In Re: A.R. (DOB 8/13/05) A Child Under Eighteen Years of Age

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
ASSIGNED ON BRIEFS AUGUST 5, 2008

IN RE: A.R.
(DOB 8/13/05)
A Child Under Eighteen Years of Age

Direct Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Madison County
No. 45-40, 255 Christy R. Little, Judge

No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT - Filed October 13, 2008

Mother appeals the juvenile court’s decision to terminate her parental rights. The minor child has
been in the custody of the Department of Children’s Services since he was five months old, as the
juvenile court found that he was dependent and neglected. Following approximately sixteen months
of services and a failed trial home visit, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights.
The trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights on the ground of “persistence of conditions.” We
affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J.,W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID R. FARMER , J., and
HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., joined.

Jeremy B. Epperson, Pinson, TN, for Appellant

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General, Joshua
Davis Baker, Assistant Attorney General, Nashville, TN, for Appellee

Lanis L. Karnes, Jackson, TN, for Guardian Ad Litem

OPINION
 I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

L.R. (“Mother”) gave birth to a son (“A.R.”) on August 13, 2005, when Mother was fifteen
years old. A.R.’s father was never involved in his life. Mother and A.R. lived with Mother’s mother
and stepfather.

On January 18, 2006, when A.R. was five months old and Mother was sixteen years old, the
Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) received a referral regarding possible harm to A.R. It
was reported that Mother had thrown or dropped A.R. into a bean bag chair and stated on various
occasions that she wanted to harm the child. Specifically, Mother reportedly stated that she wanted
to throw the baby out the window, leave him outside in the cold to freeze to death, throw the baby
in a trash can, or put him in the oven.

On January 25, 2006, DCS filed a petition to adjudicate A.R. dependent and neglected,
alleging that A.R. was at risk of suffering injury, abuse or neglect pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated section 37-1-102(b)(12)(F), (G). The petition recounted the allegations of the DCS
referral and the results of its investigation to date. According to the petition, Mother would get angry
when the baby cried at night, and Mother’s family members stated Mother was “very rough with the
baby and has thrown him on the bed.” DCS also alleged that Mother “is said to leave the baby with
people she hardly knows” and that Mother was dating a thirty-six year old man. Mother had
reportedly been observed trying to care for the baby while intoxicated. According to the petition,
Mother stated that she had been “diagnosed as bi-polar,” and she admitted she sometimes had trouble
controlling her anger. Mother stated she had recently started taking medication to help control her
condition. According to the petition, Mother admitted to a DCS investigator that she had made
statements about wanting to “get rid of the baby or throw him away or put him up for adoption,” but
she said she would not really harm A.R. and just says those things when she gets frustrated.
Mother’s mother also told the investigator that she had heard Mother’s comments but did not take
them seriously. Mother denied ever throwing A.R.

DCS sought an order finding A.R. to be dependent and neglected but maintained that there
was a less drastic alternative to removing A.R. from Mother’s home. DCS took the position that
A.R. should be permitted to remain in the home of Mother and her mother, but subject to conditions
and limitations outlined in a safety plan directed by the court for the protection of A.R. Specifically,
DCS contended that Mother should not be left unsupervised with A.R., and it proposed that Mother
be required to participate in in-home counseling. DCS also suggested that “a Healthy Start Nurse
and Wet Nurse” be in the home weekly. Alternatively, DCS sought temporary custody of A.R.

On January 28, 2006, before a hearing could be held on DCS’s petition, A.R. was taken to
the emergency room with a head injury. According to Mother, A.R. had a CT scan and MRI, and
he was kept in the hospital for two to three days “for observation.” The trial court held a preliminary
hearing on January 31. Mother was present, along with her appointed counsel, the guardian ad litem
for A.R., and various personnel from DCS and Child Protective Services (“CPS”). The trial court
found probable cause to believe that A.R. should be removed from Mother’s home, and that despite

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the reasonable efforts of DCS, there was no less drastic alternative to removal. The court also found
that the emergency nature of the child’s condition justified the lack of further preventive measures.
The court found it was contrary to A.R.’s best interest to remain in Mother’s custody, explaining,

[Mother] has reportedly dropped the child and thrown him into a beanbag. She has
further made statements indicating a desire to harm the child . . . . A safety plan was
attempted to avoid removal but over the weekend of January 28, 2006, the baby was
injured while in [illegible] and medical attention had to be sought for the infant. The
baby’s head was either banged against the wall by [Mother] or she was carrying him
and his head hit a doorway when she walked through it. She admitted that this
occurred while she was having an argument with her mother . . . .

The court granted custody of A.R. to DCS pending an adjudicatory hearing. Mother was adjudicated
delinquent as a result of the altercation with her mother, and Mother entered DCS’s Juvenile Justice
program. On February 1, 2006, Mother was admitted to Timber Springs Adolescent Center at
Western Mental Health Institute (“Timber Springs”) for a juvenile court ordered evaluation pursuant
to Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-128(e)(1).1

On February 16, 2006, a permanency plan2 staffing was held, which involved Ms. Tanzania
Reid, DCS Case Manager for A.R.’s case, along with various other DCS personnel. The permanency
plan listed as the “reasons for custody” that “there were allegations that [A.R.]’s mother banged him

1
Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-128(e)(1) provides:

(e)(1) If, during the pendency of any proceeding under this chapter, there is reason to believe that the
child may be suffering from mental illness, the court may order the child to be evaluated on an
outpatient basis by a community mental health center, mental health institute or licensed private
practitioner. If, during the pendency of any proceeding under this chapter, there is reason to believe
that the child may be suffering from developmental disability, the court may order the child to be
evaluated on an outpatient basis by the community mental health center, developmental center or
licensed private practitioner designated by the commissioner of mental health and developmental
disabilities to serve the court. If the professional attempting to perform the evaluation for mental
illness or developmental disabilities determines that the evaluation cannot be performed properly on
an outpatient basis, the court may order the child placed in a hospital or treatment resource, as defined
in § 33-1-101, for the purposes of evaluation and for treatment necessary to the evaluation, for not
more than thirty (30) days. If the court determines that there is reason to believe that the child:
(A) Is mentally ill; and
(B) Poses an immediate substantial likelihood of serious harm, as defined in Title 33, Chapter 6, Part
5, because of the mental illness;
the court may order the child placed in a hospital or treatment resource, as defined in § 33-1-101, for
the purposes of evaluation and for treatment necessary to the evaluation, for not more than thirty (30)
days. If a child is placed in a state-supported facility, the child shall be in the custody of the
commissioner.
2
A “permanency plan” is a written plan for a child placed in foster care with DCS or in the care of an agency.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-402(8). Requirements for permanency plans are listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section
37-2-403.

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against a wall.” The permanency plan listed as its permanency goal: “reunify with parent” or “exit
custody to live with relative.” It established a goal target date of one year later, February 16, 2007.3
Regarding Mother, the “desired outcome” of the plan was that Mother would “be able to cope with
everyday stressors as a teenage parent” and “be able to demonstrate appropriate/positive parenting
skills and have a positive relationship with [A.R.].” In order to achieve that outcome, Mother was
required to (1) have a mental health assessment during her stay at Timber Springs and follow the
recommendations of the assessment; (2) attend parenting classes through a contract agency; and (3)
attend supervised visits with A.R., which would be arranged by DCS through a provider agency.
Regarding the alternative outcome for A.R. – “exit custody to live with relative” – the plan required
DCS to perform a diligent search to locate a relative, and conduct home studies and background
checks of any relatives willing to take A.R.

