United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
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No. 12-1616
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Maurice Lovell Anderson
lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner - Appellant
v.
John King, Warden
lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent - Appellee
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Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul
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Submitted: June 14, 2013
Filed: October 4, 2013
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Before LOKEN, BRIGHT, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
Early on July 14, 2006, Maurice Anderson fired at least two shots in a crowded
bar in St. Paul, Minnesota, killing Julian Roland and wounding two bystanders. After
a lengthy trial in Ramsey County District Court, the jury acquitted Anderson of the
offenses charged in the amended criminal complaint -- second-degree intentional
murder of Roland and attempted second-degree intentional murder of the bystanders --
but found him guilty of five offenses the trial court instructed were lesser included
offenses -- second-degree felony murder of Roland, and four counts of assaulting the
injured bystanders. The state courts upheld the conviction and sentence on direct
appeal and denied post-conviction relief. Anderson now appeals the district court’s1
denial of his petition for a federal writ of habeas corpus. We granted a certificate of
appealability, see 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(3), limiting the certificate to one issue, whether
Anderson’s Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights were violated when the trial court
instructed the jury on the uncharged assault offenses. We now affirm.
I. Background
The trial turned mainly on Anderson’s claim that he acted in self-defense. It
was undisputed that Roland and Anderson came separately to Diva’s Overtime
Lounge about 1:00 a.m., accompanied by friends. Roland confronted Anderson, who
feared that Roland, a gang member with a reputation for violence, still blamed
Anderson for Roland’s arrest after a 2005 incident at another nightclub. Tensions
mounted. When Anderson went to a patio for a cigar, a friend said Roland was armed
and gave Anderson a handgun. Anderson returned to the bar. Roland confronted
Anderson again, looking “scary.” Anderson pulled the gun from his waistband and
fired, hitting Roland in the thigh and abdomen. Roland died at the hospital an hour
later. Bystanders D’Andrea Motley and Royce Shuler were both struck in the leg by
bullets. Police later found two shell casings. One bullet was found embedded in a
wall; a second was still in Shuler’s leg at trial. The State’s theory, not contested by
the defense at trial, was that Anderson fired two bullets that struck Roland, passed
through his body, and hit Motley and Shuler.
1
The Honorable Richard J. Kyle, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota, adopting the Report and Recommendation of the Honorable Jeffrey J.
Keyes, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Minnesota.
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A few days after the incident, Anderson was charged with second-degree
intentional murder of Roland and second-degree assault of Motley and Shuler. Nine
months before the May 2007 trial, Anderson gave notice he would claim self-defense
as to all charges. Four days before trial, the State filed an amended complaint
charging second-degree murder of Roland and attempted second-degree murder of
Motley and Shuler.2 The afternoon before trial, counsel put on the record that the
State would agree to concurrent sentences of 17-20 years if Anderson pleaded guilty
to the original charges. After the court reviewed with Anderson the substantially
longer sentence he could receive if convicted of all the charges in the amended
complaint, he confirmed, “I want to go to trial.”
The State presented testimony by eighteen witnesses, including seven who were
present in the bar at the time of the shooting. Anderson testified at length as the sole
defense witness, focusing on his claim that he acted in self-defense. Anderson
testified that, when Roland approached and said, “I’m gonna show your ass what we
do to snitches,” Anderson was sure Roland had a gun and shot him twice when Roland
made a move to draw a gun. But no other witness saw Roland with a gun that night,
and none was found. Anderson testified he did not know Motley and Shuler and had
no intent to injure them. Having heard their testimony, he agreed they were shot and
suffered lingering pain from those injuries.
After the close of evidence, defense counsel initiated a colloquy regarding jury
instructions that is critical to the primary issue before us:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor . . . . I went back and told
Mr. Anderson [that you were inclined to give a self-defense instruction]
and Mr. Anderson . . . indicated that, based on your thoughts on self-
defense, that he would not ask for lesser-included offenses such as
2
The amended complaint also charged Anderson with assaulting the bar owner
with a dangerous weapon as he fled. The jury acquitted him of this charge.
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Assault in the First Degree, Assault in the Second Degree, and all the
lesser-includeds.
Is that correct, Mr. Anderson?
THE DEFENDANT: Correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And so you don’t want me to request
any of those lesser-includeds?
THE DEFENDANT: Correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And you and I have talked endlessly
about lesser-includeds in this case, right?
THE DEFENDANT: Correct.
* * * * *
[THE PROSECUTOR]: . . . It is . . . my understanding . . . that
the state can ask for lesser-included instructions even if the defense does
not. So . . . the state is asking for the inclusion of some lesser-includeds.
THE COURT: Okay. And we’ll discuss that as we go along here.
The court ultimately instructed the jury that they could find Anderson guilty of the
lesser included offenses of first-degree assault and/or second-degree assault of
bystanders Motley and Shuler and second-degree felony murder of Roland. In closing
argument, defense counsel urged the jury to acquit Anderson on all nine counts
because he acted in self-defense. The jury found him guilty of the four bystander
assault charges, as well as the second-degree felony murder of Roland. Because of
factual overlap, he was convicted and sentenced only on the two first-degree assault
charges. The court imposed three consecutive sentences totaling 332 months in
prison.
