State of Tennessee v. Deangelo M. Moody and Martez D. Matthews

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
December 11, 2012 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DEANGELO M. MOODY
and MARTEZ D. MATTHEWS

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 2009-D-3252 Mark J. Fishburn, Judge

No. M2011-01930-CCA-R3-CD - May 9, 2013

A jury convicted appellants, Deangelo M. Moody and Martez D. Matthews, of first degree
murder. The trial court imposed life sentences. On appeal, both appellants challenge the
sufficiency of the convicting evidence. In addition, appellant Matthews argues that the trial
court erred in the following rulings: (1) admitting a hearsay statement pertaining to motive
that was attributed to a severed co-defendant; (2) allowing certain statements, including
“gang lingo”; (3) permitting testimony regarding witnesses’ gang involvement for
impeachment purposes; (4) admitting evidence of the personal history between two
witnesses; (5) allowing the State to introduce a crime scene photograph that depicted a pool
of blood; and (6) permitting the State to introduce proof of his conviction for possession of
a handgun. After reviewing the record, the parties’ briefs, and applicable law, we affirm the
judgments of the trial court. However, we remand this cause for entry of judgment forms
reflecting dismissal of appellant Matthews’s indictment for employing a firearm during
commission of a dangerous felony and appellant Moody’s acquittal of the same charge.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed;
Case Remanded

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and
N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, JJ., joined.

Mark A. Kovach, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Deangelo M. Moody.

Anne M. Davenport, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Martez D. Matthews.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Assistant Attorney
General; Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Rob McGuire, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
 OPINION

This case involves the shooting death of the victim, a sixteen-year old female, L.J.1
During a shoot-out that occurred on the street outside her home, the victim was struck by a
stray bullet when it entered her home. A Davidson County grand jury indicted appellants and
their co-defendant, Lorenzo Ortego Thomas, II, for one count of first degree felony murder
and one count of employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony. Co-
defendant Thomas’s case was severed from appellants’ case, and the trial court conducted
their joint trial from May 9-12, 2011.

Inez Johnson, the victim’s mother, testified that around 4:00 p.m. on April 25, 2009,
she and the victim were at their home on Chesapeak2 Drive. They were lying down in Ms.
Johnson’s bedroom when they heard gunshots. Ms. Johnson stated that she “instinctively .
. . dropped and rolled.” She further stated that “instead of laying low and rolling from the
bed, [the victim] raised her body up” and was struck by a bullet. The victim began bleeding
from her mouth. Ms. Johnson called 9-1-1 and rendered aid to the victim in an attempt to
stop the bleeding. She said that she could not tell from where the victim was bleeding. She
recalled, “[B]lood was just everywhere, . . . and I was right there beside her[,] and I knew
[she] wasn’t going to make it[,] and I watched her take her last breath . . . .”

Christopher Cote, a detective with the Metro Nashville Police Department (“MNPD”),
testified that around 4:00 p.m. on April 25, 2009, he responded to a call at 3652 Chesapeak
Drive. The paramedics were already at the scene when he arrived. Officer Cote was advised
that a sixteen-year-old female had been shot. He entered the home and observed the victim
lying on the floor, bleeding profusely. The paramedics transported the victim to the hospital,
and additional police officers arrived at the scene. Officer Cote stated that he secured the
scene and advised his superior officers and investigators as to what had occurred.

Officer Cote recalled that Officer Brian Eaves arrived at the scene. He stated that a
witness approached Officer Eaves and gave him a hat that the witness had found. He placed
the hat, which the witness found in the street to the right of the victim’s house, in an evidence
bag and gave it to the crime scene investigators. Officer Cote stated that he also found
multiple shell casings of different calibers at the scene.

1
We have used the initials of the minor victim of this crime to protect her identity.
2
The transcript spells the street name as “Chesapeake.” However, the street sign shown in one of
the crime scene photographs spells the name “Chesapeak.”

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 Lynne Mace, a crime scene investigator with the MNPD, testified that she investigated
the scene in this case. She drew a diagram of the scene, which she described for the jury.
The diagram depicted the locations of bullet cartridge casings. Investigator Mace also
photographed and collected the cartridge casings. Investigator Mace recalled that there were
two .45 caliber automatic casings and six 9mm casings. She identified photographs that she
had taken of the crime scene, including a photograph of the strike mark of the bullet that
entered the victim’s house.

Christopher Bridges3 testified that he lived at 3648 Chesapeak Drive. He stated that
on April 25, 2009, at approximately 4:00 p.m., he was walking down Chesapeak Drive with
Deandre Williams. As they were walking, a car with four or five people inside of it pulled
up and began shooting. Christopher began to run, but he heard more than five shots fired.
The State showed him a photograph of a vehicle and asked if it was the vehicle he observed
on April 25, 2009, to which Christopher responded, “Yes, sir.” Christopher stated that he
was given the opportunity to speak with the police about what he observed, but he told them
that he “really didn’t see anybody, didn’t see anything.” He said that he did not want to
speak with the police and that they forced him to go to the precinct. Christopher admitted
that in April 2009, he was a member of the 107 Underground Crips but denied that he was
still a member.