On February 22, 2006, a psychological report was issued by Rebecca Stanfield, a Licensed
Senior Psychological Examiner at Timber Springs, and the report was also signed by a social worker
and a child and adolescent psychiatrist. The report detailed Mother’s troubled history and past
criminal charges. In the summer of 2003, she ran away from home. In October of 2003, Mother was
charged with aggravated assault for pushing her mother. She was admitted to Timber Springs for
an evaluation, then placed on “intensive probation” after returning home. At some point, Mother
moved in with her boyfriend and became pregnant. In January of 2005, Mother was charged with
theft after stealing jewelry. She was placed into DCS custody and a foster home. Mother had been
removed from her mother’s home on four occasions. Based on the most recent altercation between
Mother and her mother, which led to A.R.’s head injury, Mother was reportedly charged with
domestic vandalism and aggravated domestic assault. At Timber Springs, Mother told a nurse that
she and her mother were “verbally fighting,” and she denied hitting her mother. However, she
admitted throwing a piece of glass and breaking a mirror. Regarding A.R.’s injury, Mother insisted
that A.R. bumped his head earlier in the day, and when the police saw his bruise, they reported it.

The Timber Springs report indicated that Mother’s family history was “positive for
dysfunction,” and that Mother said she was molested by her father when she was six years old.
Mother stated that her father was incarcerated based on molestation charges, but he currently lived
in Jackson and was “supportive” of her. Mother was currently in the tenth grade and doing well in
school. She admitted past use of marijuana and alcohol but denied using them in the past year. At
Timber Springs, Mother described a previous incident, two years before, in which she put a gun to
her head and threatened to kill herself. She said she had been depressed because of problems with
a boyfriend. After that incident, Mother was taken to a hospital for evaluation, and she received
outpatient counseling. Mother described having anger control problems. Mother had previously
been diagnosed with bi-polar disorder, and she had received outpatient services at Pathways and at
the Professional Health Services in Jackson, along with school counseling. Mother’s mother visited
her at Timber Springs and said that Mother’s family was also participating in counseling.

3
The permanency plan is actually dated February 16, 2005, and lists a target date of February 16, 2006. These
dates are clearly erroneous, as noted in the briefs, as A.R. was not even born until August of 2005.

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 The Timber Springs report stated that Mother had displayed good behavior “[w]ithin the
structured and supervised setting of the psychiatric hospital[.]” Mother’s evaluation results indicated
“average intellectual abilities” and “average to above average” academic skills. Based on her testing
and observations, however, the examiner concluded that Mother’s “behavior will be typified by
social undependability and a tendency toward exploitation of others.” She noted that Mother “often
acts as if she were indifferent to the welfare of others,” and “[a]lthough she is willing to expend
effort to achieve something for herself, she is difficult and resistant about carrying out what others
ask of her.” The examiner also noted Mother’s “impulsiveness, short-sighted hedonism and her
minimal regard for the consequences of her behavior” and predicted that “[d]ifficulties with both
family and legal authorities may ensue.” She described Mother’s judgment as “typically
undependable and highly erratic,” and stated that “[h]er surface affability is often punctuated with
abrupt and angry outbursts.”

Beneath the heading “Diagnostic Impression,” the examiner listed: Conduct disorder,
adolescent onset type; Parent-child relational problem; and Posttraumatic stress disorder. The
examiner then listed the “Treatment Team Recommendations” as follows:

The results of the evaluation indicate that [Mother] should be returned to court for
adjudication of her charges. . . . [Mother] has had a wide range of previous
interventions including juvenile court-ordered evaluation, placement at Martin PTC,
foster care, outpatient counseling and medication management. These interventions
have not been successful in changing her behavior. However, she has done well in
a structured and supervised setting, indicating that she is able to control her behavior
and benefit from changes in her environment. Her mother has repeatedly told the
treatment team that the entire family is in counseling and that she is willing to do
whatever is necessary for [Mother] and her baby to be back at home. The treatment
team has recommended that the court consider a continuation of community-based
services to include a strict monitoring of [Mother]’s behavior in the community and
at home. Both [Mother] and her mother could benefit from being involved in
parenting classes. To improve the communication between [Mother] and her mother,
in-home family counseling is recommended. [Mother] could also benefit from anger
management counseling and she will need to continue her medication management
appointments.
Although [Mother] has an Axis I diagnosis, she is not committable under
Title 33, Chapter 6, Part 5 Tennessee Code Annotated.

Mother’s “discharge plan” stated that she would be discharged to the Madison County Juvenile
Court.

On March 7, 2006, the juvenile court held an adjudicatory and dispositional hearing on
DCS’s petition to adjudicate A.R. dependent and neglected. Mother was present, along with her
attorney, the guardian ad litem, and various DCS and CPS personnel. We do not have a transcript
of the hearing, but the juvenile court’s order states that the parties stipulated that A.R. was dependent

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and neglected, and they further stipulated that the court could adopt the facts in DCS’s petition from
January 25 as its findings of fact. The court then listed the following specific findings of fact:
Mother had made statements indicating a desire to harm the child by throwing him out the window
or in a trash can, leaving him outside to freeze, or putting him in an oven;4 and A.R. was
subsequently taken to the emergency room with a head injury that occurred while Mother was in an
argument. The court found clear and convincing evidence that A.R. was dependent and neglected,
and that there was no less drastic alternative to removing A.R. from Mother’s custody, despite DCS’s
reasonable efforts to prevent removal by attempting a safety plan that would allow supervised
visitation in Mother’s mother’s home. Again, the court noted that the lack of further preventive
measures was reasonable, considering the emergency nature of A.R.’s circumstances. The juvenile
court approved the permanency plan prepared by DCS and made it an order of the court, upon
finding that the plan was reasonable, with appropriate goals and responsibilities for the parties. A.R.
was to remain in the custody of DCS, and supervised visitation would take place through the Carl
Perkins Center for the Prevention of Child Abuse.

On April 5, 2006, a revised permanency plan was created by the following participants:
Mother; Mother’s attorney; A.R.’s case manager, Ms. Reid; Court Appointed Special Advocate
(“CASA”), Shannon Stewart; guardian ad litem, Lanis Karnes; A.R.’s foster mother; and various
other DCS personnel. This plan did not change the permanency goal of “reunify with parent or exit
custody to live with relative,” but it extended the goal target date from February 16, 2007, to April
5, 2007. The desired outcome remained that Mother would be able to cope with everyday stressors
and be able to demonstrate appropriate and positive parenting skills in a positive relationship with
A.R., and the plan also listed a desired outcome that Mother would be able to display appropriate
independent living skills. In order to accomplish this, Mother was required to follow the Timber
Springs examiner’s recommendations that she continue her parenting classes, attend counseling
sessions through Professional Health Services, and continue medication management with her
mental health provider. Mother was also required to complete an independent living assessment and
continue supervised visitation with A.R.

The revised permanency plan was approved by the juvenile court following a hearing on
April 25, 2006. The court again found that DCS was making reasonable efforts toward reunification
by providing counseling, parenting classes, medication management, an independent living
assessment, and medical and dental care, as well as diligently searching for a relative and A.R.’s
father. The court also noted in its order that Mother was doing well in school and on honor roll, and
the order stated that “once the plan is complete, there should be no barriers for [A.R.]’s return to her
care.” The order provided that A.R. should be allowed to have unsupervised weekend visits with
Mother until her summer vacation from school, at which time, if the weekend visits were going well,
Mother would be allowed additional unsupervised visitation.

4
Despite the stipulation at this hearing, Mother later testified at the termination hearing that she did not make
any of these statements.

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 After this order was entered, a Child Abuse Review Team that had reviewed A.R.’s case
recommended that Mother not be allowed increased visitation with A.R. The juvenile court held
another hearing on May 30, 2006. The court’s order notes the Child Abuse Review Team’s concerns
and also states that Mother’s foster home had expressed concerns about Mother’s behavior.
According to the foster mother, during a visit with A.R. at the foster home, Mother was observed
holding the baby in the swimming pool with one hand and holding a cigarette in her other hand. On
another occasion, Mother left A.R. and the foster mother’s four year old child in the house alone.
The foster mother also reported that Mother refused to follow the schedule she had established for
A.R. The court’s order states that A.R.’s foster mother was willing to take Mother into her home
and to supervise Mother with A.R., and the court approved that arrangement. Again, the court found
no less drastic alternative to removing A.R. from Mother’s custody, despite the reasonable efforts
of DCS as set out in the permanency plan.

