Filed 5/31/13
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE, B238361, B240572
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. SA075027)
v.
KAREN A. CHRISTIANSEN,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEALS from a judgment and an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County. Stephen A. Marcus, Judge. Reversed with directions.
______
Hillel Chodos, Philip Kaufler, and Michael A. Goldfeder for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Lawrence M. Daniels, and
Eric E. Reynolds, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
______
Karen Christiansen was charged with four counts of conflict of interest in
violation of Government Code section 1090,1 which generally prohibits public
officials from being financially interested in contracts they make in their official
capacity. A jury convicted Christiansen on all counts, and the trial court sentenced her
to 4 years 4 months in prison and ordered her to pay restitution of approximately
$3.5 million.
On appeal, Christiansen argues on numerous grounds that her convictions must be
reversed. We agree. Because Christiansen was not a member, officer, or employee of
the relevant public body, section 1090 does not apply to her. We therefore reverse her
convictions, vacate her sentence and the restitution award, and direct the superior court to
dismiss all charges against her.
BACKGROUND
Section 1090 provides as follows: “Members of the Legislature, state, county,
district, judicial district, and city officers or employees shall not be financially interested
in any contract made by them in their official capacity, or by any body or board of which
they are members.” Violation of section 1090 is a crime punishable by a fine of not more
than $1,000 or by imprisonment in state prison, and violators are “forever disqualified
from holding any office in this state.” (§ 1097.)
The amended information charged Christiansen with four counts of conflict of
interest in violation of section 1090 (counts 3 through 6; the first two counts of the
amended information alleged crimes by a different defendant). It further alleged as to
count 6 that Christiansen intentionally took, damaged, and destroyed property worth
more than $1.3 million within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.6,
subdivision (a)(3).
Christiansen pleaded not guilty. The charges were tried to a jury, which found
Christiansen guilty on all counts and found the special allegation true.
1
Statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
The trial court sentenced Christiansen to 4 years 4 months in prison, calculated as
follows: the low term of 16 months as to count 6, plus 36 months pursuant to Penal Code
section 12022.6, subdivision (a)(3). The court also imposed concurrent sentences of
the mid-term of 2 years on each of counts 3, 4, and 5. In addition, the court ordered
restitution to the Beverly Hills Unified School District (the District) in the amount of
$3,539,991. The court further imposed various statutory fines and fees and credited
Christiansen with 62 days of presentence custody (31 days actual time, 31 days good
time/work time).
The evidence introduced at trial showed the following facts: In February 2005,
Christiansen entered into a written contract with the District (the 2005 contract).
The 2005 contract stated that in 2004 Christiansen became an employee of the District,
with the title “Director of Planning and Facilities.” The 2005 contract provided that she
would remain employed in that position through June 2007, and it spelled out the terms
and conditions of that continuing employment.
In June 2006, Christiansen and the District entered into a new contract (the 2006
contract). The 2006 contract acknowledged that the District had employed Christiansen
as the Director of Planning and Facilities “continuously since August, 2004,” that
“[d]uring this period of time the relationship between [t]he District and Karen
Christiansen has been one of employer-employee,” that Christiansen had not been
an independent contractor, and that she had been “required[] to devote 100% of her
professional time to fulfill her duties as Director of Planning and Facilities.” The 2006
contract went on to provide that “[t]he District and Karen Christiansen have mutually
decided that it is in the best interest of both that the employer-employee relationship
between [t]he District and Karen Christiansen be terminated as of May 31, 2006, and that
Karen Christiansen shall continue to provide services to [t]he District as a consultant, and
not as an employee, beginning immediately thereafter.” The 2006 contract further
provided that “[i]t is the intent of [t]he District and Karen Christiansen that the
transition be seamless as far as the operations of [t]he District and the responsibilities
of Karen Christiansen are concerned and that Karen Christiansen continue to have the
3
same responsibilities she had as the Director of Planning and Facilities except for
those duties and responsibilities which would be precluded due to her change in status
from employee to consultant.” The 2006 contract expressly permitted Christiansen
“to perform work unrelated to her work as Director of Planning and Facilities and for
clients other than [the] District.” A separate paragraph of the 2006 contract further
emphasized the termination of the employment relationship: “Both parties hereto in the
performance of this Agreement will be acting in an independent capacity and not as
agents, employees, partners, or joint venturers of one another.”