On cross-examination, Christopher testified that he did not know why someone would
want to shoot at him. He stated that the shooting came from the driver’s side of the vehicle.
He did not know appellants and said that the first time he saw them was on the news.
Christopher stated that he had an adequate opportunity to view the car because it passed him
and made a u-turn. He said that the vehicle’s license plate was in the window and that the
vehicle’s bumper was not damaged. Christopher later testified that the vehicle that he
identified in the photograph had damage on its bumper. Christopher said that he ran between
some houses when the people in the vehicle started shooting; however, the victim’s house
was not one of them.

Deandre Williams testified that he lived with Christopher and Christopher’s family
in April 2009. On April 25, 2009, he was walking to a friend’s house with Christopher when
he heard gunshots. He ran away and was unable to see from where the gunshots originated.
He stated that he was sending text messages on his cellular telephone and did not observe any
nearby vehicles or people. However, he recalled telling the police that he saw a small blue
or green vehicle that looked like a Honda. He explained that he saw the vehicle before he
and Christopher began walking. Mr. Williams further testified that he heard more than five

3
Multiple witnesses share the surname Bridges; thus, we will refer to them by their first names to
avoid confusion. In doing so, we intend no disrespect.

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gunshots. He estimated that he was three houses away from 3652 Chesapeak Drive when the
gunshots began. He ran in the opposite direction from the victim’s house.

Mr. Williams denied being a member of or affiliated with the107 Underground Crips.
He stated that he did not know whether Christopher was a member of the gang and denied
noticing a tattoo of a gun with the numbers “107” on Christopher’s hand.

On cross-examination, Mr. Williams testified that he did not know appellants and had
never seen them before the day of trial. Mr. Williams did not know why anyone would shoot
at him. He stated that he did not know anything about the incident and was only testifying
because the State forced him to do so.

Evan Bridges testified that he is the grandfather of Christopher Bridges and that they
lived at 3648 Chesapeak Drive. At around 4:00 p.m. on April 25, 2009, Evan was outside
in the backyard of his home. He heard gunshots and went toward his front yard. When he
arrived at the front yard, Evan determined that the gunshots were coming from a small green
car that was driving down the street. When shown a photograph of a vehicle, Evan stated
that the vehicle in the photograph was the same size, but the car he saw on the day of the
shooting looked like a Honda. He observed the heads of three African-Americans in the
vehicle and stated that the people in the vehicle were “some young guys.”

Evan recalled speaking with three or four police officers, but he denied telling Officer
Eaves that he saw two of the three people in the vehicle shooting into 3652 Chesapeak Drive.
Approximately fifteen to twenty minutes after the shooting ceased, Evan found a black cap
in the middle of the street that was not there before the shooting. He thought that it might
have belonged to one of the shooters, so he gave it to the police.

On cross-examination, Evan testified that he did not actually see anyone shoot a
weapon. He clarified that the vehicle he saw was green and that the vehicle in the
photograph looked like it was blue. Evan stated that he did not see the black cap fall from
the vehicle from which the shots were fired.

Quontez Caldwell testified that appellant Moody and Ortego Thomas are his half-
brothers through their father, but he only became acquainted with them a short time prior to
this incident. Mr. Caldwell stated that on April 25, 2009, appellant Moody and Mr. Thomas
picked him up from his grandmother’s house in appellant Moody’s vehicle. He identified
appellant Moody’s vehicle from an exhibit photograph. In addition to his half-brothers, two
other males whom he did not know were in the vehicle. He identified appellant Matthews
in the courtroom as one of the other passengers in the vehicle. Mr. Caldwell stated that as
they drove down Chesapeak Drive, the people in the car saw “somebody they had a beef with

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[sic][,] and they shot at them.” He recalled that Mr. Thomas said, “‘There go [sic] somebody
we beefin’ with [sic].’” The driver then turned the vehicle around and drove back up
Chesapeak Drive. He said that appellants and Mr. Thomas began shooting at a person he
knew as “C. Trigger.” Mr. Caldwell did not recall having previously testified that appellant
Matthews had a 9mm pistol, that appellant Moody had a “.45 or .40,” or that Mr. Thomas had
a “38 revolver,” but he acknowledged that if he had previously so testified, then it was the
truth. He stated that neither he nor the driver had a weapon that day. After the shooting, the
men dropped Mr. Caldwell off in the middle of the street. He said that he did not speak with
appellants about the shooting after it happened.