A.R. turned one year old on August 13, 2006. On October 26, 2006, a third permanency plan
was drafted, which provided for continued supervised visitation, parenting classes, counseling
sessions, and medication management. This third plan did not alter the goal target date of April 5,
2007. Mother signed the permanency plan, and she also signed a document acknowledging that she
had received an explanation and copy of the criteria and procedures for terminating parental rights.
The permanency plan was approved by the juvenile court following a hearing on December 5, 2006.
The court found that DCS was making reasonable efforts at reunification, yet the need for foster care
still existed. The court ordered that Mother be allowed two weeks visitation with A.R. at Christmas,
and “if the home check[ed] out,” A.R. would begin a 90-day “trial home visit” with Mother at her
mother’s home.5 The order states, “Once [Mother] completes her plan as a delinquent child and
completes the plan for [A.R.], there should be no barriers to the stated goals.”

On February 20, 2007, Ms. Reid, DCS Case Manager, filed a motion for review in which she
stated that A.R. was “doing well” in the home of Mother and her mother. She stated, “If there are
no problems during the trial home visit, [A.R.] will leave custody and custody will be returned to
his mother[.]” On February 24, 2007, DCS received a report of possible harm concerning A.R.,
concerning a bank employee who reported to police that she witnessed Mother hitting A.R.
repeatedly at the bank. The juvenile court held a hearing on February 27, and its order notes that a
CPS investigation was pending in Gibson County based on the bank employee’s report.
Nevertheless, the court allowed A.R.’s trial home visit with Mother to continue pending a further
hearing scheduled for April 3, although A.R. would legally remain in DCS custody. Again, the court
found that DCS was making reasonable efforts to reunify A.R. and Mother.

Around March of 2007, the guardian ad litem filed a motion seeking a restraining order
against Mother’s fiancé, prohibiting him from assaulting, molesting, calling, or harassing A.R. at
daycare or at home. The guardian ad litem alleged that Mother’s fiancé had previously been charged

5
Mother had completed the program required by Juvenile Justice, and that program recommended that Mother
return for a 30-day trial home visit with her mother. Mother was then removed from DCS custody, but she remained
on probation.

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with contributing to the delinqency of a minor, he had several assault charges, and he had violated
his probation. It appears that the trial court did enter a restraining order prohibiting unsupervised
contact between the fiancé and A.R., though the order is not in the record.

On the morning of April 3, 2007, prior to the scheduled hearing that afternoon, A.R.’s
daycare contacted DCS and reported that A.R. had severe bruises on his legs. At the afternoon
hearing, the juvenile court judge saw the bruises and immediately terminated A.R.’s trial home visit
with Mother, stating, “there has been a new referral received regarding the minor child and some
unexplained bruises on the child’s legs and back of various ages and colors.” The court ordered that
Mother would again be limited to supervised visitation, and A.R. was placed in a new foster home.
Again, the court found DCS had made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of A.R. by providing
the services listed in the parenting plan and proposing the trial home visit.

On June 5, 2007, DCS filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Mother based on the
ground of persistent conditions, Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3), and on the
ground of substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan, Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-1-113(g)(2). The petition also sought to terminate A.R.’s father’s parental rights on the ground
of abandonment. Mother filed a motion seeking another 90-day trial home visit with A.R. Mother
also moved for an evaluation of her parenting skills, to be funded by the Administrative Director of
the Supreme Court, because Mother claimed she was indigent. Following a hearing on August 14,
2007, the court entered an order denying Mother’s request for additional visitation. The court noted
its concerns about Mother’s fiancé and the fact that Mother had quit high school, concluding that
Mother’s “ability to stabilize remains an issue without improvement and unresolved as of this date.”
The court granted Mother’s motion for an evaluation of her parenting skills, with the stated goal of
determining whether A.R. could be safe in Mother’s care in the foreseeable future, or conversely,
whether Mother had such deficiencies in her skills as to make it unlikely that A.R. could be safe in
her care.

Mother subsequently turned eighteen years old. On December 4, 2007, the court held a
hearing to review A.R.’s case and a revised permanency plan drafted November 5. That permanency
plan is not in the record. The court approved the plan’s modified permanency goal of “exit custody
to live with relatives/adoption,” over Mother’s objection. The court found that this goal was
appropriate and in A.R.’s best interest because A.R. had been in DCS custody for over fifteen
months, and “imminent return to Mother [was] not foresesable.”

The final hearing on DCS’s petition to terminate parental rights was held on January 22,
2008. A.R.’s father did not appear at the hearing. His attorney was present, but A.R.’s father did
not contest the termination of his parental rights. A.R.’s father had previously informed the guardian
ad litem that he knew Mother well, and he thought it was in A.R.’s best interest to remain with his
current foster parents. The court orders and filings that preceded the termination petition were
introduced into evidence as exhibits.

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 Ms. Reid, A.R.’s DCS Case Manager, testified that she had been involved in his case as Case
Manager since he first came into DCS custody in January of 2006. Ms. Stewart testified she had also
been working with A.R., through CASA, since January of 2006. Both testified about the various
permanency plans for A.R. and how DCS attempted to help Mother comply with the plans. Ms. Reid
testified that she explained to Mother the consequences of failing to comply with the plans and the
possibility that her parental rights would be terminated if she failed to comply. Ms. Reid also
testified that DCS paid for Mother’s supervised visitation with A.R. through the Carl Perkins Center
for the Prevention of Child Abuse. Mother was currently having one to two hours per week of
supervised visitation, and the reports from her visitation were good. An employee of the Carl
Perkins Center testified that based on her observations during the supervised visitation, she thought
Mother was ready for some unsupervised visits with A.R However, she acknowledged that she had
not observed Mother with A.R. outside of the supervised setting at the Carl Perkins Center, and she
had not witnessed any instances in which A.R. needed discipline, in order to observe Mother’s
reaction. When shown pictures of the bruises on A.R.’s legs, which were reported by his daycare,
the visitation supervisor stated she “would certainly not be comfortable about those bruises” and
would report them to DCS because they did not appear to be normal bruises.

DCS also paid for Mother’s parenting classes provided through the Carl Perkins Center.
Regarding the parenting classes, Mother testified, “they came to the house sometimes, and then other
times they transport[ed] me there.” Mother completed the parenting classes prior to her trial home
visit with A.R. Ms. Reid testified she did not think Mother sufficiently progressed in the parenting
classes because of the “repetition of bruises” that A.R. sustained during Mother’s parenting time,
even after she completed the classes.

Ms. Reid testified about Mother’s counseling, funded by TennCare, which she described as
“very critical” to Mother’s success. Ms. Reid testified that Mother’s mother and a DCS case worker
were responsible for providing Mother’s transportation, but Mother usually rode with her mother
because she was also in counseling. In accordance with the recommendations of the Timber Springs
examiner, the second permanency plan, dated April 5, 2006, required Mother to attend counseling
at Professional Health Services. Ms. Reid testified that DCS referred Mother to Professional Health
Services for individual and family counseling to address the issues involving A.R. and Mother’s
anger issues involving her mother. Mother testified that she was scheduled to attend counseling
every two weeks. However, Professional Health Services discharged Mother because she continued
to miss her appointments. Ms. Reid was informed by Professional Health Services that clients are
usually discharged after missing three scheduled appointments, but Mother missed ten appointments
before they finally discharged her. Ms. Reid testified that the staff at Professional Health Services
“went above and beyond what they usually do” to assist Mother. Ms. Reid then recommended that
Mother receive counseling at Quinco Mental Health Center, and she began case management and
counseling sessions, which were scheduled every two weeks. However, Mother quit going to
counseling at Quinco after she and her mother moved to Milan, Tennessee. Mother testified that
they moved to Milan in May of 2007, and she quit her counseling at Quinco in July of 2007. The
petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights was filed on June 5, 2007. DCS learned that Mother

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quit her counseling in October of 2007. Ms. Reid then recommended two counselors in Milan, and
Mother began counseling at Pathways in November of 2007.