Other provisions of the 2006 contract gave substance to Christiansen‟s new status
as a consultant rather than an employee. For example, the 2005 contract provided for
various employee benefits, such as medical and dental coverage and vacation and sick
leave. The 2006 contract, in contrast, provided for no such benefits and instead merely
provided that Christiansen would be paid by the hour for her services, up to a maximum
annual amount that could be exceeded only with the prior written consent of the District‟s
board. In addition, the 2005 contract did not require Christiansen to obtain any form of
insurance, but the 2006 contract required her, at her own expense, to procure and
maintain automobile, workers‟ compensation, and employer‟s liability insurance.
In February 2007, Christiansen assigned her interest in the 2006 contract to
Strategic Concepts, LLC. The District consented in writing to the assignment.
Christiansen was the sole member and owner of Strategic Concepts, but it had several
other employees—one witness testified that Strategic Concepts had “[h]alf a dozen or
more” employees in 2008; another gave a “[b]est estimate” of 10 or 12 employees in
2008 and 2009.
In June 2008, the District entered into a new contract with Strategic Concepts
(the 2008 contract), again retaining Strategic Concepts to provide consulting
services concerning “the District‟s planning and management of District Facilities.”
The 2008 contract superseded all previous contracts between the District and Strategic
Concepts. The 2008 contract expressly stated that Strategic Concepts “shall be and act
as an independent contractor” and that both Strategic Concepts and all of its employees
4
“shall not be considered officers, employees or agents of the District.” (Block capitals
omitted.) Like the 2006 contract, the 2008 contract provided for Strategic Concepts
to be paid by the hour for its services; the hourly rate was determined by an
attached schedule of different levels of Strategic Concepts personnel (ranging from
“Project Executive/Director” to “Administrative/Technical Assistant” and “Clerical”).
The 2008 contract also required Strategic Concepts to purchase and maintain workers‟
compensation and employer‟s liability insurance of not less than $1,000,000
and commercial general liability and automobile liability insurance of not less than
$2,000,000.
The 2008 contract called for Strategic Concepts to provide the services specified
in an attached three-page “Work Plan.” Some of the services related to the completion of
“school modernizations” work (including construction of new facilities and repair of
earthquake damage) that was funded by a previous bond issue, “Measure K.” The Work
Plan also called for Strategic Concepts to develop a “[m]aster plan” for the future of the
District‟s facilities and to identify funding sources, such as “bonds,” to pay for any
necessary work. The 2008 contract further provided that the District might require
Strategic Concepts to perform “other services not otherwise included in this agreement,”
for which Strategic Concepts would receive compensation that would “be negotiated and
approved in writing by the District.” (Block capitals omitted.)
The duties of Director of Planning and Facilities included identifying companies
to perform work for the District. When Christiansen located a suitable company for a
particular job, she would “work with them to draw up a contract.” She would then
submit the contract to an assistant superintendent, who would submit it to the
superintendent, who would present it to the District‟s board, which would vote on it at
a board meeting. Christiansen never had the authority, either as an employee under
the 2005 contract or as a consultant under the 2006 contract (before or after the
assignment to Strategic Concepts) or as an employee of Strategic Concepts under the
2008 contract, to enter into contracts on behalf of the District. Once a contract was
5
approved by vote of the board, only board members and certain other individuals, not
including Christiansen, had authority to sign the contract on behalf of the District.
The charges against Christiansen relate to four contracts entered into by the
District. Three of those contracts were between the District and Johnson Controls, Inc.
According to testimony introduced at trial, Johnson Controls is the 56th largest company
in the United States, with annual sales of $38 billion. One part of its business handles
energy conservation and renewable energy projects for public schools. Johnson Controls
has done work for approximately 150 different school districts in California and first
contracted for a project with the District in 2005. Christiansen was not involved in the
District‟s decision to retain Johnson Controls in 2005.
In early 2007, Strategic Concepts contracted with Johnson Controls to provide
consulting services to assist Johnson Controls‟ efforts to secure a contract with the
Newport Mesa Unified School District. Under the consulting agreement, Strategic
Concepts billed Johnson Controls for 89 hours of consulting work performed between
February 1 and March 15, 2007, for which Johnson Controls paid Strategic Concepts
$15,575. The record contains no evidence that Strategic Concepts or Christiansen
performed, billed, or was paid for any additional work for Johnson Controls beyond those
89 hours. Johnson Controls did not succeed in securing the contract with the Newport
Mesa Unified School District.
In February, March, and June 2007, the District entered into three contracts with
Johnson Controls. (Witnesses testified that the contracts were actually “change orders”
or “amendment[s]” to the District‟s original 2005 contract with Johnson Controls.)
Christiansen advised the District to enter into the three contracts. The prosecution‟s
theory was that Strategic Concepts‟ consulting agreement with Johnson Controls
concerning the Newport Mesa Unified School District gave Christiansen an indirect
financial interest in the District‟s three contracts with Johnson Controls.