Mr. Caldwell stated that the police attempted to interview him. The first two times
they attempted to speak with him, he told them that he did not know anything about what
happened because he just “didn’t want to tell them nothing [sic].” Mr. Caldwell denied being
a member of the Hoover Deuce Crips. He denied testifying to being a member in July 2009
and said that if his being a member of the Crips was reflected in his statement, it was not the
truth.

On cross-examination, Mr. Caldwell denied that a detective with MNPD brought him
in for questioning because he had received information that Mr. Caldwell had claimed that
he killed the victim. He further denied getting a new “teardrop tattoo” on his face. Mr.
Caldwell did not recall telling the detective that he was anywhere near Chesapeak Drive, that
he was with someone named “T.O.,” that he was in a Chevrolet Impala, or that he did not
know the color of the Impala. He stated that he did not know appellant Moody’s real name
and that he only knew his father by the name “Tango.”

Mr. Caldwell admitted that he spoke with another detective a few weeks later but
denied that he changed his story about being in an Impala with T.O. Mr. Caldwell admitted
that appellant Moody picked him up and then proceeded to pick up another person, at which
time the other person began driving the vehicle. He remembered seeing “C. Trigger” and
stated that “guns were pulled[,] and they started shooting.” In a subsequent interview with
Kathy Morante, an assistant district attorney, Mr. Caldwell denied any knowledge of his
brothers’ having problems with “C. Trigger” and stated, “I didn’t know they had no [sic] beef
with him.” He testified that his problem with “C. Trigger” was “[s]omething about . . . some
child issues” and that it was not significant. Mr. Caldwell denied that the “child issues”
concerned his child’s mother and could not remember stating that there was bad blood
between him and “C. Trigger” or indicating that “C. Trigger” had tried to do him harm in the
past. He declined the opportunity to review the transcript of his statement.

Kathy Morante, an assistant district attorney in Nashville, testified that in April 2009,
she was assigned to handle juvenile transfers for the office. In the course of her work, Ms.

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Morante explained that it was fairly common to have witnesses testify for the State who had
charges pending against them, as was the case with Quontez Caldwell. She further explained
that a cooperating witness in this situation was sometimes given “use immunity.” “Use
immunity,” she testified, was an agreement between the witness, his or her attorney, and the
State that provided, “[I]f you sit down and talk with us, we’re not going to use anything you
say during this period of time that we’re talking against you to prosecute you so long as you
tell the truth.” She added, “[W]e specifically reserve the right to use any other evidence that
we can come up with against that person, or as I said earlier, if we determine that [the] person
is being untruthful, then we can prosecute them.” Mr. Caldwell’s use immunity agreement
form was entered as an exhibit at trial. Ms. Morante stated that the most serious charge Mr.
Caldwell faced in the summer of 2009, when he was fifteen years of age, was an attempted
homicide that was unrelated to the instant case. He was taken into custody on June 12, 2009,
and in November 2009, he entered a guilty plea to aggravated assault and vandalism and was
committed to a secure facility of the Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”). Ms.
Morante noted that Mr. Caldwell also had an unresolved robbery charge. She explained that
DCS determines the appropriate time to “step him down from one facility to another and .
. . to release him back into the community.”

On cross-examination, Ms. Morante testified that Mr. Caldwell had just been released
from DCS when this incident occurred. She met with Detective Jackson and believed that
Mr. Caldwell could have some information pertinent to the case, but she did not know
whether he was involved. On redirect examination, Ms. Morante clarified that the attempted
homicide charge for Mr. Caldwell was wholly unrelated to this incident.

Detective Gene Davis of the MNPD testified that on May 15, 2009, he conducted a
traffic stop in the area of Nolensville Road for a traffic ordinance violation. He observed
three people inside the vehicle he stopped, and during a search of the vehicle, he found a
loaded 9mm Glock semi-automatic pistol. Detective Davis stated that appellant Matthews
claimed ownership of the weapon, at which time he was taken into custody. Detective Davis
identified the weapon, which was entered as an exhibit. He also identified appellant
Matthews, who was seated in the courtroom.

Detective Cody O’Quinn of the MNPD testified that he was involved in serving a
search warrant for a vehicle located at 314 Kern Drive on June 18, 2009. The vehicle was
a green 1999 Kia. He determined that the vehicle was registered to appellant Deangelo
Moody and his mother. He identified the temporary drive-out tag found inside the
automobile and noted that it would have been valid on the date of this incident, April 25,
2009. On cross-examination, Detective O’Quinn stated that the Kia automobile in the exhibit
photograph appeared green in color to him.

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 Detective Lawrence Brown, also from the MNPD, testified that he obtained buccal
swabs from both appellants on February 9, 2011, at the prosecutor’s request. He explained
that a buccal swab is used to obtain liquid evidence, usually saliva, from an individual. The
swabs were packaged and taken to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) to be
analyzed for DNA comparison.

