75% replaced and repainted panels, and obvious signs that the car
has been in a wreck, including frame damage." William also expressed concern about
Best Auto's failure to send the title.
Where did you get this from? You still haven't sent us the title. . . .
Since we have not received the title, I am wondering if this is a salvage
vehicle or if there is some other documented sign that this was deemed
totaled from a wreck. Our estimates from the dealer here show it will take
No. 68095-1-1/5
well over $4,000 to repair just to get it on the road. In addition we have
spent over $2,000 for related expenses.
In mid-July, Best Auto sent the Browns the "Vehicle Certification of Ownership
(Title)" to the Mini Cooper. The title states that Best Auto transferred the Mini Cooper to
the Browns on April 27, 2008. Contrary to Best Auto's representation that Thompson
drove the Mini Cooper "many miles over the past few weeks and freeway cruised at 75
MPH," the disclosure and release of interest by the registered owner showed that when
Best Auto purchased the car on March 29, 2008, the odometer reading was 76,114
miles, and it was 76,115 miles when Best Auto transferred title to the Browns on April
27.
On August 6, 2008, the Browns filed a lawsuit against Best Auto in Parker
County, Texas. The complaint alleged breach of contract, unjust enrichment,
promissory estoppel, fraud, and violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices
Consumer Protection Act (DTPA).1 The Browns sought economic damages for the
purchase price of $11,250, reimbursement for repairs, gas, and shipping, and treble
damages and attorney fees and costs under the DTPA. The Browns served Best Auto
through the Texas Secretary of State by certified mail. On August 20, the Texas
Secretary of State received proof of service and the return receipt from Best Auto.
On September 2, an attorney representing Best Auto informed the attorney for
the Browns that Best Auto "has contacted an attorney in Texas to seek dismissal of this
action" based on the forum selection clause in the Vehicle Purchase Order. The state
of Washington is designated as the forum to enforce the contract in the section
1Ch. 17, Tex. Bus. &Com. Code Ann.
No. 68095-1-1/6
addressing "Attorney's Fees and Costs." But Best Auto did not file a notice of
appearance or otherwise participate in the Texas proceedings.
The Browns filed a motion for a default judgment. The Texas court entered a
judgment against Best Auto that includes treble damages under the DTPA, as well as
prejudgment interest, attorney fees, and costs. The judgment states, in pertinent part:
The Court determined it had jurisdiction over the subject matter and the
parties to this proceeding. No jury having been demanded, all matters in
controversy, legal and factual, were submitted to the Court. Defendants,
although having been duly and legally cited to appear and answer, failed
to appear and answer, and wholly made default.
Citation was served upon the Texas Secretary of State according to
law and the Certificates of Service were returned to the Clerk where they
remained on file for more than ten days as required by law. The court has
read the pleadings and the papers on file, and is of the opinion that the
allegations of Plaintiffs' Original Petition have been admitted, including the
Defendants' knowing violation of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices
Act, that the causes of action are liquidated and proven by an instrument
in writing as to Plaintiffs' actual damages, and that the causes of action
are unliquidated as to Plaintiffs' costs and reasonable attorneys' fees and,
on good and sufficient evidence presented to the Court, finds that the
Defendants are jointly and severally indebted to Plaintiffs in the trebled
sum of THIRTY NINE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED SEVENTEEN AND
00/100 Dollars ($39,417), plus prejudgment interest at the rate of five
percent (5%) per annum beginning on July 3, 2008 (the last date an
element of damage was incurred) in the amount of FOUR HUNDRED
FORTY TWO AND 76/100 Dollars ($442.76) as of September 23, 2008,
accruing at the rate of $5.39 per day until the date of entry of this
Judgment, and that Plaintiffs should recover a reasonable and necessary
attorneys' fee, which the court finds to be SEVEN THOUSAND FIVE
HUNDRED NINETY THREE AND 75/100 Dollars ($7,593.75), and costs
incurred in the amount of SIX HUNDRED NINETY NINE AND 00/100
Dollars ($699.00).
The Browns filed the Texas judgment in King County Superior Court, and
obtained a writ to garnish the funds of Best Auto at Banner Bank.
Best Auto filed a motion to vacate the Texas judgment and quash the writ of
garnishment. Best Auto argued that because the Texas court did not have jurisdiction,
No. 68095-1-1/7
the judgment was void. The Browns argued the Texas court had jurisdiction under the
Texas long-arm statute2 and Best Auto did not file a motion in the Texas court to
enforce the forum selection clause. The Browns also disputed whether the forum
selection clause was enforceable.
