State v. Gerald Lynch

Supreme Court

No. 2011-374-M.P.
(P1/04-1148A)

State :

v. :

Gerald Lynch. :

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in
the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Opinion
Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Tel. 222-3258 of any typographical or other
formal errors in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is
published.
 Supreme Court

No. 2011-374-M.P.
(P1/04-1148A)

State :

v. :

Gerald Lynch. :

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

OPINION

Justice Flaherty, for the Court. This case came before the Court on writ of certiorari

after the defendant, Gerald Lynch, sought review of the trial justice’s decision to deny his motion

to reduce sentence. On December 5, 2012, the parties appeared before this Court for oral

argument based on an order directing the parties to show cause why the issues raised by the

defendant should not be decided summarily without further briefing or argument. After

considering the record, the memoranda submitted by the parties, and the oral arguments

advanced by each, we are of the opinion that cause has not been shown and that the matter

should be decided at this time. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the trial

justice’s decision to deny the defendant’s motion to reduce sentence.

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 I

Facts and Procedural History 1

In 2004, M.G. 2 appeared at the Pawtucket Police Department and reported that he had

been sexually assaulted by defendant almost twenty years earlier, when M.G. was fourteen and

fifteen years old, and while he was employed at defendant’s flower shop. In April 2004, a grand

jury returned an indictment charging defendant with nine counts of first-degree sexual assault in

violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-37-2. 3 In October 2006, a jury found Lynch guilty on four counts of

first-degree sexual assault. 4 The trial justice denied defendant’s motion for a new trial on

November 16, 2006, and he sentenced defendant on March 28, 2007 to four concurrent sentences

of twenty years at the Adult Correctional Institutions (ACI), ten years to serve, ten years

suspended, with probation. On that same day, defendant moved in this Court for bail, pending

appeal, which this Court granted. This Court affirmed defendant’s conviction on May 6, 2011.

See State v. Lynch, 19 A.3d 51, 61 (R.I. 2011). On June 1, 2011, defendant filed a motion to

reduce his sentence under the provisions of Rule 35 of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal

1
Because this case follows Lynch’s earlier direct appeal of his conviction, we will limit our
discussion of the facts only to those necessary to decide the issues before us. See State v. Lynch,
19 A.3d 51 (R.I. 2011).
2
To protect the privacy of the complaining witness, we have redacted his name from this
opinion.
3
General Laws 1956 § 11-37-2 says, in relevant part:
“A person is guilty of first degree sexual assault if he or she
engages in sexual penetration with another person, and if any of
the following circumstances exist:

“* * *

“(2) The accused uses force or coercion.”
4
After the close of the evidence, the state dismissed two counts of the indictment based on Rule
48(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure. The jury found defendant not guilty on
three counts of first-degree sexual assault, about which there was conflicting testimony. The
remaining counts included an incident in which defendant forced M.G. to perform oral sex on
him and three assaults that took place during M.G.’s sophomore year of high school.
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Procedure, 5 which motion the trial justice denied on July 15, 2011. The appeal was not timely

filed; defendant therefore sought review by this Court by means of a petition for a writ of

certiorari, which we granted on December 15, 2011. 6

II

Standard of Review

“A motion to reduce sentence under Rule 35 is ‘essentially a plea for leniency.’” State v.

Mendoza, 958 A.2d 1159, 1161 (R.I. 2008) (quoting State v. Burke, 876 A.2d 1109, 1112 (R.I.

2005)). “The decision concerning a motion to reduce sentence is confided ‘to the sound

discretion of the trial justice, who may grant [the motion] if he or she decides on reflection or on

the basis of changed circumstances that the sentence originally imposed was, for any reason,

unduly severe.’” State v. Scanlon, 30 A.3d 1258, 1261 (R.I. 2011) (quoting Mendoza, 958 A.2d

at 1161).