Agent Mark Dunlap of the TBI Crime Laboratory was accepted by the trial court as
an expert in forensic chemistry and serology. He testified with regard to his DNA analysis
of a black cap. From his testing, he determined that the “DNA profile from the cap was a
mixture of genetic material from two individuals.” From the standards submitted in February
2011, ten of the thirteen testing sites indicated that the major contributor of DNA on the cap
was appellant Matthews.

On cross-examination, Agent Dunlap explained that three of the thirteen testing sites
were inconclusive, stating, “[T]here just wasn’t enough DNA there to obtain a full profile,
so those sites didn’t yield results. It doesn’t mean that they didn’t match, it just means there
was no result at those sites.” He acknowledged that no DNA belonging to appellant
Deangelo Moody was found on the hat.

Agent Robert Daniel Royse of the TBI Crime Laboratory was accepted by the trial
court as an expert in firearms and tool mark identification. He explained the operation of the
Glock 9mm Luger semiautomatic pistol, the parts of a live cartridge, and the firing cycle
process. Agent Royse testified that in his work, he examines the unique set of markings
found on every firearm, which can be thought of as a mechanical fingerprint. In making an
identification, he test fires the weapon and takes the test bullets and cartridge cases and
compares them to the evidence. If the unique characteristics are present on both the evidence
and the test material, he concludes that they have a common origin and that they were fired
from the same weapon. Agent Royse was provided six spent .45 caliber automatic cartridge
casings and two 9mm cartridge casings in April 2009, and in January 2011, he was provided
a 9mm weapon for analysis. He testified that the two 9mm casings provided to him were
fired from the weapon he received in January 2011.

Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Amy McMaster testified that a former colleague had
performed the victim’s autopsy but that she had reviewed and agreed with the report that was
prepared. She illustrated the bullet entry wound and the path of travel through the victim’s
body. She identified the projectile recovered from the victim’s body and described the
procedure in preserving it as evidence. Dr. McMaster stated that the bullet injured the aorta,
the trachea, and both lungs and that even immediate medical intervention could not have
saved the victim’s life. In summary, Dr. McMaster testified that the cause of the victim’s

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death was a gunshot wound to the torso and that the manner of death was a homicide. At the
close of Dr. McMaster’s testimony, the State rested its case-in-chief.

The defense called William Jackson, a former officer with the MNPD, who testified
that he was the lead detective in the investigation of the victim’s death. He arrived at the
scene approximately five to ten minutes after receiving the call and remained there for
approximately three and one-half hours. His duties included making sure the officers secured
the crime scene for purposes of investigating and collecting evidence. Detective Jackson was
present during the victim’s autopsy and collected the bullet recovered from the victim’s body
as evidence. He recalled testifying at appellants’ detention hearing that the recovered bullet
was a large fragment and stated, “I didn’t know at the time if it was a [.]45 or a [.]40[.] I
guessed that it was one of those too big to be a [.]38 or a [.]22.”

Detective Jackson testified at length concerning his three interviews with Quontez
Caldwell. He recalled that his first interview with Mr. Caldwell was at the end of April and
the second interview was on June 12th. He explained that he uses conversation as his
interviewing technique to get to the truth. He would not make promises of assisting in
getting charges dismissed or lowered, but he acknowledged that he would “talk for someone
if they cooperate” and admitted that “[he did not] know how the [District Attorney] works.”

On cross-examination, Detective Jackson recalled that during the first interview with
Mr. Caldwell on April 30, 2009, Mr. Caldwell denied being at the scene or having anything
to do with this incident. During the second interview on June 12, 2009, Mr. Caldwell began
to cooperate and identified appellant Matthews in a photograph array as one of the
individuals involved in this shooting. Detective Jackson testified that ultimately, Mr.
Caldwell provided seating positions in the vehicle and stated that appellants were two of the
three people involved in shooting at Christopher Bridges and Deandre Williams on April 25,
2009.

Upon this evidence, the jury convicted both appellants of first degree felony murder
committed during an attempted first degree murder, and the trial court imposed life
sentences.

I. Analysis

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Both appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining their convictions
for felony murder.

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 The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,
or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn
therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

To sustain appellants’ convictions, the State must have proven beyond a reasonable
doubt that appellants killed the victim “in the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate . . . first
degree murder,” as charged in the indictment. Tenn. Code Ann.§ 39-13-202(a)(2) (2010).
First degree premeditated murder, the underlying felony, is defined as “a premeditated and
intentional killing of another.” Id. at § 39-13-202(a)(1). The jury was instructed that
“attempt” meant that one “[a]cts with intent to cause a result that is an element of the offense,
and believes the conduct will cause the result without further conduct on the person’s part.”
Id. at § 39-12-101(a)(2).