The superior court entered an order vacating the Texas judgment and quashing
the writ of garnishment. The Browns appeal.
ANALYSIS
The Browns contend the King County Superior Court order vacating the Texas
judgment violates the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the federal constitution, article IV,
section 1, and the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), chapter
6.36 RCW. The Browns assert the Texas court had jurisdiction under the Texas long-
arm statute, and Best Auto cannot collaterally attack the judgment based on the forum
selection clause. We review de novo the decision to grant or deny a motion to vacate a
default judgment for lack of jurisdiction. Dobbins v. Mendoza, 88 Wn. App. 862, 871,
947P.2d 1229 (1997).3
UEFJA
Under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution, a
judgment rendered by one state is entitled to recognition in Washington. U.S. Const.
art. IV, § 1 (""Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records,
and judicial proceedings of every other state."): State v. Berry. 141 Wn.2d 121, 127-28,
5 P.3d 658 (2000); Williams v. Steamship Mut. Underwriting Ass'n. Ltd.. 45 Wn.2d 209,
213, 273 P.2d 803 (1954); Idaho Dep't of Health &Welfare v. Holieson, 42 Wn. App. 69,
2Tex. Civ. Prac. &Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042.
3 Under CR 60(b)(5), the court "may relieve a partyor his legal representative from a final
judgment, order, or proceeding . . . [where] [t]hejudgment is void."
No. 68095-1-1/8
70, 708 P.2d 661 (1985). " The Full Faith and Credit Clause provides a means for
ending litigation by putting to rest matters previously decided between adverse parties
in any state or territory of the United States.'" Berry, 141 Wn.2d at 127 (quoting In re
Estate of Tolson. 89 Wn. App. 21, 29, 947 P.2d 1242 (1997)).
The UEFJA codifies the Full Faith and Credit Clause. TCAP Corp. v. Gervin, 163
Wn.2d 645, 650-51, 185 P.3d 589 (2008). Under the UEFJA, creditors holding a
judgment against a debtor from another jurisdiction can enforce that judgment in
Washington. RCW 6.36.025. Once the foreign judgment is filed in superior court, it
becomes a registered foreign judgment in this state. RCW 6.36.010(1), (2); RCW
6.36.025(1), (2).
A party can collaterally attack a foreign judgment only if the court did not have
jurisdiction or the judgment violates a constitutional right, such as notice and the
opportunity to be heard. Berry, 141 Wn.2d at 127-28; State ex rel. Eaalin v. Vestal, 43
Wn. App. 663, 667, 719 P.2d 163 (1986); Effert v. Kalup. 45 Wn. App. 12, 15, 723 P.2d
541 (1986). Absent these grounds," 'a court of this state must give full faith and credit
to the foreign judgment and regard the issues thereby adjudged to be precluded in a
Washington proceeding.'" Tolson, 89 Wn. App. at 30 (quoting In re Estate of Wagner,
50Wn.App. 162, 166, 748 P.2d 639 (1987)).
We review de novo whether the superior court erred in refusing to accord full
faith and credit to a foreign judgment. SCM Grp. USA, Inc. v. Protek Mach. Co.. 136
Wn. App. 569, 574, 150 P.3d 141 (2007): Tonga Air Servs.. Ltd. v. Fowler. 118Wn.2d
718, 725, 826 P.2d 204 (1992). A party attacking a foreign judgment has the burden of
establishing lack of jurisdiction. Williams, 45 Wn.2d at 213 (Washington courts presume
No. 68095-1-1/9
a court of general jurisdiction in a sister state has jurisdiction over the cause and the
parties "unless disproved by extrinsic evidence or by the record itself.").
Jurisdiction Under the Texas Long-Arm Statute
The Browns contend the Texas court had jurisdiction under the Texas long-arm
statute and the foreign judgment was entitled to full faith and credit in Washington. We
apply the law of Texas to determine whether the Texas court had jurisdiction over the
parties. Indus. Fin. Co. v. Lovell. 9 Wn. App. 829, 831, 515 P.2d 1304 (1973).
The Texas long-arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction over a
nonresident defendant "doing business" in the state of Texas. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. § 17.042.4 Personal jurisdiction under the Texas long-arm statute is valid to
the extent allowed by due process under the federal constitution. Schlobohm v.
Schapiro. 784 S.W.2d 355, 357 (Tex. 1990) ("This court has decided that the broad
language of the long-arm statute's doing business requirement allows the statute to
reach as far as the federal constitution permits."); see also Mink v. AAAA Dev. LLC, 190
F.3d 333, 335 (5th Cir. 1999) ("Because Texas's long-arm statute has been interpreted
to extend to the limits of due process, we only need to determine whether subjecting
[the defendants] to suit in Texas would be consistent with the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment.")