The fourth charge against Christiansen relates to an amendment to the 2008
contract between the District and Strategic Concepts. Pursuant to the 2008 contract,
Strategic Concepts prepared a draft master plan concerning the District‟s facilities;
6
Christiansen was primarily responsible for preparing it. According to the draft master
plan, there were a number of serious safety concerns, including seismic safety problems,
at several of the District‟s schools. One of Strategic Concepts‟ duties under the 2008
contract was to identify funding sources for implementation of the master plan, including
bond financing. Christiansen advised the District that the best way to pay for the needed
safety upgrades was through a bond measure, because the necessary work would be
expensive. (The District‟s former superintendent testified that it is “very common” for
school districts to use bonds to fund this kind of work, because “[t]he cost of construction
projects is huge.”) Eventually the District put a $334 million bond measure on the
November 2008 ballot, and the measure passed.
In July 2008, Christiansen proposed that the District retain Strategic Concepts to
manage certain aspects of the work to be funded by the bond measure, should it pass.
On July 29, 2008, the District‟s board approved an amendment (the 2008 amendment) to
the 2008 contract, thereby retaining Strategic Concepts to provide “program and project
management services” for various projects to be funded by the bond. The 2008
amendment provided that it would go into effect only if the bond measure passed. Under
the 2008 amendment, Strategic Concepts would be paid, from bond proceeds, 2 percent
“of the overall project budgets as approved by the Board of Education” for program
management, and 4.5 percent “of the construction value of each project as approved by
the Board of Education” for project management. The prosecution‟s theory was that
the 2008 amendment was a contract made by Christiansen in her official capacity and in
which she was financially interested, in violation of section 1090.
DISCUSSION
As we noted at the outset, section 1090 provides that “[m]embers of the
Legislature, state, county, district, judicial district, and city officers or employees shall
not be financially interested in any contract made by them in their official capacity, or by
any body or board of which they are members.” Violation of section 1090 is a crime
punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment in state prison, and
violators are “forever disqualified from holding any office in this state.” (§ 1097.)
7
Christiansen argues that her convictions must be reversed and the charges
dismissed on numerous grounds, including that (1) at all relevant times she was neither a
member of the District‟s board nor an officer or employee of the District, (2) she never
had any capacity to make any contracts for the District, so no contracts made by her in
her official capacity exist, (3) she was not financially interested, within the meaning of
section 1090, in the District‟s contracts with Johnson Controls, and (4) her role in
procuring the 2008 amendment for program and project management services on the
work funded by the 2008 bond measure did not violate section 1090. We decide only the
first issue, which disposes of the entire appeal.
It is undisputed that Christiansen was neither a member of the District‟s board nor
an officer of the District. It is also undisputed that after entering into the 2006 contract
with the District, she was an independent contractor both in title and in substance.
“A statute will be construed in light of the common law unless the Legislature
„“„clearly and unequivocally‟”‟ indicates otherwise. [Citation.]” (Reynolds v. Bement
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 1075, 1086-1087 (Reynolds).) In particular, if “„a statute refer[s] to
employees without defining the term,‟” then “„courts have generally applied the common
law test of employment.‟ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1087; see also People v. Palma (1995)
40 Cal.App.4th 1559, 1565-1566 [“as a general rule, when „employee‟ is used in a statute
without a definition, the Legislature intended to adopt the common law definition and to
exclude independent contractors”].) “„California courts have applied this interpretive
rule to various statutes dealing with public and private employment.‟ [Citation.]”
(Reynolds, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1087.) We review issues of statutory interpretation
de novo. (Bruns v. E-Commerce Exchange, Inc. (2011) 51 Cal.4th 717, 724.)
Section 1090 does not define the term “employees.” We therefore apply the
common law test of employment. (Reynolds, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1087.) Under the
common law test, independent contractors are not employees. (See 3 Witkin, Summary
of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Agency and Employment, § 21, pp. 60-61.) Because it is
undisputed that at all relevant times Christiansen was an independent contractor, she was
8
not an employee within the meaning of section 1090, so her convictions must be reversed
and the charges against her dismissed.
Respondent argues, as the prosecution did in the trial court, that an independent
contractor can, under certain conditions, be an employee within the meaning of
section 1090. No published criminal case has so held. Rather, respondent‟s argument is
based on two civil cases involving section 1090, HUB City Solid Waste Services, Inc. v.
City of Compton (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1114 (HUB City) and California Housing
Finance Agency v. Hanover/California Management & Accounting Center, Inc. (2007)
148 Cal.App.4th 682 (California Housing). We express no opinion on the soundness of
those opinions in the civil context, but we hold that their expansion of the statutory term
“employees” to apply to independent contractors does not apply to criminal prosecutions
for violation of section 1090. At least for purposes of criminal liability under section
1090, an independent contractor is not an employee.
