In Re: Johnny K.F.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs August 1, 2013

IN RE: JOHNNY K. F.

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
No. 11A003 W. Frank Brown, III, Chancellor

No. E2012-02700-COA-R3-PT-FILED-AUGUST 27, 2013

Grandparents Johnny F. and Sharon E. F. (“the Petitioners”) filed a petition in the Chancery
Court for Hamilton County (“the Trial Court”) seeking to terminate the parental rights of
Shawn L. F. (“Father”) and Shauna L. F. (“Mother”) to the minor child Johnny K. F. (“the
Child”). After trial, the Trial Court entered an order finding and holding, inter alia, that clear
and convincing evidence existed to terminate Father’s and Mother’s parental rights under
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(iv) with respect to Father and Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-
102 (b)(23) and Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(3) with respect to Mother, and that
termination was in the best interests of the Child. Father and Mother appeal to this Court.
We reverse, in part, and vacate, in part, the judgment of the Trial Court and remand for a new
trial.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed,
in Part, and, Vacated, in Part; Case Remanded

D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS R. F RIERSON,
II, J., joined. J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., filed a dissenting opinion.

Jennifer G. Lloyd, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Shawn L. F.

Cara C. Welsh, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Shauna L. F.

Justin G. Woodward, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Johnny F. and Sharon E. F.
 OPINION

Background

The Child was born on April 5, 2009. The Child shortly thereafter entered the
custody of his maternal grandfather and maternal step-grandmother, the Petitioners. In
January 2011, the Petitioners filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Father and
Mother to the Child. The petition alleged the following grounds:

11.
Respondents, [Father] and [Mother], have provided no financial support
and have had no, or only token visitation with the Adoptive Child within the
past four months.
12.
The failure of the Respondents, [Father] and [Mother], to have any
significant relationship with the Adoptive Child, combined with their failure
to provide any type of financial support for the child amounts to an
abandonment of the Adoptive Child. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102,
provides in pertinent part as follows:
(1)(A) Abandonment means, for purposes of terminating the parental
or guardian rights of parent(s) or guardian(s) of a child to that child in order
to make that child available for adoption, that:
(i) For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the
filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the parental rights of the
parent(s) or guardian(s) of the child who is the subject of the petition for the
termination of parental rights or adoption, that the parent(s) or guardian(s)
either have willfully failed to visit or have willfully failed to support or have
willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child.
(C) For purposes of this subdivision (1), ‘token visitation’ means that the
visitation, under the circumstances of the individual case, constitutes nothing
more than perfunctory visitation or visitation of such an infrequent nature or
of such short duration as to merely establish minimal or insubstantial contact
with the child.
(D) For purposes of this subdivision (1), ‘willfully failed to support’ or
‘willfully failed to make reasonable payments toward such child’s support’
means the willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to
provide monetary support or willful failure to provide more than token
payments toward the support of the child;

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 (E) For purposes of this subdivision (1), ‘willfully failed to visit’ means the
willful failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to visit or engage
in more than token visitation.
13.
By reason of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-102 and the common
law of Tennessee, the Respondents, [Father] and [Mother], have entirely
abandoned the Adoptive Child. On these grounds and under this statute, [the
Petitioners], seek the termination of the Respondents’ parental rights.
Petitioners are prepared to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the
Respondents did indeed abandon the Adoptive Child.
14.
Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g)(3), there are
grounds to terminate the parental rights of the Respondents, [Father] and
[Mother]. The Respondents lost custody of the Adoptive Child pursuant to an
order of the Juvenile Court of Hamilton County, Tennessee, in April of 2009.
The conditions or circumstances that led to the removal of the Adoptive Child
from the custody of the Respondents continues to persist. Such conditions
continue to pose a risk of harm to the Adoptive Child. Failure to effectuate the
termination of the Respondents’ parental rights and the adoption of the child
will prevent the continued custodial permanency of the Adoptive Child.
15.
Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-1-113(g) (4), there are
grounds for termination of parental rights of the Respondent, [Mother]. The
respondent has committed severe child abuse. During the pregnancy of the
Adoptive Child, the Respondent tested positive on multiple occasions for
illegal substances, to include cocaine. Following the birth of the Adoptive
Child, said child tested positive for illegal substances, to include cocaine.

This matter was tried on September 21and October 30-31 of 2012.