4The Texas long-arm statute provides:
In addition to other acts that may constitute doing business, a nonresident does business
in this state if the nonresident:
(1) contracts by mail or otherwise with a Texas resident and either party is to
perform the contract in whole or in part in this state;
(2) commits a tort in whole or in part in this state; or
(3) recruits Texas residents, directly or through an intermediary located in this
state, for employment inside or outside this state.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042.
No. 68095-1-1/10
The Texas court had the authority to exercise personal jurisdiction over Best
Auto if it "purposefully established 'minimum contacts' in the forum State," and requiring
Best Auto to litigate in the forum state did not offend " 'traditional conception^] of fair
play and substantial justice.'" Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz. 471 U.S. 462, 474, 464,
105 S. Ct. 2174, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985)5 (quoting Int'l Shoe Co. v. Wash.. 326 U.S.
310, 316, 320, 66 S. Ct. 154, 158, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945)).
The requirement that a defendant purposefully establish minimum contacts
ensures that a defendant "will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of.. . the
'unilateral activity of another party or a third person.'" Burger King. 471 U.S. at 475
(quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia. S. A. v. Hall. 466 U.S. 408, 417, 104 S.
Ct. 1868, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984)).
[Wjhere the defendant "deliberately" has engaged in significant activities
within a State, Keeton v. Hustler Magazine. Inc.f 465 U.S. 770,] 781[, 104
S. Ct. 1473, 79 L. Ed. 2d 790 (1984)], or has created "continuing
obligations" between himself and residents of the forum, Travelers Health
Ass'n v. Virginia. 339 U.S.[ 643,] 648[, 70 S. Ct. 927, 94 L. Ed. 1154
(1950)], he manifestly has availed himself of the privilege of conducting
business there, and because his activities are shielded by "the benefits
and protections" of the forum's laws it is presumptively not unreasonable
to require him to submit to the burdens of litigation in that forum as well.
[Hanson v. Denckla. 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S. Ct. 1228, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1283
(1958).]
Burger King. 471 U.S. at 475-76.
Here, the record establishes Best Auto purposely availed itself of the privilege of
conducting business activities in Texas. The advertisement Best Auto placed on eBay
for the Mini Cooper states that Best Auto sells cars to purchasers throughout North
America. It is undisputed that Best Auto communicated with the Browns in Texas by
telephone, e-mail, and fax to negotiate the sale of the Mini Cooper, to obtain the wire
(Alteration in original.)
10
No. 68095-1-1/11
transfer of the purchase price, and to send the Vehicle Purchase Order and title to the
Browns. And after shipping the Mini Cooper to Texas, Best Auto continued to
communicate with the Browns about repairs to the Mini Cooper, and coordinated with
the auction company in Texas in an effort to sell the Mini Cooper at auction.
The case Best Auto relies on to argue the Texas court did not have jurisdiction
under the long-arm statute is distinguishable. In Mink, a Texas resident sued a Vermont
corporation for an alleged patent violation. Mink. 190 F.3d at 335. The Texas court
dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. Mink. 190 F.3d at 335. The Fifth Circuit
affirmed on the grounds that the sole contact the corporation had with Texas was
through a website that did not allow the user to order or purchase products or services
on-line. Mink. 190 F.3d at 336-37.
In determining whether to subject Best Auto to litigation in the forum state, the
court examines (1) the defendant's burden, (2) the forum state's interests, (3) the
plaintiffs interest in convenient and effective relief, (4) the judicial system's interest in
efficient resolution of controversies, and (5) the shared interest of the several states in
furthering fundamental social policies. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson. 444
U.S. 286, 292, 100 S. Ct. 559, 62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980); Asahi Metal Indus. Co.. Ltd. v.
Superior Court of Cal., 480 U.S. 102,113, 107 S. Ct. 1026, 94 L. Ed. 2d 92 (1987).
Because Texas has a strong interest in adjudicating a dispute that involves the sale of
goods to consumers residing in Texas, requiring Best Auto to litigate in Texas does not
offend "traditional conception^] of fair play and substantial justice." Int'l Shoe. 326 U.S.
at 320. We conclude the Texas court had jurisdiction over the parties under the Texas
long-arm statute.
11
No. 68095-1-1/12
Forum Selection Clause
Best Auto asserts that even ifthe Texas court had jurisdiction under the long-arm
statute, "the forum selection clause outweighs the long arm statute jurisdiction." Best
Auto claims it can collaterally attack enforcement of the Texas judgment based on the
forum selection clause in the Vehicle Purchase Order. The Browns argue that because
Best Auto did not file a motion in Texas to enforce the forum selection clause, it cannot
collaterally attack enforcement of the judgment.