On appeal, “[t]his Court adheres to a ‘strong policy against interfering with a trial

justice’s discretion in sentencing matters.’” State v. Barkmeyer, 32 A.3d 950, 952 (R.I. 2011)

5
Rule 35(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure provides:
“The court may correct an illegal sentence at any time. The court
may correct a sentence imposed in an illegal manner and it may
reduce any sentence when a motion is filed within one hundred and
twenty (120) days after the sentence is imposed, or within one
hundred and twenty (120) days after receipt by the court of a
mandate of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island issued upon
affirmance of the judgment or dismissal of the appeal, or within
one hundred and twenty (120) days after receipt by the court of a
mandate or order of the Supreme Court of the United States issued
upon affirmance of the judgment, dismissal of the appeal, or denial
of a writ of certiorari. The court shall act on the motion within a
reasonable time, provided that any delay by the court in ruling on
the motion shall not prejudice the movant. The court may reduce a
sentence, the execution of which has been suspended, upon
revocation of probation.”
6
The Office of the Attorney General had no objection to the granting of the petition.
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(quoting State v. Chase, 9 A.3d 1248, 1254 (R.I. 2010)). “As a result, ‘[o]ur review of a trial

justice’s decision on a Rule 35 motion is extremely limited.’” Barkmeyer, 32 A.3d at 952

(quoting Chase, 9 A.3d at 1254). We will interfere with a trial justice’s decision on a Rule 35

motion only in “rare instances when the trial justice has imposed a sentence that is without

justification and is grossly disparate from other sentences generally imposed for similar

offenses.” Scanlon, 30 A.3d at 1261 (quoting State v. Mollicone, 746 A.2d 135, 137 (R.I. 2000)).

“[T]he burden of showing that the sentence imposed violated this standard” falls squarely on the

defendant. Mendoza, 958 A.2d at 1162 (quoting State v. Furtado, 774 A.2d 38, 39 (R.I. 2001)).

III

Analysis

Before this Court, Lynch, in essence, presents the same arguments that he proffered in the

memorandum supporting his motion to reduce his sentence in the Superior Court. The defendant

argues that his sentence should be reduced because his health problems and age place him “in

circumstances far different from those of most defendants,” circumstances which impose “a far

heavier burden upon him than most inmates must bear.” Lynch also urges that his good behavior

is a factor that warranted leniency in his case. Indeed, defendant argues that the trial justice

should have reduced his sentence even though he acknowledged that the sentence imposed on

him “constitutes the minimum sentence recommended under the criminal sentencing benchmarks

for these crimes.” 7 After a thorough review of the record in this case, we hold that defendant has

not met his burden of demonstrating that his sentence should be reduced or that the trial justice

abused his discretion when he denied the motion.

7
In fact, Benchmark 31B of the Superior Court Sentencing Benchmarks, entitled “Multiple
counts with or without injury,” recommends fifteen to twenty-five years imprisonment. The
statute, § 11-37-3, allows for the imposition of anywhere between ten years and life.
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 When he or she imposes a sentence on a criminal defendant, “a trial justice considers a

variety of factors, including the severity of the offense, the defendant’s personal, educational,

and employment background, the potential for rehabilitation, social deterrence, and the

appropriateness of punishment.” State v. Chhoy Hak, 30 A.3d 626, 628 (R.I. 2011) (citing State

v. Tiernan, 645 A.2d 482, 484 (R.I. 1994)). It is very clear to us from the record that, during the

hearing on defendant’s motion, the trial justice stressed that he had considered defendant’s age

and health when he imposed the sentence. In fact, the trial justice noted that the Superior Court

did “all that was within its power to assure itself that the defendant would be properly medically

treated when he arrived at the [ACI].” In making his decision, the trial justice emphasized the

large population of inmates at the ACI—noting that “[a] number of them have complex medical

issues that” are “similar to the medical issues that Mr. Lynch has.” Although Lynch argued that

the ACI’s failure to properly medicate him on two occasions compelled the reduction of his

sentence, the trial justice disagreed. He said, “the extent that that care may be unintentionally

delayed, in this Court’s mind, is not a reason that this Court should consider in responding to a

motion to reduce his sentence, and the Court will not do so.”