Father testified. As of trial, Father was serving a seven year sentence
connected with a charge and conviction of robbery. Father had served two to three years of
his sentence, and he testified that he is next eligible for parole in October 2013. Under a
restraining order stemming from a domestic incident involving Mother, Father was not
present at the Child’s birth. The robbery for which Father went to prison occurred after the
birth of the Child. In prison, Father, on the recommendation of “parole,” took part in a
program called a “therapeutic community” that helps people with drug abuse problems and
reintegration into the community. Father acknowledged having had substance abuse issues.
Father also admitted that he had a lengthy criminal history.

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 Father described his relationship with Mother and the Child. Father previously
had lived with Mother. The pair were together for about a year. They had dated when they
were younger as well. Father previously had a job as a roofer. According to Father, he tried
to contact Johnny F. several times regarding the Child, but that Johnny F. proved difficult to
contact. Father wrote a letter to the Petitioners concerning the Child. Father testified to his
willingness to pay for the Child’s support, even with his small jail stipend. Father also
acknowledged never having paid any support for the Child.

Father’s mother, Renee H., testified. Renee H. stated that Father had attempted
to contact the Child through the Child’s grandfather. Renee H. also stated that Father could
live with her upon his release from prison.

Mother testified. Mother acknowledged she never paid any child support for
the Child. Mother was arrested on October 4, 2012 for possession of a controlled substance.
Mother stated that she did not leave the hospital with the Child because she tested positive
for PCP. Mother stated that this result must have been inaccurate. Mother never had
physical custody of the Child. According to Mother, she had been prescribed hydrocodone
for pain stemming from a back injury. Mother took hydrocodone in the five to six year
period leading up to the birth of the Child. Mother testified that she continues to struggle
with drug addiction issues. Mother testified that at around the time of the Child’s birth, she
was taking Alazopram and hydrocodone, as well as anti-anxiety medication. A record was
admitted showing negative tests on the Child for all tested substances except benzodiazepine.
Another urine drug screen for Mother showed a positive result for cocaine as of March 27,
2009, before the Child’s April 5, 2009 birth. Mother testified that since September 7, 2010,
regarding her drug use, she is “taking it one day at a time. Not everybody is perfect. I’m not
saying I haven’t back slid before.” Mother stated she took her prescribed medicine when she
needed it. Mother went to jail on a probation violation from January 23, 2010 to October 13,
2010.

Mother testified to her efforts at stabilizing her life. Mother owns a trailer, and
is working on a five-year lease to buy property. This arrangement existed since January of
2012. Mother cleans houses and also gardens for living. Mother had earned back her
driver’s license. Mother visited with the Child on weekends leading up to the filing of the
petition. Mother testified that she has made efforts to combat her drug problems. Mother,
however, acknowledged that should the Petitioners’ adoption proceed against her wishes, the
Child would be loved and cared for by the Petitioners.

The Petitioners testified. Sharon E. F., the Child’s maternal step-grandmother
and co-petitioner, testified. Sharon E. F, along with her husband, hoped to adopt the Child.
Sharon E. F. testified to Mother’s problems with drugs. Sharon E. F. testified that about

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three months before the birth of the Child, Mother attempted suicide by ingesting a number
of pills. These pills were not identified. Sharon E. F. stated “I had taken [Mother] to Pine
Ridge to seek help for drug addiction and depression...we tried extensively to help her.”
After taking custody of the Child, Sharon E. F. testified to an incident where Mother came
to her house and passed out with her face in her purse. Some synthetic urine was nearby.
Sharon E. F. stated that Mother used drugs at the Child’s birthday party in 2012. Sharon
E. F. also testified that she saw Mother with “red eyes and slurred speech,” while taking a
white pill.

Sharon E. F. acknowledged a period of “drinking and drugging” in her early
life, but that these issues were addressed by age 36. Sharon E. F. had been diagnosed with
a number of psychological ailments, including bipolar disorder.

Johnny F., the Child’s maternal grandfather and the other co-petitioner,
testified as well. Johnny F. corroborated his wife’s account of her turnaround in life. The
Petitioners had certain financial difficulties, such as being behind on their mortgage
payments. Johnny F. also acknowledged his own difficulties in previous years with mental
health issues.

Kayla F., 18 at the time of trial and another of Mother’s children, testified in
rebuttal. The crux of Kayla F.’s testimony was that Mother’s drug abuse persisted, and that
Kayla F. had witnessed Mother in an intoxicated state two weeks after the September court
date.