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 Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, a brief synopsis of the facts in this
case demonstrates sufficient evidence underlying appellants’ convictions. Officer Cote
responded to the call at 3652 Chesapeak Drive and was advised by paramedics that a sixteen-
year-old female had been shot. After securing the scene, he and Officer Eaves received into
evidence a black cap that a witness had found in the street. Officer Cote also retrieved two
.45 caliber automatic shell casings and six 9mm shell casings.

Christopher Bridges testified that as he and Mr. Williams were walking down
Chesapeak Drive, a car with four or five people inside of it pulled up, and some of the
occupants began shooting. He heard more than five shots fired. He identified a photograph
of a vehicle and stated that it appeared to be the vehicle from which the shots were fired.
Christopher stated that he had an adequate opportunity to view the car because it passed him
and made a u-turn. Mr. Williams also recounted that on April 25, 2009, he was walking to
a friend’s house with Christopher when he heard gunshots. He recalled telling the police that
he saw a small blue or green vehicle that looked like a Honda. He explained that he saw that
vehicle before he and Christopher began walking.

Evan Bridges heard gunshots around 4:00 p.m. on April 25, 2009, and went toward
his front yard. When he arrived at the front yard, Evan determined that the gunshots were
coming from a small green car that was driving down the street. Approximately fifteen to
twenty minutes after the shooting ceased, Evan found a black cap in the middle of the street
that was not there before the shooting. He thought that it might have belonged to one of the
shooters, so he gave it to the police.

Quontez Caldwell testified that the vehicle in the picture introduced at trial was
appellant Moody’s vehicle, and it was the vehicle in which appellant Moody, Mr. Thomas,
and some other individuals picked him up that day. He identified appellant Matthews in the
courtroom as one of the other passengers riding in the vehicle. Mr. Caldwell stated that as
they drove down Chesapeak Drive, they saw someone with whom they had a disagreement
and both appellants and the severed co-defendant began firing shots at him.

On May 15, 2009, Detective Davis conducted a traffic stop in the area of Nolensville
Road for a traffic ordinance violation. During a search of the vehicle, he found a loaded
9mm Glock semi-automatic pistol, which appellant Matthews claimed as his own. Detective
Cody O’Quinn of the MNPD testified that he was involved in serving a search warrant for
a vehicle located at 314 Kern Drive on June 18, 2009. The vehicle was a green 1999 Kia.
He determined that the vehicle was registered to appellant Deangelo Moody and his mother.

Detective Brown obtained buccal swabs from both appellants on February 9, 2011.
Agent Dunlap analyzed the swabs and compared them to the DNA found on the black cap.

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From his testing, he determined that ten of the thirteen testing sites indicated that the major
contributor of DNA on the cap was appellant Matthews.

Agent Royse received six spent .45 caliber automatic cartridge casings and two 9mm
cartridge casings in connection with this case in April 2009. In January 2011, he received
a 9mm weapon for comparison and determined that the two 9mm casings provided to him
were fired from the weapon he received in January 2011.

Detective Jackson testified that Mr. Caldwell identified appellant Matthews in a
photograph array as one of the individuals involved in this shooting. Detective Jackson
stated that ultimately, Mr. Caldwell provided seating positions in the vehicle and stated that
appellants were two of the three people involved in shooting at Christopher Bridges and
Deandre Williams on April 25, 2009.

Based on this evidence, the jury had sufficient evidence to convict both appellants of
felony murder perpetrated during an attempt to commit first degree murder. “‘Premeditation’
means that the intent to kill must have been formed prior to the act itself. It is not necessary
that the purpose to kill pre-exist in the mind of the accused for any definite period of time.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(d) (2010). The jury could have found that appellants formed
the intent to kill after appellants and their cohorts passed “C. Trigger,” a person with whom
they had a disagreement, walking down the street, at which time they made a u-turn in order
to confront “C. Trigger.” In shooting at “C. Trigger,” appellants performed an act intending
to cause an element of first degree murder to occur without further action on their part. Id.
at § 39-12-101(a)(2). However, they missed their intended target and instead shot through
the victim’s home. “[A] killing in the course of an attempted first degree murder is first
degree felony murder. If the prosecution establishes that a defendant attempts to commit the
premeditated and deliberate first degree murder of a specific victim but instead kills an
unintended victim, the defendant may be guilty of first degree felony murder. This result is
plain from the statutory definition of the crime . . . .” Millen v. State, 988 S.W.2d 164, 167-
68 (Tenn. 1999). As such, neither appellant is entitled to relief on this issue.

B. Admissibility of Quontez Caldwell’s Testimony

As set forth above, Mr. Caldwell testified that Mr. Thomas, a co-defendant whose
case was severed from appellants’ case, said, “‘There go [sic] somebody we beefin’ with
[sic].’” In response, the driver of the vehicle turned around and drove back up Chesapeak
Drive so that the occupants could fire at the intended victims. Appellant Matthews claims
that the statement constituted inadmissible hearsay and that admission of it violated his right
to confront the witnesses against him.