Mother testified that her reasons for moving to Milan were, “50/50,” to be closer to her
fiancé, who lived in Milan, and because Mother’s mother wanted to get away from Mother’s step-
father’s family when they divorced. Mother testified that she knew her counseling was “vital” to
changing her behavior, but she acknowledged that she did not tell her case manager that she was not
going to her counseling appointments. Mother testified that she quit her counseling at Quinco after
she moved to Milan because it was “a hassle” going from Milan to Jackson with her work schedule.
When asked why she did not tell anyone at DCS that she needed transportation, she replied, “Well,
I was working all the time.” Mother testified she was working full-time at a Taco Bell, but only six
hours per day. Mother explained that she had “carpel tunnel syndrome in [her] feet and heel spurs,”
which limited her ability to work, so she was hoping to qualify for disability benefits. However,
Mother later testified she intended to enroll in a nursing program in Jackson after she completed her
GED classes. When asked how she could financially provide for A.R., Mother told Ms. Stewart that
“if she regained custody of [A.R.], she would be able to get on food stamps . . . [and] help like that.”

Ms. Reid testified about the report of abuse from the bank employee in February of 2007,
during the trial home visit. According to Ms. Reid, the bank employee reported that she had
observed Mother hitting A.R. “so bad” that the employee followed Mother out to the car and wrote
down the license plate number. The bank employee reported the incident to police, and apparently
the police department relayed the information to DCS. According to Ms. Reid, the police department
concluded that it could not press charges against Mother because there were no bruises following
the incident. The CPS investigation was also classified as “unfounded” because there were no
bruises. Mother testified about the incident, explaining that she was in the bank speaking with a loan
officer, and

[A.R.] was being a typical one-year-old and running around. He had already gashed
his head up with one incident when I had had him at the house and he stood up in the
bathtub and he couldn’t – I couldn’t get a grip of him and he fell and sliced his head
open on the little bathtub thing.
And I was very, very cautious of him then. And I did not want him running
around and falling. And my child trial home visits gets disrupted. So I smacked him
on his leg and I told him no. And I took him out to the car . . . .
. . . I said, we have to leave because he was screaming. I didn’t want to be
embarrassed so I just decided to take him home.
...
But I wasn’t hitting him. I was passing a bottle to him to make him, you know, try
to stop screaming.
Mother said the bank employee must have been mistaken about her hitting A.R. because she was
simply giving him a bottle.

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 Ms. Reid also testified about the bruises reported by the daycare in April of 2007, which she
described as “very severe.” When the daycare called about the bruises, Ms. Reid sent Ms. Stewart,
from CASA, out to the daycare to investigate the situation and take pictures of the bruises. Ms.
Stewart explained that the bruises “looked like someone had taken his little leg and just squeezed
it really hard and caused it to bruise.” Ms. Reid said she had never seen bruises like that before, and
that they looked like fingermarks, “[o]n both legs . . . [u]p and down his whole leg . . . just all over.”
Ms. Reid said these bruises were not normal bruises, as they were different in severity. As
previously discussed, the juvenile court terminated the trial home visit the same day, and A.R. was
placed in a new foster home. Ms. Reid testified that she took A.R. to the doctor the next day. The
doctor stated that the bruises did appear to be fingerprints, as they were in patterns. A.R. tested
negative for blood disorders, which ruled out the possibility of “organic causes” of the bruising. Ms.
Reid testified that when she asked Mother about the bruises, Mother told her she had not seen the
bruises, but they could have been from carpet burn or the trampoline. At trial, Mother was
questioned about the bruises as follows:

Q. Did you see the bruises on his legs?
A. I had seen them at one time like, the day that we took him to the daycare
because I get him up and get him dressed, give him a bath and get him ready
for school. And they weren’t as bad as what they seemed like in the picture
as what I had seen.
Q. When did you first see them?
A. I seen them that night that I had put him to sleep. And then I woke up the
next morning and they weren’t that bad.
...
I didn’t really pay much attention to them because he kicks the crib
a lot . . . . And sometimes he would try to get out of the crib and kicks his
crib a lot. That’s where I thought the bruises had come from, but I had never
mentioned it.
...
Q. You’re older now. Okay. Let’s just pretend that you were really naive back
then and thought that a child would do that to himself. Do you still think
that?
A. Well, no. But he, you know, babies, they do get bruises. The toddlers will
all get bruises and sometimes you don’t know where they come from.
Q. Have you ever seen another child look like that?
A. I have.
Q. Really?
A. I have.
Q. How many times?
A. I’ve seen about three or four running around here that people need to start
paying attention to more than me. But, you know, I don’t go off reporting it
just because it looks like child abuse.

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Mother went on to accuse the daycare workers of causing A.R.’s bruises.

Various witnesses also testified about the problems encountered in Mother’s foster homes.
Ms. Stewart testified about Mother being removed from one foster home because the foster mother
was “frustrated with the way that [Mother] was parenting [A.R.].” This was the foster home where
Mother was holding A.R. in the pool while holding a cigarette, and where she left A.R. in the home
with the four year old, unattended. The foster mother also reported that Mother would not follow
the schedule she put in place for A.R. Mother acknowledged that she had “some disputes” at the
foster home, and she accused the foster mother of making obscene comments about her. Ms. Reid
and the guardian ad litem then worked to arrange for Mother to be in the same foster home with A.R.
beginning in May of 2006. Ms. Reid said she thought placing them together would assist Mother
in reaching her goals under the permanency plan because the foster mother would be a good mentor,
who could teach Mother how to properly care for A.R. Ms. Stewart similarly testified that this was
“a very good foster parent who was willing to work with [Mother] in teaching her how to parent.”
However, Ms. Stewart explained that Mother continued to go out and “live the life of a teenager,”
and “the foster parent was doing more of the care for [A.R.] than [Mother] was.” Ms. Reid similarly
testified that Mother went to “teenage parties” on the weekend. Mother testified that it was this
foster mother who “taught” her that hitting your child is appropriate discipline, stating, “that’s where
I learned it from.”

Mother also became engaged while living at the foster home with A.R., and Ms. Reid and
Ms. Stewart testified they were concerned about the man being around A.R. because he was older
than Mother, and he had “a record” and “a troubled past.” Mother’s fiancé had been charged with
sexual exploitation of a minor. Ms. Stewart, Ms. Karnes (the guardian ad litem), and Mother’s
probation officer all attempted to warn Mother about her fiancé, but Mother disregarded their advice.
The juvenile court entered some type of restraining order limiting the fiancé’s contact with A.R. At
trial, Mother testified that she and her fiancé were no longer together, and she explained that
approximately two months before, her fiancé was taken to jail after they got into an argument and
“he threw punches.” Their altercation led to a domestic assault charge and an order of protection
being entered against the fiancé.

Mother testified she was taking three medications because of her bi-polar disorder: Lexapro,
Trileptal, and Seroquel. Mother testified she had been taking these medications for the past three
to four years. She said she still has mood swings even when she takes the medications, but “not as
bad as I do when I’m off my medication.” Mother explained what happens when she quits taking
the medications:

My mood swing gets very, very bad. It may not be if I just miss one day because
sometimes I do that when I have to go to work early in the morning. But I always
remember to take them the next day because I always know what happens.