In November 2012, the Trial Court entered its Memorandum Opinion
terminating the parental rights of Mother and Father to the Child. We reproduce the
significant portions of that order:

The court does not terminate either parent’s rights due to failure to pay
or provide support during the applicable four month period. [Father] was
incarcerated and he could not provide support. [Mother] was just getting out
of Silverdale Detention unit. It was not proved, by clear and convincing
evidence that she began working after her release and therefore was able to pay
support for [the Child].

However, the court does terminate the parental rights of [Mother] on the
basis of severe child abuse. The court finds that she did take illegal substances
and abused prescription medications while [the Child] was in utero. She
produced no prescriptions for the “legal” drugs that were shown to be within
[her] and [the Child]. She admitted to using cocaine and other substances

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while she was pregnant with [the Child].1 She also tested positive for cocaine
within a month of [the Child’s] birth.

The conditions leading to [Mother’s] losing custody of [the Child]
continued for over 20 months after she lost custody as, in addition to her
addiction problems, she did not have her own home, no separate transportation
and no stable employment and these conditions persisted for such a long period
of time to warrant termination of parental rights on this ground.

Further, [Father’s] parental rights will be terminated on the ground of
his continued illegal activity, after [the Child’s] birth, by which he showed
wanton disregard for [the Child’s] welfare. Shortly after [the Child’s] birth,
[Father] returned to a life of crime. He was convicted of robbery and received
five year sentence. This sentence was added to two years left on a criminal
conviction before [the Child’s] birth, making his effective sentence, as he
testified, one of seven years.

***

[Father] has not maintained visitation or other contact with [the Child]
due to his incarceration, which occurred within months of [the Child’s] birth.
[Father] has never visited with [the Child]. [Mother] has had intermittent visits
with [the Child]. A meaningful relationship does not presently exist between
[Father] and [the Child]. It also appears clear that there is not at this time a
close relationship between [the Child] and [Mother]. A change in the child’s
caretakers and physical environment would have a terrible effect on [the
Child’s] emotional and psychological condition. He has been with [the
Petitioners] since he left the hospital after birth. He is not yet 3 years old. [The
Child] is stable and his behavior and actions conform to expected social
standards. [Mother] has failed to maintain consistent employment and has not
supported [the Child]. [Mother] used illegal drugs and abused drugs while she
was pregnant with [the Child]. She continued to use illegal drugs after his
birth. The evidence convinces the court that she is still using illegal drugs
and/or abusing “legal” drugs to such an extent that she is impaired. The
termination of the parental rights of [Father] and [Mother] to [the Child],
pursuant to the factors set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1)-(9), is in
the child’s best interest because:

1
Earlier in its order, the Trial Court stated that Mother denied ever using cocaine.

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 (a) [The Child] has bonded with [the Petitioners]. They have
established a meaningful parent-child relationship with [the
Child] during the thirty-four months [the Child] has lived with
them. [Father] nor [Mother] has a meaningful parent-child
relationship with [the Child] at this time.

(b) [The Child] is part of a three-person family unit that includes
married persons in the father and mother roles for [the Child];

(c) [The Petitioners’] home is safe, secure, stable and healthy;

(d) [The Child] has lived with [the Petitioners], who have been
responsible for his education, medical and dental treatment,
clothing, shelter and other necessities of life since he was
released from the hospital and [Father] can afford to support
[the Child] and provide the necessities of life for [the Child].

[Father] also seems to have problems with alcohol and criminal activity.

[Father] nor [Mother] has paid any support at all for [the Child] within
the applicable four (4) month period or any other period. Instead, [the
Petitioners] have met all of [the Child’s] needs through their own funds. The
adoption of [the Child] into a two-parent family, one in which [the Child]
already perceives [Mr. F.] as his father figure and [Mrs. F.] as [his] mother
figure, would be in the best interest of [the Child]. [The Child] is thriving in
a safe, secure, structured, predictable environment where [his] emotional,
physical and other needs are being met by [the Petitioners]. It is in the best
interests of [the Child] that the parental rights of [Father] and [Mother] to [the
Child] be terminated in order that the adoption of [the Child] by [the
Petitioners] can occur. (Citations omitted and format modified)

Father and Mother filed appeals to this Court.