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 The State argues that appellant Matthews acquiesced in the trial court’s ruling
permitting Mr. Caldwell’s statement. However, our reading of the transcript of the bench
conference at trial indicates that appellant’s approval only pertained to the parties’ agreement
that the State would not delve into the underlying reason for the “beef” with Mr. Bridges and
not to the admissibility of the statement concerning the “beef.” To characterize appellant’s
statement as acquiescing to the admissibility of the comment in question is unreasonable.

Nonetheless, the State correctly notes that appellant failed to lodge a contemporaneous
objection to this statement. Appellant Matthews filed several motions in limine before the
trial began. “Motion in Limine #6: Right to Confront Witness” sought a ruling on the
admissibility of this evidence. Prior to the jury being sworn, the trial court ruled that the
evidence was admissible. Whether counsel must make a contemporaneous objection at trial
to preserve an issue for appeal after arguing a motion in limine must be determined on a case
by case basis in light of the record developed in connection with the trial court’s ruling. State
v. McGhee, 746 S.W.2d 460, 464 (Tenn. 1988). However, for the purpose of preserving the
record for appeal, we consider an objection to be contemporaneous if trial counsel objects
in the form of a motion in limine and obtains a ruling on the issue from the trial court. State
v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 302 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (emphasis added). Thus, this issue
was preserved for appellate review.4

Appellant’s position is that Mr. Thomas’s statement, repeated in court by Mr.
Caldwell, was a statement “made by the co-defendant that implicate[d] the defendant” and
thus violated his right to confront the witnesses against him as defined by Bruton v. United
States, 321 U.S. 193 (1968). Our supreme court has held that “[t]he Bruton rule proscribes,
generally, the use of one co-defendant’s confession to implicate the other as being violative
of the nonconfess[ing] co-defendant’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation.” State v.
Elliot, 524 S.W.2d 473, 477 (Tenn. 1975). However, a statement by a co-defendant that is
not hearsay “raises no Confrontation Clause concerns.” Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409,
414 (1985); see State v. Alexis Mason and Terrence Harris, No. W2010-02321-CCA-R3-CD,

4
With regard to this issue, appellant Matthews states in his brief that “Rule 36(b) of the Tennessee
Rules of Appellate Procedure provides for relief when an error ‘involving a substantial right more probably
than not affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.’” In so stating, appellant
seemingly concedes that this issue is subject to plain error review only. Although the motion in limine
pertaining to this issue was brief, counsel fully developed appellant’s argument during a hearing on the
motion and obtained a ruling thereon. As such, for the reasons stated herein, we will review this claim on
the merits.

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2013 WL 1229447, at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 27, 2013). Thus, we must first determine
whether the challenged statement constitutes hearsay.5

This court has held that declarations used to prove the effect on a listener are not
hearsay:

“[A]ny time the statement is used to prove the hearer or reader’s mental state
upon hearing the declaration, words repeated from the witness chair do not fall
within the hearsay exclusion. The statement fails the test of hearsay because
it is not used to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.”

State v. Carlos Jones, No. W2008-02584-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 3823028, at *14-15 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Sept. 30, 2010) (quoting Neil P. Cohen, et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence,
§ 8.01[7], at 8-23 (5th ed. 2005)); see also State v. Venable, 606 S.W.2d 298, 301 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1980) (noting that the victim’s statement was not hearsay because it was offered
for its effect on the hearer, the defendant, and established evidence of his motive in returning
to the scene of the crime later in the day and threatening the victim).

The Carlos Jones case is analogous to the instant case. Mr. Thomas’s statement,
repeated in court by Mr. Caldwell, was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted,
i.e., that the occupants of the vehicle had an ongoing disagreement with Mr. Bridges. Rather,
the statement was offered for its effect on the listener(s), who turned the vehicle around,
brandished their weapons, and began firing at Mr. Bridges and Mr. Williams. Because the
statement was not hearsay, the trial court’s ruling did not implicate Bruton or appellant
Matthews’s right to confront witnesses against him. He is not entitled to relief on this issue.