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Mother testified she was sexually molested by her father when she was six years old and living in
Florida. She testified she was not counseled for the sexual abuse “back then,” and she subsequently
moved to Tennessee to live with her grandparents until her mother moved here as well.

Veldon Reedy, the licensed clinical social worker who interviewed Mother for the court-
ordered parenting evaluation, testified as to his findings. His evaluation was based on two interviews
with Mother in November of 2007 and reviewing Mother’s records from CASA and Quinco, along
with some other legal documents provided by Mother’s attorney. Mr. Reedy noted Mother’s “long
history of emotional and environmental instability” and several of Mother’s characteristics that could
impede her ability to parent A.R. Mr. Reedy was particularly concerned by Mother’s previous
diagnosis of “bi-polar disorder with serious emotional disturbance.” He said patients with bi-polar
disorder need close psychiatric monitoring, as their medications can cause side effects or begin to
lose effectiveness over time. Mr. Reedy opined that Mother would always need psychiatric care and
medication. Mr. Reedy also mentioned that Quinco’s notes reflected Mother’s history of being
sexually molested; however, he said he did not discuss the molestation with Mother because that was
not the purpose of his interviews. Next, Mr. Reedy discussed Mother’s past “self-injurious
behavior” and threats of suicide. Quinco’s notes revealed that Mother had cut herself on at least one
occasion, and she had also placed a gun to her head and threatened to kill herself. Mr. Reedy
discussed Mother’s “history of poor choices regarding male friends,” particularly with regard to her
fiancé. Based on his interviews with Mother in November, Mr. Reedy was concerned that Mother’s
fiancé might continue to show up in her life, even if uninvited. Mr. Reedy also referenced Mother’s
past criminal behavior, past drug and alcohol use, her history of numerous foster care placements,
and her decision to quit high school. Mr. Reedy said that Mother’s above average intelligence was
not exhibited in her insight and judgment.

Mr. Reedy testified that Quinco appeared to have provided counseling to Mother directed
toward her bi-polar disorder and also toward case management services, which, based on the
situation, typically include anything from money management skills, job interviewing skills, skills
regarding cooking or maintaining good hygiene, or “just functions of daily living type of things.”
Mr. Reedy testified that Mother had a low Global Assessment of Functioning (“GAF”) score,
according to Quinco’s notes, which meant that she had impediments to normal functioning. He also
explained that the GAF score could be used to monitor progress, in that it should increase with
treatment through medication and therapy. Despite Mother’s medication and therapy, however, her
score had not improved. Quinco’s notes documented Mother’s “back and forth” progress, he said,
such as “little progress, little progress, some progress, no progress.” Mr. Reedy also noted that
Quinco’s records reflected Mother had missed some of her counseling sessions.

Mr. Reedy mentioned that Mother, to his knowledge, had never received treatment for post
traumatic stress disorder secondary to her sexual abuse at the age of six. Mr. Reedy stated that he
did not recall seeing the diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder in Quinco’s notes, and that was
why he concluded that Mother had not been treated for it, but he reiterated, “I don’t know that she
wasn’t treated.” He explained that “[v]ictims of sexual abuse who go untreated tend to have
dysfunctional family and peer relationships for years following their abuse,” and he noted Mother

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had difficulties with her mother and others. He said, “all these interactions and life difficulties may
not be related to her sexual abuse,” but it could not be ruled out as a cause and should be addressed
in long-term counseling.

The guardian ad litem asked Mr. Reedy about Mother’s previous statements indicating an
intent to harm A.R., and their relation to Mother’s bi-polar disorder. Mr. Reedy expressed concern,
stating that a person with bi-polar disorder could act upon such thoughts. He testified that Mother’s
abuse of A.R. seemed to be a product of her impulsivity and anger issues.

In conclusion, Mr. Reedy testified that Mother was not prepared to assume the
responsibilities of parenting A.R. Mr. Reedy concluded that Mother would “continue to display
patterns of impulsivity, hyper-emotionality and dysfunction in her relationships” until she received
intensive psychotherapy treatment for both bi-polar disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. In
addition, Mr. Reedy recommended that Mother continue to receive case management services to
address the issues of money management, decision making, and social skills. He also advised that
Mother be required to attend ongoing parenting classes, anger management classes, and “appropriate
activities of daily living” classes. Finally, Mr. Reedy recommended that Mother continue her
psychiatric treatment and medication, and be required to submit to periodic random drug screens.
Mr. Reedy testified that Mother would need to follow all these recommendations consistently for a
minimum of one year, and if Mother’s treatment was not continuous, that would extend the period
of treatment. Mother’s counsel asked Mr. Reedy if it would then be possible for Mother to parent
A.R., if she followed all of his recommendations, to which Mr. Reedy responded:

I don’t know. I would – I’m in the business of hope. As far as the therapy, . . . I
would hope anybody could that stayed in treatment, managed the medication
correctly. I cannot say that she will ever be able to parent.

The guardian ad litem stated that she did not believe A.R. could be safe in Mother’s home
because of the past abuse and Mother’s issues with her bi-polar disorder. Ms. Reid stated her
opinion that Mother’s parental rights should be terminated, and she explained that she “would not
consider [A.R.] safe in his mother’s care because of the consistency with the bruises and the abuse.”
Ms. Stewart similarly testified that she did not think Mother had the ability to adequately parent A.R.
Ms. Stewart pointed out that A.R. had been in DCS custody since he was five months old, and, as
he was currently two and a half years old, he had been in the custody of his current foster parents
longer than he had lived with Mother. A.R.’s current foster parents testified that they loved A.R.
very much and wished to adopt him. They also testified that A.R. was doing well in their home, and
that he calls them “mommy” and “daddy.”

On February 5, 2008, the juvenile court entered its final order. The court found that DCS
failed to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, the first ground for terminating Mother’s parental
rights: substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans. The court found that Mother did fail
to complete the required counseling, but it noted the permanency plan’s other requirements, such as
parenting classes and medication management, which Mother completed. However, the court found

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that DCS had proven the second ground for terminating Mother’s parental rights: persistence of
conditions, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3). The court found that
despite the reasonable efforts of DCS to assist Mother, the conditions that led to the removal of A.R.
from Mother’s home still existed, along with other conditions that in all probability would cause
A.R. to be subject to further abuse and/or neglect. In addition, the court found little likelihood that
these conditions would be remedied at an early date to allow the return of A.R., and that continuing
the parent-child relationship would greatly diminish A.R.’s chances of early integration into a stable
and permanent home. Regarding A.R.’s father, the court found clear and convincing evidence to
terminate his parental rights on the ground of abandonment. The court also found that it was in
A.R.’s best interest to terminate the parental rights of Mother and A.R.’s father.

Mother timely filed a notice of appeal.

II. ISSUES PRESENTED
Mother presents the following issues, as we perceive them, for review:

1. Whether the juvenile court erred in applying Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-
113(g)(3), because A.R. was not “removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order
of a court for a period of six (6) months,” as required by the statute;
2. Whether the juvenile court erred in finding that DCS made reasonable efforts to reunite
Mother and A.R., as required when terminating parental rights pursuant to Tennessee Code
Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3);
3. Whether the juvenile court erred in concluding that it was in A.R.’s best interest to terminate
Mother’s parental rights.

DCS does not appeal the trial court’s finding based on the ground of substantial noncompliance with
the permanency plan, and A.R.’s father does not appeal the termination of his parental rights. Thus,
the only issue before us is whether the juvenile court properly terminated Mother’s parental rights
under Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3).