Discussion

Though not stated exactly as such, Father raises three issues on appeal: 1)
whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that clear and convincing evidence
existed to terminate Father’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102
(1)(A)(iv) when this ground was not alleged in the petition to terminate Father’s parental
rights to the Child; 2) whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that clear and

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convincing evidence existed to terminate Father’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(iv); and, 3) whether the Trial Court erred in finding by clear and
convincing evidence that it was in the Child’s best interest for Father’s parental rights to be
terminated. Though not stated exactly as such, Mother raises five issues on appeal: 1)
whether the Trial Court erred in permitting and relying on the testimony of a non-sequestered
witness; 2) whether the Trial Court erred by violating its own protective order in admitting
certain medical evidence; 3) whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that clear
and convincing evidenced existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 37-1-102 (b)(23); 4) whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that
clear and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(3); and, 5) whether the Trial Court erred in finding by clear and
convincing evidence that it was in the Child’s best interest for Mother’s parental rights to be
terminated. The Petitioners raise no unique issues of their own on appeal.

Our Supreme Court reiterated the standard of review for cases involving
termination of parental rights stating:

This Court must review findings of fact made by the trial court de novo
upon the record “accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the
finding, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.” Tenn. R.
App. P. 13(d). To terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by
clear and convincing evidence not only the existence of at least one of the
statutory grounds for termination but also that termination is in the child’s best
interest. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (citing Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(c)). Upon reviewing a termination of parental rights, this
Court’s duty, then, is to determine whether the trial court’s findings, made
under a clear and convincing standard, are supported by a preponderance of the
evidence.

In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530 (Tenn. 2006).

In Department of Children’s Services v. D.G.S.L., this Court discussed the
relevant burden of proof in cases involving termination of parental rights stating:

It is well established that “parents have a fundamental right to the care,
custody, and control of their children.” In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 92 S. Ct. 1208,
31 L. Ed. 2d 551 (1972)). “However, this right is not absolute and parental
rights may be terminated if there is clear and convincing evidence justifying

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 such termination under the applicable statute.” Id. (citing Santosky v. Kramer,
455 U.S. 745, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982)).

Termination of parental or guardianship rights must be based upon a
finding by the court that: (1) the grounds for termination of parental or
guardianship rights have been established by clear and convincing evidence;
and (2) termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interests
of the child. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). Before a parent’s rights can be
terminated, it must be shown that the parent is unfit or substantial harm to the
child will result if parental rights are not terminated. In re Swanson, 2 S.W.3d
180, 188 (Tenn. 1999); In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1998). Similarly, before the court may inquire as to whether termination
of parental rights is in the best interests of the child, the court must first
determine that the grounds for termination have been established by clear and
convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c).

Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. D.G.S.L., No. E2001-00742-COA-R3-JV, 2001 Tenn. App.
LEXIS 941, at **16-17 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 28, 2001), no appl. perm. appeal filed. Clear
and convincing evidence supporting any single ground will justify a termination order. E.g.,
In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).

We first address whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that clear
and convincing evidence existed to terminate Father’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-102 (1)(A)(iv) (abandonment by wanton disregard) when this ground was not
alleged in the petition to terminate Father’s parental rights to the Child. The statute provides:

(1)(A) For purposes of terminating the parental or guardian rights of parent(s)
or guardian(s) of a child to that child in order to make that child available for
adoption, “abandonment” means that:

***

(iv) A parent or guardian is incarcerated at the time of the institution of an
action or proceeding to declare a child to be an abandoned child, or the parent
or guardian has been incarcerated during all or part of the four (4) months
immediately preceding the institution of such action or proceeding, and either
has willfully failed to visit or has willfully failed to support or has willfully
failed to make reasonable payments toward the support of the child for four (4)
consecutive months immediately preceding such parent's or guardian's

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 incarceration, or the parent or guardian has engaged in conduct prior to
incarceration that exhibits a wanton disregard for the welfare of the child;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(iv) (2010).

Father argues in his brief that, “[a]s [Father] had no notice of this particular
ground, he was prejudiced and not prepared to defend against the allegation.” For their part,
the Petitioners argue in their brief that, “while the specific issue as to [Father’s] abandonment
of the child prior to his incarceration was not specifically pled it was tried by implied consent
of the parties.”