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Anderson appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, represented by new
counsel. Relying on State v. Gisege, 561 N.W.2d 152 (Minn. 1997), he argued that
the bystander assault charges were not lesser included offenses of the attempted
second-degree murder charges in the amended complaint, that the late addition of
these charges “prejudiced [his] right to notice and to present a defense,” and that he
was therefore entitled to a new trial. In Gisege, the Supreme Court of Minnesota held
that first-degree assault was not a lesser included offense to attempted first- or second-
degree murder. Id. at 155-56. Instructing the jury on that assault charge was
“fundamental error,” the Court concluded after quoting a passage from the U.S.
Supreme Court’s opinion in Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 717 (1989): “It
is ancient doctrine of both the common law and of our Constitution that a defendant
cannot be held to answer a charge not contained in the indictment brought against
him.” Id. at 156, 159. However, the Minnesota Court concluded, it was not reversible
error because it did not “deprive [Gisege] of a substantial right, namely, the
opportunity to prepare a defense to the charge against him.” Id. at 159.
Anderson relied on Gisege, including this harmless error principle, in his direct
appeal to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, arguing he would have “adjusted” or “fine
tuned” his defense strategy if he had received notice of the bystander assault charges.
He did not present this as a federal claim, except for citations to Schmuck and to
Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967), for the proposition that the right to
present an adequate defense is a fundamental right. In response, the State conceded
that the bystander assault charges were not lesser included offenses to attempted
second-degree murder3 but argued the conviction should be affirmed because
3
These assault charges were not lesser included offenses, the State
acknowledged, because they required proof that was not required to prove attempted
second-degree murder -- great bodily harm for first-degree assault, and use of a
dangerous weapon for second-degree assault. See Gisege, 561 N.W.2d at 156; Minn.
Stat. Ann. §§ 609.04 (lesser-included offenses), 609.19 (murder in the second degree),
609.221 (assault in the first degree), 609.222 (assault in the second degree).
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Anderson failed to show, as Gisege required, that “the erroneous charge denied the
defendant the opportunity to prepare an adequate defense.” 561 N.W.2d at 159. The
Court agreed that adding the assault charges was error, but not reversible error:
This is not a case in which the facts underlying the additional offenses
were different from the facts underlying the charged offenses. There
were no new facts. Furthermore, importantly, there was no surprise
because Anderson litigated the case as though the assault charges were
lesser-included offenses.
State v. Anderson, No. A07-1934, 2009 WL 816974 at *4 (Minn. App. 2009). The
Supreme Court of Minnesota denied review of this decision.
In his habeas petition to the district court, Anderson asserted that the trial court
violated (i) his Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, and (ii) his Fifth and Sixth
Amendment right to have notice of the charges and to prepare a defense, when it
added assault counts that were not lesser included offenses after Anderson testified.
The district court concluded the first claim was procedurally barred. It rejected the
second claim on the merits because the Minnesota Court of Appeals decision was not
an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Anderson appeals
the denial of both claims. We granted a certificate of appealability.
Our review of the underlying state court decision, like the district court’s, is
deferential. See Worthington v. Roper, 631 F.3d 487, 495 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 132
S. Ct. 763 (2011). The denial of Anderson’s right-to-remain-silent claim requires
little discussion. The claim is procedurally barred because it was not presented to the
state courts. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A); Carney v. Fabian, 487 F.3d 1094, 1096
(8th Cir.), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1068 (2007). At oral argument, counsel conceded
this claim was not preserved for federal habeas review.
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II. Denial of Notice and an Opportunity To Defend
Anderson claims that instructing the jury on bystander assault charges that were
not lesser included offenses to the murder charged in the amended complaint violated
his federal constitutional right to notice of the charges and a meaningful opportunity
to defend. See Cokeley v. Lockhart, 951 F.2d 916, 918 (8th Cir. 1991), cert. denied,
506 U.S. 904 (1992). On direct appeal to the Minnesota appellate courts, he relied
only on the interpretation of state law in Gisege. Following that state law precedent,
the Minnesota Court of Appeals denied relief because Anderson failed to show that
“the erroneous charge denied the defendant the opportunity to prepare an adequate
defense.” Anderson, 2009 WL 816974 at *2. Noting that Anderson’s bare citation
of Washington v. Texas “arguably” presented this federal claim to the state courts, the
district court proceeded to the merits of the state court’s no-prejudice ruling.
A. On appeal to this court, Anderson relies primarily on a legal theory he did
not present to the state courts: that instructing the jury on assault charges that were
not lesser included offenses to the murder offenses charged in the amended complaint
was “structural error” entitling him to federal habeas relief without a showing that he
was denied a fair opportunity to present a defense at trial. Structural errors, the
Supreme Court has explained, “contain a defect affecting the framework within which
the trial proceeds, rather than simply an error in the trial process itself,” which is
subject to harmless error analysis. Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 8 (1999)
(quotation omitted). In other words, Anderson urges us to decide that the
constitutional standard he urged the state courts to apply -- harmless error review of
an erroneous lesser-included-offense instruction -- was contrary to clearly established
federal constitutional law as interpreted in Supreme Court cases he did not cite to the
state courts. We reject this contention for two distinct reasons.