5
We are aware of the disagreement among panels of this court and also with our supreme court
regarding the appropriate standard of review of the admissibility of hearsay evidence. See State v. Dotson,
254 S.W.3d 378, 392 (Tenn. 2008) (in considering an issue involving hearsay, holding that “questions
concerning the admissibility of evidence rest within the sound discretion of the trial court, and this Court will
not interfere in the absence of abuse appearing on the face of the record”); Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 864,
871 n.26 (Tenn. 2008) (maintaining that the standard of review for hearsay issues is abuse of discretion);
Willie Perry, Jr. v. State, No. W2011-01818-CCA-R3-PC,2012 WL 2849510, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. July
11, 2012) (stating that standard of review for admissibility of evidence is abuse of discretion). But see State
v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 760 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (stating that whether a statement is offered to prove
the truth of the matter asserted is “necessarily a question of law” and is not subject to review under abuse
of discretion standard); State v. Schiefelbein, 230 S.W.3d 88, 128 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2007) (holding that
appellate review of hearsay issues is de novo with no presumption of correctness); Willie Perry, Jr., 2012
WL 2849510, at *7 (Bivins, J., concurring) (applying de novo standard of review to hearsay issues). It is not
necessary for us to compare the merits of each position because, for purposes of our determination of this
issue, the evidence is admissible under either standard of review.

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 C. Admissibility of the Terms “Homeboy” and “Homie”

Appellant Matthews filed a motion in limine seeking to prohibit the admission of gang
activity or affiliation. He renewed the motion in limine when Mr. Williams testified that he
had been walking to his “homeboy’s house” when the shots were fired. In denying the
motion, the trial court noted that there had been no testimony that “homeboy” implied gang
affiliation and that the word was commonly used. Appellant now contends that the trial court
erred in allowing the State to introduce an audiotaped statement wherein Mr. Caldwell
referred to appellant as his “homeboy” and “homie.”

The State correctly noted that appellant Matthews failed to include citations to
relevant authorities or appropriate references to the record. Pursuant to Tennessee Court of
Criminal Appeals Rule 10(b), this court treats as waived those issues that are unsupported
by authorities, argument, or references to the record. See also Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7)(A).
However, because of the seriousness of the offenses of which appellants are convicted, we
will address this issue to facilitate any further appellate review.

The decision whether to admit evidence rests within the trial court’s sound discretion,
and we will not reverse the trial court’s determination absent a clear showing of an abuse of
that discretion. See State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 449 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). A trial
court abuses its discretion when it applies “an incorrect legal standard or [reaches] a decision
[that] is illogical or unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party complaining.” State v.
Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 337 (Tenn.
2006)). In this case, the trial court properly noted that there had been no testimony that
“homie” or “homeboy” were terms signifying gang affiliation and that the terms were
commonly used. We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
appellant Matthews’ motion in limine on this basis. He is not entitled to relief.

D. Admissibility of Gang Affiliation of the States’ Witnesses

Before the trial began, the trial court held a hearing on the admissibility of evidence
concerning gang involvement of two of the State’s witnesses. During the hearing, the court
and the parties discussed a proposed limiting instruction regarding any testimony that might
be received regarding gang involvement. The trial court agreed to instruct the jury that it
should only consider witnesses’ potential gang involvement in conjunction with its effect on
their willingness to cooperate with law enforcement.

The State asked Mr. Caldwell whether he was involved with a gang, and he denied
any affiliation. The State also made the same inquiry of Mr. Bridges, who stated that he had
previously been involved in a gang but that he was no longer affiliated with it. Neither

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appellant lodged a contemporaneous objection to either witnesses’ testimony. Appellant
Matthews now complains that said testimony was highly prejudicial, so much so that a
“limiting instruction cannot remove the taint” for him.

Although appellant did not lodge a contemporaneous objection at trial, for the purpose
of preserving the record for appeal, he raised this issue in his “Motion in Limine #5:
Neighborhood Gang Activity,” and the trial court ruled on the motion before trial. Thus, this
issue was preserved for appellate review. See Alder, 71 S.W.3d at 302.

At trial, Mr. Caldwell denied any gang involvement; thus, with regard to him, no error
occurred. Mr. Bridges admitted prior gang activity but claimed that he was no longer so
affiliated. Any error with regard to his testimony is tenuous, at best. However, we note that
both witnesses were presented by the State. Appellant Matthews maintains that evidence of
gang affiliation is highly prejudicial. Accepting the premise of this statement, the evidence
prejudiced the State, not appellant Matthews. In addition, the limited testimony of gang
involvement was offered to demonstrate why the witnesses were hesitant to cooperate with
law enforcement officers, not to attack their credibility. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 743
S.W.2d 154, 158 (Tenn. 1987) (“testimony . . . was not offered to impeach the credibility of
appellant but simply to explain [the witness’s] own alleged fear of appellant and his reason
for not reporting the homicide to the police for some time after it occurred,” and thus, it was
admissible). The limited evidence concerning gang affiliation in this case was introduced
for the purpose of explaining why the witnesses were reluctant to cooperate. The trial court
fashioned a jury instruction to remedy any unfair prejudice to appellants. Juries are presumed
to follow instructions from the trial court. State v. King, 973 S.W.2d 586, 592 (Tenn. 1998).
Appellant is not entitled to relief.