As we have stated regarding procedure in these matters:

[C]ourts must “strictly apply the procedural requirements in cases involving
the termination of parental rights.” Weidman v. Chambers, No.
M2007–02106–COA–R3–PT, 2008 WL 2331037, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
3, 2008) (citing In re W.B. IV., No. M2004–00999–COA–R3–PT, 2005 WL
1021618, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005); In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643,
651 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004)). Providing notice of the issues to be tried is
considered a fundamental component of due process. In re W.B. IV., 2005 WL
1021618, at * 13 (citations omitted). The pleadings limit the ruling to the
grounds of termination alleged, “because to find otherwise would place the
parent at a disadvantage in preparing a defense.” See id. at *10 (reversing a
trial court's order terminating parental rights on grounds not alleged in the
complaint); see also In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 651 (holding that courts must
take a very strict view of procedural omissions that could put a parent at a
disadvantage in preparing for trial). Thus, a trial court cannot terminate
parental rights based on a ground that is not alleged in the complaint. In re
Tristyn K., No. E2010–00109–COA–R3–PT, 2010 WL 2867179, at *5 (Tenn.
Ct. App. July 22, 2010) (citations omitted).

In re: Landon H., No. M2011-00737-COA-R3-PT, 2012 WL 113659, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 11, 2012), no appl. perm. appeal filed.

Having reviewed the allegations in the petition to terminate parental rights, we
agree with Father that he was not put on sufficient notice that his parental rights could be
terminated on the ground of abandonment by wanton disregard. The petition, while
referencing the pertinent statute, failed to identify the specific ground of abandonment by
wanton disregard. Abandonment by wanton disregard is a distinct ground for termination
of parental rights. Moreover, abandonment by wanton disregard is a ground where the

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relevant conduct is not confined to the four months leading up to a parent’s incarceration.
In re: Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 871 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). We find that Father lacked
adequate notice from the petition that his earlier, wider conduct could serve as a basis for
terminating his parental rights.

Nevertheless, a ground for termination not included in the petition can be
properly found if the ground were tried by implied consent. In re: Anthony R., No. M2012-
01412-COA-R3-PT, 2013 WL 500829, at *4 n. 5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 8, 2013), no appl.
perm. appeal filed. However, the record before us does not support a finding that
abandonment by wanton disregard was tried by implied consent. The strict application of
procedural requirements in cases involving the termination of parental rights requires that
before there can be a finding that a ground for termination not alleged in the petition was
tried by implied consent, the record must be clear that such ground indeed was tried by
implied consent. To make such a finding, it must be clear from the record that the evidence
presented that is relevant to the unpled ground had no relevance to any other issue being
presented to the Trial Court. See In re: S.J.M., No. M2009-01080-COA-R3-PT, 2009 WL
4039430, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 20, 2009), no appl. perm. appeal filed. It must be clear
from the record that the parent fully understood that this particular unpled ground for
termination was being tried and that the parent impliedly consented to the trial of that ground
even though it had not been pled. We are not convinced from the record before us that
Father impliedly consented to the ground of abandonment by wanton disregard being tried.

We vacate the Trial Court’s judgment against Father with respect to the ground
of abandonment by wanton disregard, and remand for proceedings consistent with this
Opinion, including an amendment of the petition, if requested, to allege abandonment by
wanton disregard and a new trial as to Father. Because we vacate the only ground for
termination of Father’s parental rights found by the Trial Court, Father’s remaining issues
are pretermitted.

We now turn to Mother’s issues and first address whether the Trial Court erred
in permitting and relying upon the testimony of a non-sequestered witness. Kayla F.,
Mother’s eldest daughter, testified as a rebuttal witness. Kayla. F. corroborated Sharon
E. F.’s testimony concerning Mother’s continued drug use. Mother argues that Kayla F.’s
and Sharon E. F.’s testimony had noticeable parallels and Kayla F.’s testimony appears to be
a verification of Sharon E. F.’s earlier testimony. The record shows that Kayla F. had
remained in the courtroom during Sharon E. F.’s earlier testimony, despite invocation of Rule
615 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. When Kayla F. was called to testify, the following
exchange occurred:

MR. WRIGHT: Now, were you here on September the 21 st?

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 KAYLA F.: I was.
MR. WRIGHT: Were you in the courtroom?
KAYLA F.: For a part of it.
MR. WRIGHT: What part were you in the courtroom?
KAYLA F.: After the phone hung up with Shawn, that’s the last I heard, right
as they dismissed the case and told us to come back.