III. STANDARDS FOR REVIEWING TERMINATION CASES

“A biological parent’s right to the care and custody of his or her child is among the oldest of
the judicially recognized liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and
state constitutions.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838, 860 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Troxel v.
Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000); Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 578-79 (Tenn. 1993); Ray v.
Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 731 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). Although this right is fundamental and superior
to the claims of other persons and the government, it is not absolute. Id. The parent’s right
“continues without interruption only as long as a parent has not relinquished it, abandoned it, or
engaged in conduct requiring its limitation or termination.” Id.; see also In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d
643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).

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 In Tennessee, proceedings to terminate a parent’s parental rights are governed by statute. In
re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 860. A court may not terminate a parent’s rights to his or her children
unless there is specific statutory authority to do so. Osborn v. Marr, 127 S.W.3d 737, 739 (Tenn.
2004). “Parties who have standing to seek the termination of a biological parent’s parental rights
must prove two things.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 860; see also In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at
653. First, they must prove the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination,
which are listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g). Id. Second, they must prove
that terminating parental rights is in the child’s best interest, considering, among other things, the
factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i). Id. Because no civil action carries
graver consequences than a petition to sever family ties forever, a person seeking to terminate
parental rights must prove both of the elements for termination by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. at 860-61. In sum, “[t]o terminate parental rights, a trial court must determine by clear and
convincing evidence not only the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds for termination
but also that termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re F.R.R., III, 193 S.W.3d 528, 530
(Tenn. 2006) (citing In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002)). Clear and convincing
evidence has been defined as evidence that “eliminates any serious or substantial doubt concerning
the correctness of the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence.” In re L.J.C., 124 S.W.3d 609, 619
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (quoting In the Matter of: C.D.B., S.S.B., & S.E.B., 37 S.W.3d 925, 927
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)). It produces a firm belief or conviction in the fact-finder’s mind regarding
the truth of the facts sought to be established. In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861.

Because of the heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases, on appeal, we must
adapt our customary standard of review as set forth in Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d).
In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861. First, we review each of the trial court’s specific factual
findings de novo in accordance with Rule 13(d), presuming the finding to be correct unless the
evidence preponderates against it. Id. Second, we must determine whether the facts (either as found
by the trial court or as supported by the preponderance of the evidence) clearly and convincingly
establish the elements required to terminate parental rights. Id. Whether a statutory ground for
termination has been proven by the requisite standard of evidence is a question of law to be reviewed
de novo with no presumption of correctness. In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d 793, 810
(Tenn. 2007); In re B.T., No. M2007-01607-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 276012, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 31, 2008); State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. L.H., No. M2007-00170-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL
2471500, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2007).

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Persistence of Conditions

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 In this appeal, we are dealing with the statutory ground for termination of parental rights
commonly referred to as “persistence of conditions,” defined in Tennessee Code Annotated section
36-1-113(g)(3) as follows:

The child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order of a
court for a period of six (6) months and:
(A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions that in all
reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or
neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the care of the parent(s)
or guardian(s), still persist;
(B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early date
so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near
future; and
(C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship greatly
diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and permanent
home;
....
This ground for termination only applies “where the prior court order removing the child from the
parent’s home was based on a judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse.” In re Audrey S.,
182 S.W.3d at 874.

On appeal, Mother argues that this ground for termination is inapplicable because A.R. was
not “removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of six (6)
months,” as required by the statute. As previously discussed, the juvenile court entered an order on
April 4, 2006, following an adjudicatory and dispositional hearing, explicitly finding that A.R. was,
in fact, dependent and neglected and ordering that A.R. remain in DCS custody. DCS filed its
petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights on June 5, 2007. Mother argues, though, that because
of the intervening trial home visit, A.R. had only been “removed” from her home for two months
at the time of the termination petition. She also argues that because this “most recent removal” was
not based on another judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or abuse, it does not satisfy the
elements of the statute. Mother does not cite any authority to support either of these arguments, and
from our review of the record, it does not appear that Mother raised these arguments in the trial
court. Nevertheless, we have considered Mother’s arguments and find them without merit.

According to the statute, the ground of “persistence of conditions” is applicable when “[t]he
child has been removed from the home of the parent or guardian by order of a court for a period of
six (6) months.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (Supp. 2007) (emphasis added). The statute
does not require that the six-month period immediately precede the filing of the termination petition,
as Mother assumes. The General Assembly explicitly placed such limitations on the relevant time
periods for other termination grounds, but it did not do so here. See, e.g., Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
102(1)(A)(i) (providing the relevant time period in the context of abandonment as the “four (4)
consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of a proceeding or pleading to terminate the
parental rights of the parent”). The ground at issue in this case only requires removal from the home

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by order of a court for “a period of six (6) months.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (Supp.
2007). Furthermore, the “trial home visit” did not return custody of A.R. to Mother. The juvenile
court’s order approving the trial home visit explicitly stated, “the child, [A.R.], shall remain in the
custody of the State of Tennessee, Department of Children[’s] Services pending further order from
this Court.” We reject Mother’s argument that a second judicial finding of dependency, neglect, or
abuse was required when A.R. was removed from her home, when Mother only had temporary,
physical custody of A.R. in the first place.

B. Reasonable Efforts

In cases involving the removal of a child from the parent’s custody, the success of the
parent’s remedial efforts generally depends on DCS’s assistance and support. In re Giorgianna H.,
205 S.W.3d 508, 518 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing In re C.M.M., No. M2003-01122-COA-R3-PT,
2004 WL 438326, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2004); State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Demarr,
No. M2002-02603-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21946726, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003)).
“Accordingly, in the absence of aggravating circumstances, the Department is statutorily required
to make reasonable efforts to reunite a family after removing children from their parents’ custody.”
Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(a)(2), (g)(2) (2005); In re M.E., No. M2003-00859-COA-
R3-PT, 2004 WL 1838179, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2004); In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326,
at * 7). Specifically, DCS is required by statute to make “reasonable efforts” to make it “possible
for the child to return safely to the child’s home.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-166(a)(2), (g)(2) (2005).
Because of this obligation, when DCS seeks to terminate parental rights on the ground of
“persistence of conditions,” it must establish by clear and convincing evidence that it made
reasonable efforts to reunite the family and that these efforts were to no avail. Id. (citing In re
C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7-8). DCS’s efforts need not be “herculean,” but it must do more
than simply provide parents with a list of available services and send them on their way. Id. at 519
(citing In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7). DCS’s employees “must use their superior insight
and training to assist the parents in addressing and completing the tasks identified in the permanency
plan.” Id. (citing In re A.J.H., No. M2005-00174-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 3190324, at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Nov.28, 2005); In re J.L.E., No. M2004-02133-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1541862, at *14 (Tenn.
Ct. App. June 30, 2005); In re D.D.V., No. M2001-02282-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 225891, at *8
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb.14, 2002)). On the other hand, DCS “does not have the sole obligation to
remedy the conditions that required the removal of the children from their parents’ custody.” Id.
When reunification of the family is a goal, the parents share responsibility for addressing the
conditions that led to removal. Id. Reunification is a “two-way street,” and the law does not require
DCS to carry the entire burden of this goal. State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. S.M.D., 200 S.W.3d
184, 198 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). DCS cannot reasonably be expected to do everything for a parent.
In re T.M.D.Y., No. E2007-02357-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 933204, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 7,
2008). If parents desire the return of their children, they must also make “reasonable and appropriate
efforts to rehabilitate themselves and to remedy the conditions that required the Department to
remove their children from their custody.” In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 519 (citing State
Dep’t of Children's Servs. v. B.B.M., No. E2004-00491-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 2607769, at *7

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(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 17, 2004); In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7; In re R.C.V., No. M2001-
02102-COA-R3-JV, 2002 WL 31730899, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov.18, 2002)).

