FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS July 16, 2013
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
RALPH GAMBINA,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
No. 13-1106
v. (D.C. No. 10-CV-02376-MSK-KLM)
(D. Colo.)
FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS,
sued in its official capacity,
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, HOLMES, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges. **
Plaintiff-Appellant Ralph Gambina, proceeding pro se, appeals from the
district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellee, the
Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). The parties are familiar with the facts and we
need not restate them here other than to say that Mr. Gambina has been in the
custody of the BOP since 1989. Although he was acquitted of escape in 1992 by
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
a jury, he did not fare as well in prison disciplinary proceedings for attempted
escape and was sentenced to 60 months in the Control Unit of the facility where
he was housed. He was then transferred to the BOP’s Administrative Maximum
facility (ADX) to complete the 60-month sentence. He continued to be housed at
ADX, and in July 2003, he was released to the general population. He is serving
a life sentence.
On appeal, Mr. Gambina argues there are genuine disputes of material fact
regarding whether his confinement at ADX: (1) violates his Fifth Amendment
right to procedural due process; and (2) constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
in violation of the Eighth Amendment. We consider those issues in turn and
affirm.
A. Fifth Amendment Claim
We review a district court’s entry of summary judgment de novo, viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Rezaq v. Nalley,
677 F.3d 1001, 1010 (10th Cir. 2012). Further, “identification of the liberty
interests that are protected by the Due Process Clause is a question of federal
constitutional law that we review de novo.” Estate of DiMarco v. Wyo. Dep’t of
Corr., Div. of Prisons, 473 F.3d 1334, 1339 n.3 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation
omitted).
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Mr. Gambina, the district
court held that he had not “come forward with sufficient evidence to establish that
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he was deprived a protected liberty interest.” Gambina v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons,
No. 10-cv-02376-MSK-KLM, 2013 WL 791428, at *5 (D. Colo. Mar. 4, 2013).
In reaching its decision, the district court considered the facts of Mr. Gambina’s
case against the backdrop of the four, non-dispositive factors outlined in
DiMarco, see 473 F.3d at 1342 (applying Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209
(2005)), 1 as well as this court’s recent decision in Rezaq, see 677 F.3d at 1010–16
(holding that inmates’ confinement at ADX did not implicate a liberty interest).
We agree with the district court for substantially the same reasons.
We are cognizant of Mr. Gambina’s argument that his case is “truly
unique” because he has been “forced to endure [and] suffer 21-years in [] solitary
isolation.” Aplt. Br. 1 (capitalizations, quotations, and emphases omitted).
However, he has not provided evidence suggesting that the length or conditions of
his confinement are in fact atypical, particularly given the relevant factors and
our prior decisions. Although we view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party, that party “must present affirmative evidence . . . . from
which a jury might return a verdict in his favor” in order to overcome a properly
supported motion for summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
1
These include whether the placement (1) serves a legitimate penological
interest, (2) has extreme conditions present, (3) increases the duration of
confinement, and (4) is of indeterminate length. Estate of DiMarco v. Wyo. Dep’t
of Corr., Div. of Prisons, 473 F.3d 1334, 1342 (10th Cir. 2007)
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U.S. 242, 257 (1986). 2
B. Eighth Amendment Claim
We also agree with the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of the BOP on Mr. Gambina’s Eighth Amendment claim for substantially the
same reasons articulated. Mr. Gambina has failed to raise a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether the conditions or duration of his confinement pose a
substantial risk of serious harm. Further, we reject Mr. Gambina’s claim that his
confinement amounts to a grossly disproportionate punishment.
The BOP has several, reasonable justifications for housing Mr. Gambina at
ADX including: Mr. Gambina’s criminal history, his escape attempts, and his
numerous prison infractions. See, e.g., I R. 81–82; II R. 172, 203, 209.
Moreover, at least some of the BOP’s stated reasons for housing Mr. Gambina at
ADX are decidedly non-punitive. See I R. 81 (“[Mr. Gambina’s] conduct within
correctional institutions creates a risk to . . . the safety of staff, inmates, others,
and/or public safety.”); id. (“As a result of the inmate’s status either before or
after incarceration, he may not be safely housed in the general population of a
2
Mr. Gambina sought to discover “information about current or former
inmates who have been confined at the ADX for more than a decade, along with
information about their criminal history and the basis for their assignment.” I R.
459. However, the magistrate judge concluded the information lacked relevance
and would place an undue burden on the BOP. See IV R. 16–17; see also
Gambina, 2013 WL 791428, at *6–7 (overruling Mr. Gambina’s Rule 72
objections). Because Mr. Gambina does not challenge the discovery ruling in this
appeal, we do not consider the issue. See United States v. Benoit, 713 F.3d 1, 12
n.2 (10th Cir. 2013) (argument not raised in opening brief is waived).
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regular correctional institution.”). As the Supreme Court has emphasized,
“federal courts ought to afford appropriate deference and flexibility to [prison]
officials trying to manage a volatile environment.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S.
472, 482 (1995). Therefore, based on the record before us, we hold that Mr.
Gambina has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether his
confinement constitutes a grossly disproportionate punishment in violation of the
Eighth Amendment.
AFFIRMED. We GRANT Mr. Gambina’s request to proceed in forma
pauperis but remind him that he is obligated to continue making partial payments
until the filing fee is paid in full.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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