***

THE TRIAL COURT: Are you planning to ask her about anything that
occurred that first morning?
MR. WRIGHT: No, Your Honor. The only thing I’m going to ask her is in
rebuttal to what [Mother] said this morning.
THE TRIAL COURT: Okay. You may ask her.

The record shows that Kayla F. was in the courtroom during Sharon E. F.’s
testimony on the first day of trial. Rule 615 clearly had been invoked. This presents a
problem as Rule 615 exists for a reason. As our Supreme Court has explained: “The purpose
of the rule [of sequestration] is to prevent one witness from hearing the testimony of another
and adjusting his testimony accordingly.” State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 68 (Tenn. 1992).
Mother’s drug use was a central aspect of this case in which her parental rights were
challenged. Both Sharon E. F. and Kayla F. testified, in part at least, about Mother’s issues
with drugs. The appearance of verification of Sharon E. F.’s testimony by Kayla F. is
significant and cannot be ignored. Rule 615 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence applies to
rebuttal witnesses such as Kayla F. While we understand the Petitioners’ attorney’s response
to the Trial Court’s question as to whether the attorney intended to ask Kayla F. about
anything that occurred that first morning of trial when she was in the courtroom and the
attorney answered “No,” the record shows that, while Kayla F.’s testimony may well have
been offered as rebuttal to what Mother had testified to, Kayla F.’s testimony also clearly
corroborated Sharon E. F.’s testimony given while Kayla F. was in the courtroom. None of
the exceptions contained in Rule 615 are applicable here. Rule 615 does not set out precisely
what is to happen upon a violation of the rule. Regarding violations of the rule: “When a
sequestration rule violation is raised on appeal, the court shall consider the seriousness of the
violation and the prejudice, if any, suffered by the defendant.” State v. Reid, No. M2001-
02753-CCA-R3-DD, 2003 WL 23021393, at *45 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 29, 2003), aff’d
by State v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286 (Tenn. 2005).2 We hold that it was error for the Trial Court

2
While this citation comes from a criminal case, we believe the principle is sound generally as to the
rule. Also, while not criminal matters themselves, cases involving the termination of parental rights affect
(continued...)

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to permit Kayla F. to testify, even as a rebuttal witness, when she was present in the
courtroom on the first day of trial and heard Sharon E. F.’s testimony which then was
corroborated, at least to some extent, by Kayla F.’s testimony.

We next address whether the Trial Court erred in admitting certain medical
evidence which Mother argues was contrary to the Trial Court’s own protective order.
Mother filed an order to quash early in the proceedings regarding a subpoena for her medical
records. On September 21, 2012, the first day of trial, the Trial Court made remarks
regarding which medical records would be allowed:

The Court will limit the use of the medical records of [Mother] to the
allegations which were in the petition that she had committed severe child
abuse by using drugs while she was pregnant and that the child had tested
positive for cocaine and perhaps other drugs at birth and perhaps during the
pregnancy.

No other records or medical records of [Mother] will be allowed from
this subpoena except those. So we will, in effect, go through the records. And
the records that don’t relate to drug use or drug pregnancy or drug use at the
time of birth of the child’s condition at the time of birth will be returned to
counsel for [Mother].

On October 30, 2012, the Trial Court entered an order limiting the admissibility of the
medical records. In this written order, the Trial Court outlined a more restrictive approach
to admitting medical records than its earlier remarks from the bench indicated, apparently
limiting the records to be admitted to those related to the time of delivery of the Child. The
order states in relevant part:

[T]he Petitioners, through their Counsel only, shall be allowed to view only
those portions of the subject medical records reporting the results of any drug
screening for the presence of illegal drugs in the Respondent, [Mother], at the
time of delivery of the infant, [the Child], and the presence of illegal drugs in
the infant, [the Child], at the time of birth only.

According to Mother, “[t]he Trial Court’s inconsistency on this issue from the beginning to
the end creates an impossible moving target to defend, and absent consistent procedural
standards, the termination should be dismissed.”

2
(...continued)
an individual’s rights in a manner comparable in some respects to criminal cases.

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 Severe child abuse is a ground for the termination of parental rights:

(g) Initiation of termination of parental or guardianship rights may be based
upon any of the grounds listed in this subsection (g). The following grounds
are cumulative and non-exclusive, so that listing conditions, acts or omissions
in one ground does not prevent them from coming within another ground:

***

(4) The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child
abuse as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by
the court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for
adoption to have committed severe child abuse against the child who is the
subject of the petition or against any sibling or half-sibling of such child, or
any other child residing temporarily or permanently in the home of such parent
or guardian;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(4) (Supp. 2012).