“Reasonable efforts” by DCS means “the exercise of reasonable care and diligence . . . to
provide services related to meeting the needs of the child and the family.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-
166(g)(1) (2005). In making such reasonable efforts, “the child’s health and safety shall be the
paramount concern.” Id. What is “reasonable” depends on the circumstances of each case, but the
factors that courts use to determine the reasonableness of DCS’s efforts include:

(1) the reasons for separating the parent from his or her children, (2) the parent's
physical and mental abilities, (3) the resources available to the parent, (4) the parent's
efforts to remedy the conditions that required the removal of the children, (5) the
resources available to the Department, (6) the duration and extent of the parent's
remedial efforts, and (7) the closeness of the fit between the conditions that led to the
initial removal of the children, the requirements of the permanency plan, and the
Department's efforts.

In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 519 (citing In re C.M.C., No. E2005-00328-COA-R3-PT, 2005
WL 1827855, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 3, 2005); State Dep't of Children's Servs. v. B.B.M., 2004
WL 2607769, at *6; In re C.M.M., 2004 WL 438326, at *7).

The stated goal of the permanency plans in this case was reunification; thus, DCS was
required to use reasonable efforts to make it possible for A.R. to return home to Mother. We must
determine whether DCS presented “sufficient evidence regarding its reunification efforts to enable
the trier-of-fact to conclude, without any serious or substantial doubt, that the Department’s remedial
efforts were reasonable under all the circumstances.” In the Matter of J.L.E., No. M2004-02133-
COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1541862, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2005) (citing In re C.M.M., 2004
WL 438326, at *8). The juvenile court found that DCS used reasonable efforts to assist Mother with
her problems through the Timber Springs evaluation and counseling, which the court described as
“critical,” along with the supervised visitation and arranging for Mother and A.R. to be placed in the
same foster home for mentoring purposes. Despite these efforts, the court found that Mother “could
not avail herself of the opportunities to make a significant change.”

On appeal, Mother claims that DCS should have “addressed” the fact that Mother was a
“teenage mother,” and it should have considered that Mother was forced to rely upon her own mother
to provide her with stable housing and transportation. We find that DCS did make reasonable efforts
to help Mother with these issues. DCS paid for Mother to attend parenting classes through the Carl
Perkins Center. Mother testified that “[t]hey came to the house sometimes, and then other times they
transport[ed] me there.” Regarding Mother’s housing situation, DCS arranged for Mother to be
placed in the same foster home with A.R., but rather than take advantage of the situation, it was
reported that Mother went out and “lived the life of a teenager” and left the foster mother to care for
A.R. DCS referred Mother to two different counselors, and even set up appointments for her, so that
she could receive case management services addressing functions of daily living. However, Mother

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consistently failed to attend counseling after she left foster care. Mother would simply quit going
to counseling without even informing her Case Manager. She now claims that she did not have
transportation to counseling because, although she had a driver’s license, she did not have a car of
her own and rode with her mother. Mother had previously been provided with transportation to her
parenting classes, but she did not report to DCS that she had any problems arranging transportation
to counseling. When asked why she did not tell her Case Manager that she needed transportation,
Mother simply replied, “Well, I was working all the time.” It appears that Mother had no problems
finding transportation to work every day, but she could not manage to attend her counseling
appointments every two weeks. Mother later admitted that she did not even keep track of her
counseling appointments, and she relied on her mother to tell her when to go to counseling. In short,
we find that DCS made reasonable efforts to assist Mother with the problems she encountered as a
teenage mother living with her mother.

Next, Mother argues that DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to assist her because it did
not provide her with the “most obvious and essential service” she needed: counseling for
posttraumatic stress disorder. Mother argues that the counseling she was provided was “a waste of
time and money” because it did not address the “root” of her problems stemming from her past
sexual abuse.

In cases involving a parent with known mental health deficiencies, “we have repeatedly found
that the Department’s failure to provide needed psychological or psychiatric treatment constitutes
a failure to exercise reasonable efforts.” In re R.L.F., No. M2008-00050-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL
3069588, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2008) (citing In re A.R., No. M2007-00618-COA-R3-PT,
2007 WL 4357837 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2007); State of Tennessee, Dep't of Children's Servs.
v. M.R.N., No. M2006-01705-COA-R3-PT, 2007 WL 120038 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan 17, 2007); State
of Tennessee, Dep't of Children's Servs. v. Howard, No. W2006-00585-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL
2257341 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 2006); State of Tennessee, Dep't of Children's Servs. v. S.V., No.
E2006-00686-COA-R3-PT, 2006 WL 1864470 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 6, 2006); In re J.L.E., No.
M2004-02133-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1541862 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2005); In re M.E., No.
M2003-00859-COA-R3-PT, 2004 WL 1838179 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2004)). However, we
must determine what constitutes “reasonable” efforts based on the circumstances of the case before
us. In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d at 518.

We find it interesting that Mother now claims she should have been provided additional
counseling, when Mother did not complete the counseling that was provided. Although the trial
court found that Mother did substantially comply with the permanency plan as a whole, it specifically
found she had not completed the required counseling. The final order states:

[Mother] has not completed her counseling. DCS first obtained a
psychological evaluation of [Mother] from Timber Springs. She was sent by DCS
to Professional Health Services (PHS) but she quit. She missed more than 10
appointments and they closed her file. She did not tell DCS or ask for help. When
DCS found out, they then paid for her to go to Quinco Mental Health Center and set

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 up her appointments. She received counseling and case management services. Case
management included anger management, budgeting, parenting and independent
living skills. She attended sporadically from 4/07 - 7/07 and quit because she moved
to Milan, TN. She did not begin counseling again until 4 months later in 11/07.

Mother testified that it was “a hassle” for her to go to counseling at Quinco every other week. She
then quit going to her appointments at Quinco, even though the petition to terminate her parental
rights had been filed just one month earlier, and she knew counseling was “vital” to her success
under the permanency plans.

In any event, from our review of the record, we have concluded that DCS’s efforts to assist
Mother were reasonable.6 At trial, Mr. Reedy stated that he did not discuss the sexual abuse with
Mother, and he did not know whether Mother had, in fact, been counseled regarding the sexual
abuse. Mother testified that she was not counseled for the abuse when it occurred, nor did she
receive any type of counseling prior to DCS’s involvement. However, Mother testified that she
discussed the sexual abuse with her counselors at Timber Springs, during both her admissions, and
again at Professional Health Services and at Quinco. Mr. Reedy stated that he did not review the
records from Timber Springs, and he did not mention reviewing any records from Professional
Health Services. As the trial court noted in its final order, the treatment team at Timber Springs
issued its evaluation with knowledge of Mother’s past sexual abuse and her bi-polar condition. The
Timber Springs evaluation provides, in relevant part:

The treatment team has recommended that the court consider a continuation of
community-based services to include a strict monitoring of [Mother]’s behavior in
the community and at home. Both [Mother] and her mother could benefit from being
involved in parenting classes. To improve the communication between [Mother] and
her mother, in-home family counseling is recommended. [Mother] could also benefit
from anger management counseling and she will need to continue her medication
management appointments.
Timber Springs issued its treatment recommendations following Mother’s three-week admission at
Timber Springs, and the evaluation does not specifically recommend counseling for post traumatic
stress disorder. Thus, we conclude that even if Mother did not receive such counseling, DCS acted

6
The aforementioned cases in which DCS did not use reasonable efforts in providing
psychological or psychiatric treatment are distinguishable. In those cases, this Court found a lack
of reasonable efforts when DCS failed to provide needed counseling that had been recommended
since its initial involvement in the case, see In re M.E., 2004 WL 1838179, at *7-12, when DCS
prematurely filed a termination petition, see In re J.L.E., 2005 WL 1541862, at *10-15, when DCS
did not provide parents’ counselors with the parents’ psychological reports and recommendations,
see In re A.R., 2007 WL 4357837, at *7, State v. S.V., 2006 WL 1864470, at *4-7, and where the
record did not evidence “any services” provided to aid a parent with a personality disorder, see State
v. Howard, 2006 WL 2257341, at *6. Those circumstances are not present here.

