IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
November 4, 2009 Session
IN RE: I.M.P., A CHILD UNDER THE AGE OF EIGHTEEN YEARS,
J.J.A., Petitioner/Appellant, v. M.P., ET AL., Respondents/Appellees
Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Anderson County
No. J-26982 Hon. April Meldrum, Judge
No. E2008-02695-COA-R3-JV - FILED MARCH 8, 2010
Petitioner brought this action in Juvenile Court to establish paternity and set co-parenting
time with the child. The mother answered and, as an affirmative defense, averred that the
father had signed a waiver of his parental right and cited the statutes stating that a waiver of
parental rights could not be revoked. The Trial Court appointed a guardian ad litem, and the
sole issue tried by the Trial Court was whether the waiver should be voided on the grounds
that the father had signed the waiver under duress and undue pressure. The Trial Judge
found that the father failed to carry the burden of proof to establish by clear and convincing
evidence that he signed the waiver of interest and notice due to fraud, duress or intentional
misrepresentation. On appeal, we affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court.
Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed.
H ERSCHEL P ICKENS F RANKS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D.
S USANO, J R., J., and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., joined.
James R. LaFevor, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, J.J.A.
Theodore Kern, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee, M.P.
Laura S. Hash, Clinton, Tennessee, Guardian ad Litem.
OPINION
J.J.A. filed a Petition to Establish Paternity and Set Co-Parenting Time, alleging that he and
respondent, M.P., were parents of I.M.P., d.o.b. 7/28/08. He alleged that he had been intimate with
respondent (hereinafter “mother”) and that she had advised him when pregnant that the child was
his. He further alleged the mother had told him that she intended to surrender her rights to the child
and place the child for adoption. The father stated that he signed a waiver with Bethany Christian
Services stating that he would surrender his rights to the child, but he did so only because he was
under extreme duress from the mother and her parents.
He asked for DNA testing to show that he was the father of the child, and due to duress, he
asked that the waiver he signed be voided.
The Trial Court entered an Interim Order stating that Bethany Christian Services should be
added as a party, and ordered the parties to submit to DNA testing, and also entered an Order
appointing a guardian ad litem.
The mother answered, and stated that she advised the father that he might be the father, but
potentially another could be. She averred the father voluntarily signed a waiver of his parental rights,
denied any coercion, and the father’s only voiced concern about signing anything was to make sure
the mother was not conspiring with her relatives to hold him liable for child support or medical bills.
Further, that he was not the fit and proper person to have custody of the child, and that she had
revoked her previous surrender of the child, and asked for custody of the child.
The Court then entered an Interim Order, stating that DNA testing showed the father to be
the biological father of the child, and setting the case for an evidentiary hearing on October 28, 2008.
After several witnesses testified, the Trial Court entered an Order on October 29, 2008, which
in pertinent part states:
Upon a hearing on the 28th day of October, 2008, the Court heard the issue involving
the above named parties regarding whether or not the Waiver of Interest and Notice executed
by the biological father, . . . would be set aside by the Court.
The parties agreed that issues regarding custody and the like were secondary to the
determination of the possible revocation of the Waiver of Interest and Notice and thus, it was
on that issue alone that the Court took up testimony. (Emphasis ours).
After the Court reviewed much of the evidence offered, the Court ruled:
Although the father did not have a desire to place his child for adoption and he was suffering
from some external and improper pressure by the mother and her parents, this Court cannot
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find by clear and convincing evidence that he was bereft of free will at the time of the signing
of the Waiver of Interest and Notice.
This Court finds that the duress was negated by his experience, consult with others, time
spent at the facility and multiple trips thereto, his knowledge that he was free to leave and
most telling to this Court, his own internal pressure to sign the Waiver of Interest and Notice
to reunite with the child's Mother.
...
Although the Court does have concern about the conduct of the Mother, her parents and the
adoption agency in this case, the Father still has the burden of proof to establish by clear and
convincing evidence that he signed the Waiver of Interest and Notice due to fraud, duress or
intentional misrepresentation.
The Father indicated at the beginning of the hearing that he signed the Waiver of Interest and
Notice based solely on duress and that he was not attempting to revoke the Waiver due to
fraud or intentional misrepresentation.
...
Although the Mother is the prevailing party in this matter, the filing of the same was not
fraudulent, frivolous and did have sufficient merit to have been brought. Furthermore, the
conduct of the Mother contributed greatly to the action and thus, the costs of the cause will
be split by the Mother and the Father and the attorneys' fees of the Guardian ad Litem, Laura
Hash, shall be split between the Mother and the Father.
Custody of . . . [the child] is hereby awarded to . . . [the Mother].
The father has appealed and raises these issues:
1. Whether the father’s filing of a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity before the
entry of a final order of adoption as allowed by Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-111(w),
superseded his waiver?
2. Whether there is clear and convincing evidence that father was coerced and
intimidated into signing a waiver of interest?
The Trial Court's Judgment demonstrated that by agreement of the parties the only issue
where evidence was given and tried by the Trial Court was the issue of the waiver, and we pretermit
the first issue raised by the father because this issue by agreement was not tried in the Trial Court.
See Rule 36, Tenn. R. App. P.
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We discuss the second issue as to the validity of the waiver of interest. The operative part
of the waiver signed by J.J.A. provides:
I AM NOT NECESSARILY ADMITTING OR SAYING THAT I AM THE
FATHER OF THIS CHILD, BUT IF I AM, I DO NOT WISH TO PROVIDE CARE [sic]
THIS CHILD. I feel it would be in the child's best interest for this adoption to occur, or for
other custody or guardianship proceedings occur in the child's best interests. I hereby
formally waive any right to notice of the legal proceedings: to adopt this child; to otherwise
make this child available for adoption; or to award the child's legal custody or guardianship
to other persons or agencies. I HEREBY FORMALLY WAIVE ANY FURTHER
PARENTAL RIGHTS TO THIS CHILD. I AM SIGNING THIS DOCUMENT TO
FINALLY TERMINATE MY RIGHTS, IF I HAVE ANY RIGHTS, TO THIS CHILD,
UPON ENTRY OF A FINAL ORDER OF ADOPTION FOR THIS CHILD.
The record is silent about whether any adoption is now pending. However, the Court
awarded custody of the child to the mother.
The father argues that by filing the action he voluntarily acknowledged paternity of the child,
and since no adoption order had been entered, this supersedes his waiver of interest pursuant to the
statute. The mother argues the father's waiver is irrevocable as the statute explicitly states, and that
the statutory provisions regarding an acknowledgment of paternity only apply to the duty of support.
The statute provides that an “alleged biological father” may execute a waiver of interest and
notice, under oath, and that this serves to waive that father’s interest in the child as well as his right
to notice of any proceedings regarding the child’s adoption or custody. The alleged father is
thereafter not required to be made a party to any proceedings regarding the child nor receive notice
thereof. Tenn. Code Ann. §36-1-111(w)(1). The statute explicitly states that the “waiver may not
be revoked.” Id.
In this case the father filed a paternity action, rather than it being filed "against" him, and the
record does not show that he has executed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity in the form
generally prescribed by Tenn. Code Ann. §68-3-305(b).
Finally, the father insists that he proved by clear and convincing evidence the waiver was
signed only as a result of duress, but the evidence does not preponderate against the Trial Court's
finding that the father failed to establish any duress that would form a basis to void the waiver of
interest and notice. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court and remand, with the
cost of the appeal assessed to the petitioner, J.J.A.
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HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, P.J.
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