First, the contention was procedurally defaulted. In Gisege, the Supreme Court
of Minnesota adopted a harmless error standard as a matter of state law that it
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obviously believed to be consistent with federal constitutional law as reflected in
Schmuck. By not presenting this structural error theory on direct appeal, Anderson
did not give the state courts an opportunity to reconsider the issue as a question of
federal law. The state court record reflects that Anderson was given notice of the
assault charges in the original complaint, and that he necessarily prepared to defend
those charges until the complaint was amended on the eve of trial. After the close of
the evidence, defense counsel confirmed that he and Anderson “have talked endlessly
about lesser-includeds in this case,” and advised the court that the defense wanted no
lesser-included instructions because Anderson was relying on self-defense to all
charges. On this record, had the structural error theory been argued, the state courts
might have concluded that, as a matter of federal constitutional law, even if
improperly instructing the jury on additional charges may be structural error in some
cases, it was not in this case. In a federal habeas proceeding, that analysis would pose
an entirely different question of federal law than the one Anderson urges us to decide.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1); Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412-13 (2000).
Second, in arguing the trial court committed structural error by instructing on
the bystander assault charges, Anderson relies on Supreme Court cases decided prior
to decisions that separated a limited number of “structural errors” from the much
larger universe of constitutional errors that are subject to harmless error review. See,
e.g., Neder, 527 U.S. at 8. Primarily, Anderson relies on the factually distinguishable
decision in Dunn v. United States, 442 U.S. 100 (1979). The Court has cautioned that
the controlling statutory habeas corpus standard -- “clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” -- “refers to the holdings, as
opposed to the dicta, of this Court’s decisions.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 412. No prior
case has held that depriving a defendant of fair notice and an opportunity to defend
is an error that is totally exempt from harmless error review. For that reason, given
the unusual procedural facts of this case -- Anderson had notice of and prepared to
defend the assault charges in the trial court and then urged the state appellate courts
to apply harmless error review to the resulting error -- we cannot conclude that the
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Minnesota Court of Appeals decision applying harmless error review under state law
was contrary to clearly established U.S. Supreme Court precedent.
B. Alternatively, Anderson argues the state court unreasonably applied clearly
established federal law in ruling that he suffered no prejudice. We disagree.
Anderson argued to the Minnesota Court of Appeals that he could have “adjust[ed]
or fine-tune[d] his trial strategy” if he had earlier notice of the bystander assault
charges. But he did not provide the court with an explanation or example of what he
would have done differently. The Minnesota Court rejected this claim, concluding:
“It indisputably appears on this record that his defense to any and all charges of any
nature would have remained the same, namely, self-defense.” Anderson, 2009 WL
816974 at *2. When the state court has determined that a trial error did not prejudice
the defendant’s right to a fair trial, “federal courts may not grant relief unless the state
trial error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s
verdict.” Jackson v. Norris, 573 F.3d 856, 858 (8th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted),
cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 2415 (2010). Our review “is limited to the record that was
before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster,
131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011).
Here, our review of the trial transcript makes it unmistakably clear that
Anderson prepared his trial defense based on an initial complaint that included
bystander assault charges, and that the amended complaint eliminating those charges
was filed on the eve of trial for the apparent purpose of inducing Anderson to plead
guilty to the original charges. After the close of evidence, defense counsel asserted
that the assault charges were lesser included offenses, confirmed that he and Anderson
“have talked endlessly about lesser-includeds in this case,” and advised the court that
the defense wanted no lesser-included instructions because Anderson was relying on
self-defense to all charges. As the Minnesota Court of Appeals explained, Anderson’s
only defense to counter the testimony of the numerous eye witnesses who saw him
shoot Roland was self-defense. It is simply not credible to suggest that he would not
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have testified if the amended complaint had included the less serious (but not lesser
included) bystander assault charges. In defending the bystander charges, Anderson
testified that he had no intent to harm Motley and Shuler. But under Minnesota’s
doctrine of transferred intent, that was not a defense, either to attempted second-
degree murder or to the bystander assault charges, if the jury found that Motley and
Shuler were seriously injured by bullets fired by Anderson with the intent to injure
Roland. Anderson, 2009 WL 816974 at *3. Anderson now suggests he could have
drawn upon evidence regarding bullet trajectories to argue he did not fire the bullets
that struck Motley and Shuler. But that argument (i) could have been made to the jury
in closing argument based on the facts in evidence, and (ii) was not presented to the
state appellate courts. On this record, we conclude that the harmless error decision of
the Minnesota Court of Appeals was not an unreasonable application of clearly
established federal law as established by the U.S. Supreme Court.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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