In considering defendant’s age, the trial justice emphasized that it had been defendant’s

decision to seek bail pending appeal rather than to begin serving his time while his appeal was

pending. 8 The trial justice said, “for the defendant to now come before this Court and say, ‘I am

now four years older and, therefore, I should not be sentenced,’ reminds this Court of the story

about the child who kills his parents and then asks the Court to take mercy on him because he’s

an orphan.” He observed that the sentence he imposed was less severe than had been

recommended by the state, and at the time of sentencing the trial justice had recognized that

8
The trial justice did note that defendant was well within his rights to seek appeal and to seek
bail pending the outcome of that appeal.
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Lynch was sixty-four years old. The trial justice concluded that the sentence that he had

imposed after trial was “more than reasonable, more than fair,” perhaps even “unfair to [the

victim].”

The defendant’s argument that he had remained on good behavior while on bail pending

appeal gains no traction; nothing less was expected of him. Indeed, by way of analogy, on

numerous occasions this Court has held “that it is within a trial justice’s discretion to reserve

consideration of a defendant’s ‘good behavior and rehabilitative efforts while in prison to the

parole board.’” Barkmeyer, 32 A.3d at 953 (quoting State v. Ruffner, 5 A.3d 864, 868 (R.I.

2010)). Indeed, “[a]ppropriate prison behavior is expected of all inmates and is irrelevant to the

factors considered by a trial justice when he or she initially imposes a sentence.” State v.

Guzman, 794 A.2d 474, 476 (R.I. 2002). Accordingly, we are satisfied that the trial justice did

not abuse his discretion in declining to accord any weight to Lynch’s good behavior while on

bail.

Ultimately, the trial justice reasoned that he took into consideration defendant’s

“background, his age, the nature of the offenses, the harm that Mr. Lynch caused to [the victim]

when it fashioned its original sentence.” 9

This Court repeatedly has said that it is “loathe to interfere with a trial justice’s

discretionary resolution of a Rule 35 motion * * *.” Mendoza, 958 A.2d at 1162 (quoting State

v. Smith, 676 A.2d 765, 767 (R.I. 1996)). Furthermore, this Court has held that “the power [to

reduce a sentence] should be exercised only when the sentence is without justification and

grossly disparate from sentences generally imposed for similar offenses.” Chhoy Hak, 30 A.3d at

9
Indeed, counsel for Lynch acknowledged that the trial justice was “well aware” of defendant’s
case and “took many, many things into consideration” when pronouncing the sentence. In
addition, counsel acknowledged that the Superior Court “has been well aware of” Lynch’s heart
condition “for many years.”
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629 (quoting State v. Giorgi, 121 R.I. 280, 282, 397 A.2d 898, 899 (1979)). In our opinion,

Lynch has not established to any degree that the trial justice abused his discretion when he

denied the motion to reduce his sentence. “The defendant bore a weighty burden in this case and

ultimately failed to shoulder it because he is unable to demonstrate ‘that this matter is among

those rarest of cases that would justify altering our strong policy against interference with the

ruling of the trial justice.’” Barkmeyer, 32 A.3d at 955 (quoting State v. Dyer, 14 A.3d 227, 228

(R.I. 2011) (mem.)). The sentence imposed on Mr. Lynch was neither “beyond the power of the

sentencing justice to impose, nor was it patently unjustified.” Scanlon, 30 A.3d at 1262 (quoting

Furtado, 774 A.2d at 40).

IV

Conclusion

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the decision of the Superior Court, and

we remand the papers in this case to that tribunal.

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 RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE

Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet

TITLE OF CASE: State v. Gerald Lynch.

CASE NO: No. 2011-374-M.P.
(P1/04-1148A)

COURT: Supreme Court

DATE OPINION FILED: January 10, 2013

JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia JJ.

WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice Francis X. Flaherty

SOURCE OF APPEAL: Providence County Superior Court

JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:

Associate Justice Edward C. Clifton

ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:

For State: Christopher R. Bush
Department of Attorney General

For Defendant: Lara E. Montecalvo
Office of the Public Defender