E. Admissibility of Evidence Concerning History between
Mr. Caldwell and Mr. Bridges

Appellant Matthews contends that the trial court erred in permitting the State to play
an audiotaped recording of Mr. Caldwell’s statement in which he references a disagreement
between himself and Mr. Bridges. The State responds that the evidence was admissible and
highly probative of intent.

Although appellant did not lodge a contemporaneous objection at trial, for the purpose
of preserving the record for appeal, he raised this issue in his “Motion in Limine #8:
Evidence of Caldwell’s History with Christopher Bridges,” and the trial court ruled the
evidence admissible. Thus, this issue was preserved for appellate review. See Alder, 71
S.W.3d at 302.

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 We review the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of this evidence for abuse of
discretion. See Forbes, 918 S.W.2d at 449. The challenged statement that was introduced
via audiotape was in essence the same testimony that Mr. Caldwell offered from the witness
stand at trial. This evidence is, at most, cumulative. Moreover, we agree with the State that
the evidence of the relationship between Mr. Bridges and Mr. Caldwell was relevant to
establish motive, in that Mr. Caldwell had an ongoing disagreement with Mr. Bridges about
the parentage of a child. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

F. Admissibility of Crime Scene Photograph

Generally, Tennessee Rules of Evidence 401, 402, and 403 govern the admissibility
of the photographs. See State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949-51 (Tenn. 1978). Photographic
evidence is relevant, and thus admissible, if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any
fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Once it determines that a
photograph is relevant, the trial court must then determine whether the probative value of the
photograph is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Tenn. R. Evid.
403; Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 950-51. “Unfair prejudice” is “‘[a]n undue tendency to suggest
decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.’”
Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951 (quoting Tenn. R. Evid. 403, Adv. Comm’n Note). Furthermore,

A trial court should consider: the accuracy and clarity of the picture and its
value as evidence; whether the picture depicts the body as it was found; the
adequacy of testimonial evidence in relating the facts to the jury; and the need
for the evidence to establish a prima facie case of guilt or to rebut the
defendant’s contentions.

State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 63 (Tenn. 2004) (citing Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951).

The decision whether to admit the photographs rests within the trial court’s sound
discretion, and we will not reverse the trial court’s determination absent a clear showing of
an abuse of that discretion. Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949; see also State v. Dubose, 953 S.W.2d
649, 653 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Stinnet, 958 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1997). Tennessee
courts follow a policy of liberality in the admission of photographs in both civil and criminal
cases. See Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 949. Our supreme court has held that photographs that
depict pools of blood are admissible as long as they “are not gruesome and supplement and
clarify oral testimony describing the crime scene. State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 69 (Tenn.
1985).

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 Prior to being admitted, the trial court considered the photograph and opined that it
was “far from being so outrageous as to prejudicially affect the jury” and that it was the only
photograph that “clearly corroborate[d] what Ms. Johnson said in terms of her grabbing the
bathroom towel in an effort to stop the flow of her daughter’s blood.” This court has
reviewed the photograph challenged by appellant Matthews in the context of Ms. Johnson’s
trial testimony. While there is a copious amount of blood in the photograph, the victim’s
body is not visible in the photograph. The photograph was relevant to Ms. Johnson’s
testimony. We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
photograph in question. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

G. Admissibility of Proof Regarding Appellant’s Arrest and Conviction for
Illegal Possession of Handgun

Appellant Matthews claims that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the facts
underlying his juvenile adjudication for possession of a handgun. The record reflects that
Detective Davis conducted a traffic stop on May 15, 2009, involving a vehicle in which
appellant Matthews was a passenger. Upon searching the vehicle, Detective Davis found a
Glock semi-automatic 9mm pistol, of which appellant claimed ownership. Subsequent
testing of the weapon revealed that it fired the shell casings that officers collected at the
crime scene in this case and thus was the murder weapon. At the close of Detective Davis’s
testimony, the State moved to introduce appellant’s juvenile adjudication for possession of
a handgun, advancing that it constituted an admission under oath. The trial court allowed the
adjudication into evidence.

In his brief, appellant argues that Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) should have
precluded admission of this evidence. However, our analysis concludes that appellant
Matthews’s possession of the murder weapon less than one month after the victim was killed
was relevant to establish his identity as one of the perpetrators of the crime. See Tenn. R.
Evid. 404(b), Adv. Comm’n Cmt. The probative value of the evidence was not outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). Appellant is not entitled to
relief.

CONCLUSION

Based on our review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we discern no error and
affirm the judgments of the trial court. The convictions of first degree murder are affirmed.
However, the record contains no judgment forms disposing of both appellants’ indictments

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for employing a firearm during commission of a dangerous felony. Thus, we remand the case
for entry of judgments reflecting dismissal of appellant Matthews’s indictment and appellant
Moody’s acquittal of this charge.

_________________________________
ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

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