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reasonably in its efforts to assist Mother by providing each of the services recommended by Timber
Springs.

In sum, we conclude that DCS’s efforts were reasonable, and Mother’s were not, under the
circumstances. DCS provided numerous services to Mother in addition to those recommended by
Timber Springs. Mother received parenting classes, counseling to address her bi-polar and anger
issues, case management services, medication management, supervised visitation with A.R., the
opportunity to live with A.R. in a foster home, and a trial home visit with A.R. DCS initially set a
goal target date of one year from the permanency plan, but it extended the goal target date an
additional two months. Still, Mother was not ready to provide a safe and stable environment for
A.R. Two months after the goal target date had passed, DCS filed its petition to terminate Mother’s
parental rights. We agree with the trial court that these constituted “reasonable efforts” by DCS.
DCS exercised “reasonable care and diligence . . . to provide services related to meeting the needs
of the child and the family,” with A.R.’s health and safety being the paramount concern. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 37-1-166(g)(1) (2005) (defining reasonable efforts).

On appeal, Mother does not address the remaining elements of the “persistence of
conditions” ground for terminating her parental rights. In addition to the six-month period of
removal and reasonable efforts, DCS was also required to prove that:

(A) The conditions that led to the child’s removal or other conditions that in all
reasonable probability would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or
neglect and that, therefore, prevent the child’s safe return to the care of the parent(s)
or guardian(s), still persist;
(B) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early date
so that the child can be safely returned to the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the near
future; and
(C) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship greatly
diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and permanent
home[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3). We have considered each of these elements and agree with the
trial court that the facts clearly and convincingly establish each of them. The juvenile court found
that the conditions leading to A.R.’s removal from Mother’s home still existed, along with other
conditions that would probably cause A.R. to be subject to further abuse and/or neglect. Specifically,
the trial court found:

[A.R.] was injured as a result of his mother’s actions. It may be due to her
impulsivitiy; her Bi-Polar condition; her lack of stability; her immaturity; her lack of
an adequate support system; her inability to manage herself; her failure to improve
(as seen in the GAF scores of 50); her lack of education; and/or her inability to profit
from counseling; but [A.R.] was injured and continued to be injured in her care.

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The court went on to list the various injuries suffered by A.R. and the other reports of harm. The
court described the bruises reported by the daycare as “terrible bruises that the mother cannot or will
not explain.” When announcing her ruling from the bench, the trial judge stated that she was “quite
certain” that if Mother was allowed another trial home visit with A.R., DCS would soon have to
remove A.R. because of additional problems. Unfortunately, we agree with the trial judge. In cases
involving the “persistence of conditions”ground,

DCS is not required to prove that a parent-child relationship cannot be salvaged. Nor
is DCS required to show that a parent is “currently harmful” to a child’s safety or
future emotional stability. The question herein is the likelihood that the child can be
safely returned to the custody of the mother, not whether the child can safely remain
in foster care with weekly visits with the mother. Our termination of parental rights
statutes recognize a child’s need for a permanent, stable environment which this
mother has demonstrated she is unwilling or unable to provide.

In re K.A.H., No. M1999-02079-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1006959, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 21,
2000). A parent’s continued inability to provide fundamental care to a child, even if not willful,
whether caused by a mental illness, mental impairment, or some other cause, constitutes a condition
which prevents the safe return of the child to the parent’s care. In re T.S., No. M1999-01286-COA-
R3-CV, 2000 WL 964775, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 13, 2000). “Where, as here, efforts to provide
help to improve the parenting abilities, offered over a long period of time, have proved ineffective,
the conclusion that there is little likelihood of such improvement as would allow the safe return of
the child to the parent in the near future is justified.” Id.

The purpose behind the “persistence of conditions” ground for terminating parental rights
is “to prevent the child’s lingering in the uncertain status of foster child if a parent cannot within a
reasonable time demonstrate an ability to provide a safe and caring environment for the child.” In
re D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 588535, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2008).
That concern is well demonstrated in this case. In sum, we find clear and convincing evidence that
the conditions that led to A.R.’s removal, and other conditions that in all reasonable probability
would cause him to be subjected to further abuse or neglect, still persist and prevent the child’s safe
return to Mother’s care. There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an early
date so that A.R. can be safely returned to Mother in the near future. A.R. has thrived in his foster
home, and he has an opportunity to timely integrate into a stable, healthy environment. There is no
guarantee that Mother will ever be able to provide a safe environment for A.R., and the time spent
waiting for this to occur greatly diminishes A.R.’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and
permanent home. Thus, DCS properly established a ground for terminating Mother’s parental rights.

C. Best Interest

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 On appeal, Mother’s final argument is that terminating her parental rights to A.R. is not in
A.R.’s best interest because she “displayed appropriate behavior” at the supervised visits with A.R.,
and she has bonded with A.R.

“The ultimate goal of every proceeding involving the care and custody of a child is to
ascertain and promote the child’s best interests.” In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 498 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005). Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-113(i) provides a list of some factors to consider
in determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interest of the child:

(1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of circumstance,
conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child's best interest to be in the
home of the parent or guardian;
(2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment after
reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration of time that
lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;
(3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other contact
with the child;
(4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between the
parent or guardian and the child;
(5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to have on
the child's emotional, psychological and medical condition;
(6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or
guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological abuse, or
neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;
(7) Whether the physical environment of the parent's or guardian's home is healthy
and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether there is such use
of alcohol or controlled substances as may render the parent or guardian consistently
unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;
(8) Whether the parent's or guardian's mental and/or emotional status would be
detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively providing
safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or
(9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the child
support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-5-101.

We must determine the child’s best interest from the child’s, rather than the parent’s, perspective.
In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d at 499.

No one disputed that Mother loved A.R. and had bonded with him. However, loving a child
and being a good parent are not one and the same. In addition, “being an effective parent involves
far more than visiting.” In re K.A.H., No. M1999-02079-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1006959, at *5
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 21, 2000) (quoting State Dep’t. of Children’s Servs. v. Hunter, No. M1999-
02606-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 313549 at *1 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 29, 2000)). Several other factors
weigh in favor of terminating Mother’s parental rights. Mother has not adjusted her circumstances

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to make it safe, and in A.R.’s best interest, to be in Mother’s care. A.R. continued to suffer injuries
while in Mother’s care. Despite the reasonable efforts of DCS, a lasting adjustment does not
reasonably appear possible. A.R. has already bonded with his foster parents, and terminating
Mother’s parental rights would not result in a change of caretakers and physical environment that
would be detrimental to A.R. Ms. Stewart testified about the significant improvements in A.R.’s
behavior and development since he went to his current foster home in April of 2007. She said A.R.
had previously been referred for an evaluation at the Kiwanis Center due to concerns about A.R.’s
physical development and speech. Since he had been with the foster parents, however, he had
greatly expanded his vocabulary and learned to sing his ABC’s and other songs. Various witnesses
testified that A.R. was practically unmanageable when living with Mother. For example, Ms.
Stewart testified that when she visited A.R. and Mother once, A.R. tried to “destroy” Ms. Stewart’s
cell phone, but Mother did not attempt to discipline or even correct him. Ms. Stewart testified that
A.R.’s behavior had improved with his foster parents so that he is now under control. A.R.’s father,
A.R.’s Case Manager, CASA, and the guardian ad litem all recommended that A.R. remain with his
foster parents and not be returned to Mother. We similarly conclude that A.R.’s best interest would
be served by terminating Mother’s parental rights.

V. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the decision of the juvenile court. Costs of this
appeal are taxed to the appellant, L.R., and her surety, for which execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________________
ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.

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