In California Housing, one of the defendants was an attorney who had served as
general counsel for the plaintiff agency from 1984 to 1990 and then as outside counsel
from 1991 through 2000; the alleged violations of section 1090 occurred during the latter
period. (California Housing, supra, 148 Cal.App.4th at pp. 685-687.) In the agency‟s
civil suit against the attorney and other defendants for fraud, legal malpractice, violation
of section 1090, and related claims, the Court of Appeal affirmed the trial court‟s
application of section 1090 to the outside counsel defendant. (Id. at p. 690.) We decline
to apply California Housing‟s interpretation of section 1090 for several reasons. First, it
fails to follow the Supreme Court‟s guidance concerning interpretation of the undefined
statutory term “employees.” (Reynolds, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 1086-1087.) Second, it
is a civil case, and the matter before us is a criminal case. Third, none of the cases cited
in California Housing provides any support for the proposition that an independent
contractor can be an employee within the meaning of section 1090.2
2
California Housing cited People v. Gnass (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 1271, 1298
(Gnass), S. G. Borello & Sons, Inc. v. Department of Industrial Relations (1989)
48 Cal.3d 341, 351 (S. G. Borello), People v. Honig (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 289, 314
9
HUB City adopted California Housing‟s broad interpretation of the term
“employees” in section 1090. (HUB City, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1124-1125.)
We decline to follow HUB City for the same reasons we decline to follow California
Housing: It fails to follow the Supreme Court‟s guidance concerning interpretation of the
undefined statutory term “employees”; it is a civil case; and it relies on cases (primarily a
subset of those cited in California Housing) that provide no support for the proposition
that an independent contractor can be an employee within the meaning of section 1090.3
Neither respondent, HUB City, California Housing, nor any of the cases on which
they rely provides any basis to conclude that the Legislature has clearly and
unequivocally indicated that the term “employees” in section 1090 should not be
interpreted in terms of the common law test of employment. (See Reynolds, supra,
36 Cal.4th at pp. 1086-1087.) We accordingly apply the general rule that, in the
absence of a statutory definition of “employees,” the common law definition governs.
(Honig), Stigall v. City of Taft (1962) 58 Cal.2d 565 (Stigall), Thomson v. Call (1985)
38 Cal.3d 633 (Thomson), Campagna v. City of Sanger (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 533
(Campagna), Schaefer v. Berinstein (1956) 140 Cal.App.2d 278 (Schaefer), and Terry v.
Bender (1956) 143 Cal.App.2d 198 (Terry). In Gnass, it was undisputed that the
defendant was an “officer or employee” within the meaning of section 1090, so the
opinion contains no analysis of the issue. (Gnass, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th at p. 1287,
fn. 3.) S. G. Borello did not involve section 1090 but rather concerned the workers‟
compensation statutes, which have their own statutory definition of “employee”
(section 1090 does not provide one) that does not apply to independent contractors.
(S. G. Borello, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 349.) Honig, like Gnass, does involve section 1090
but says nothing about the meaning of the statutory term “employees” (defendant Honig
was an elected official). (See Honig, supra, 48 Cal.App.4th at p. 304.) Campagna and
Thomson likewise involve section 1090 but say nothing about the meaning of the term
“employees.” And Stigall, Schaefer, and Terry were all decided before 1963, the year
in which the Legislature added the term “employees” to section 1090. (Stats. 1963,
ch. 2172, § 1, pp. 4559-4560.)
3
Apart from California Housing, the cases on which HUB City relies are Gnass,
Campagna, Schaefer, and Klistoff v. Superior Court (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 469.
The first three cases are inapposite for reasons previously noted. (See footnote 2, ante.)
In Klistoff v. Superior Court, it was undisputed that the defendants were not employees,
so the case contains no analysis of the issue. (See Klistoff, supra, at p. 478.)
10
(Id. at p. 1087; People v. Palma, supra, 40 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1565-1566.) Therefore,
at least for purposes of criminal prosecution under section 1090, an independent
contractor is not an employee within the meaning of the statute. We consequently
reverse Christiansen‟s convictions and direct the trial court to dismiss the charges against
her, and we need not address Christiansen‟s other claims of error.
DISPOSITION
Christiansen‟s convictions on all charges against her are reversed, her sentence
and the restitution award are vacated, and the superior court is directed to enter an order
dismissing all charges against her.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.
ROTHSCHILD, J.
We concur:
MALLANO, P. J.
CHANEY, J.
11