The Vehicle Purchase Order contains a forum selection clause in the paragraph
addressing Attorney's Fees and Costs.
7. Attorney's Fees and Costs. Ifthis contract is placed in the hands of
an attorney by reason of Purchaser's default or to enforce any of
the provisions of this contract, the prevailing party shall be entitled
to recover its reasonable attorney's fees and costs. The parties
agree that the venue for any suit, action, or proceeding relating to
the enforcement of this contract shall be in the county in which the
Dealer's principal place of business is located within the State of
Washington. The laws of the State of Washington shall be applied
in the interpretation and construction of this Agreement.
Without regard to minimum contacts, parties can enter into an agreement
consenting to personal jurisdiction. Kvsar v. Lambert. 76 Wn. App. 470, 484, 887 P.2d
431 (1995); RAHCO Int'l. Inc. v. Laird Elec, Inc.. 502 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1122 (E.D.
Wash. 2006) ("[P]arties may consent to the jurisdiction of a particular court through the
use of a forum-selection clause in a contract, regardless of minimum contacts.").
In The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co.. 407 U.S. 1, 92 S. Ct. 1907, 32 L. Ed. 2d
513 (1972), the United States Supreme Court held that a forum selection clause is
prima facie valid and should be enforced unless enforcement would be "unreasonable
12
No. 68095-1-1/13
and unjust." The Bremen. 407 U.S. at 10. 15;6 In re AIU Ins. Co.. 148 S.W.3d 109, 111,
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1093 (2004); Voicelink Data Servs.. Inc. v. Datapulse. Inc.. 86 Wn.
App. 613, 618, 937 P.2d 1158 (1997).
Under the UEFJA, the Texas judgment "is subject to the same procedures! and]
defenses . . . as a judgment of a superior court of this state." RCW 6.36.025(1). A party
must timely raise a forum selection clause in a motion to dismiss. Voicelink. 86 Wn.
App. at 623-24; Deep Water Slender Wells, Ltd. v. Shell Int'l Exploration & Prod.. Inc..
234 S.W.3d 679, 687 (Tex. App. 2007).
|n Voicelink. we held that a party seeking to enforce a forum selection clause
mustfile a motion to dismiss under CR 12(b)(3).7 Voicelink. 86 Wn. App. at 624.
[D]etermination of the enforceability of forum selection clauses under CR
12(b)(3) furthers judicial economy and efficiency by requiring assertion of
the venue defense at a relatively early stage of the proceeding....
Furthermore, a determination under CR 12(b)(3) is consistent with the
standard articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court and our courts for
resolving motions to dismiss based on a forum selection clause, which
requires submission of evidence by the party challenging its enforceability.
Voicelink. 86 Wn. App. at 624. Likewise, in Deep Water, the Texas court held that a
motion to dismiss "is the proper procedural mechanism for enforcing a forum-selection
clause that a party to the agreement has violated in filing suit." Deep Water. 234
S.W.3dat687.
Here, there is no dispute that Best Auto was properly served but did not file a
motion in the Texas court to enforce the forum selection clause. Nonetheless, Best
6 The Court in The Bremen identified a number of factors that could result in a court declining to
enforce a forum selection clause, such as fraud or overreaching. The Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15.
7CR 12(b)(3) provides:
Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for relief in any pleading, whether a claim,
counterclaim, cross claim, or third party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive
pleading thereto if one is required, except that the following defenses may at the option of
the pleader be made by motion: ... (3) improper venue.
13
No. 68095-1-1/14
Auto claims it can collaterally attack enforcement of the Texas judgment on this ground
for the first time in Washington. The case Best Auto relies on, Gonzalez Corp. v.
Conseio Nacional de Production de Costa Rica, 614 F.2d 1247 (9th Cir. 1980), does
not support the argument that it can assert the forum selection clause for the first time in
Washington. In Gonzalez, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the order vacating a default
judgment against a foreign defendant on the grounds that the defendant lacked the
requisite minimum contacts with the forum state to establish long-arm jurisdiction.
Gonzalez. 614 F.3d at 1253-56.
We hold that under the UEFJA and the well-established case law in Washington
and Texas, Best Auto cannot collaterally attack the Texas judgment for the first time in
Washington based on the forum selection clause. We reverse the order vacating the
Texas judgment and the writ of garnishment.
ff^Q^wdZ^.
WE CONCUR:
t&
14