“Severe child abuse” is defined as follows:

(A)(i) The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a
child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death
and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily
injury or death;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102 (b)(23)(A)(i) (Supp. 2012).

The Trial Court found, inter alia, as follows:

(d) There is a record on [Mother] that she tested positive for cocaine and
Benzodiazepine. The test was conducted on March 12, 2009, less than a
month before [the Child’s] birth.
(e) There was another specimen given on March 27, 2009. She was positive
for Benzodiazepines and opiates. This test was within ten days of [the Child’s]
birth.

The records pertaining to Mother’s drug use during pregnancy certainly are
relevant to the ground of severe child abuse as alleged in the petition. However, there is a
basis for the confusion as claimed by Mother as to what the Trial Court intended to allow in

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the record at trial. The Trial Court’s October 30, 2012 protective order was much narrower
than its September 21, 2012 remarks reflect. On the other hand, the disputed medical records
from Erlanger Hospital, the subject of the motion to squash, are not the only evidence in the
record reflecting Mother’s drug use during pregnancy. The Trial Court’s findings also could
be supported by medical records contained in the juvenile file, another exhibit.

Nevertheless, we find that there was sufficient discrepancy and uncertainty at
trial so as to undermine the inclusion of certain of the medical records. While evidence of
Mother’s drug use both during pregnancy and after the delivery of the Child were relevant
to the grounds for termination as alleged in the petition, Mother makes a legitimate argument
that given the Trial Court’s apparently inconsistent rulings as to what medical records would
be allowed as evidence, Mother, indeed, was faced with a moving target as to this evidence.
We are not, however, holding that Mother’s medical records relating to her illicit drug use
are not relevant and should have been excluded by the Trial Court. To the contrary, this
evidence clearly is relevant to the grounds alleged in the petition. The basis for our finding
error by the Trial Court as to this issue rests solely on the apparent confusion during trial
concerning which medical records would be allowed by the Trial Court.

Between the non-sequestered witness and the inconsistency during trial
concerning which medical records would be admissible, there were significant errors in
Mother’s trial. Cases involving termination of parental rights involve deeply-rooted
fundamental rights, and compliance with the applicable statutes, rules, and case law is
especially critical. We vacate the judgment of the Trial Court as it pertains to the finding by
clear and convincing evidence that the ground of severe child abuse existed to terminate
Mother’s parental rights.

We next address whether the Trial Court erred in finding and holding that clear
and convincing evidence existed to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113 (g)(3). As pertinent to this issue, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)
provides:

(3) The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by
order of a court for a period of six (6) months and:

(A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions
that in all reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to
further abuse or neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to
the care of the parent(s) or guardian(s), still persist;

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 (B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or
guardian(s) in the near future; and
(C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable
and permanent home;

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (Supp. 2012).

Mother argues in her brief that “[a]lthough it is difficult to determine exactly
which factors contributed to the original removal, it was apparent at the time of the trial that
most if not all of the issues had been resolved, effectively eliminating this as a ground for
termination.”3 Indeed, there is evidence in the record that Mother had been taking remedial
steps in her life by the time of trial, including obtaining a residence, getting her driver’s
license back, and holding down employment. While we are concerned that Mother’s drug
habit has not entirely abated, the evidence in the record on this ground does not rise to clear
and convincing. It is telling that the Petitioners in their brief do not argue that the
termination of Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) was
found correctly by the Trial Court. We reverse the Trial Court as to this issue.

The judgment of the Trial Court is vacated as it relates to the ground of
abandonment by wanton disregard as a ground for terminating Father’s parental rights.
Additionally, the judgment of the Trial Court is vacated with respect to the ground of severe
child abuse for terminating Mother’s parental rights. Regarding the ground of persistent
conditions in Mother’s case, we reverse the Trial Court. We remand this case to the Trial
Court for a new trial for both Mother and Father.

Conclusion

The judgment of the Trial Court is reversed, in part, and vacated, in part, and
this cause is remanded to the Trial Court for further proceedings, including a new trial,
consistent with this Opinion. The costs on appeal are assessed against the Appellees, Johnny
F. and Sharon E. F.

_________________________________
D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE

3
The Petitioners make no argument in favor of this ground of termination in their brief.

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