IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
January 13, 2006 Session
STEVEN SCOTT MEANS, ET AL. v. DAVID VINCENT ASHBY, ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
No. 00A-35 Muriel Robinson, Judge
No. M2005-01434-COA-R3-CV - Filed on June 12, 2006
This is the second appeal of a protracted custody dispute among the parents and an aunt and uncle
of a minor child. The aunt and uncle have had legal custody since 1997. This action commenced
in 2000, when the aunt and uncle filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of the parents and
the parents filed counter-petitions for custody. In 2002, the trial court dismissed the petition to
terminate and custody remained with the aunt and uncle. On appeal this Court affirmed the dismissal
of the petition to terminate but vacated the custody determination due to the application of an
incorrect legal standard. The case was remanded for the trial court to determine the legal effect of
the 1997 custody order on the pending custody claims. The record in this second appeal tells us the
trial court failed to determine on remand the effect of the 1997 custody order. Having determined
the record is inadequate for this Court to make the determination, we have no option but to vacate
the judgment of the trial court and remand this matter once again.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Vacated and
Remanded
FRANK G. CLEMENT , JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J.,
M.S., and WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., joined.
Phillip R. Robinson and James C. Bradshaw, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, David
Vincent Ashby.
Michael W. Binkley, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Steven Scott Means and Cheryl Lynn
Means.
Brenda Clark, Nashville, Tennessee for the appellee, Tawni Anne Means Ashby (Little).
OPINION
The parties to this action are Tawni Means Little and David Ashby, the parents of the child
at issue, and Scott and Cheryl Means, the aunt and uncle of the minor child. The first of many legal
proceedings between the parties started in 1997 in the Circuit Court for Rutherford County when and
where the Means obtained legal custody of the child by order of the Circuit Court dated December
29, 1997. Subsequently, the Means filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of both parents
in the Circuit Court for Davidson County. Both biological parents vigorously contested the petition
and each filed a counter-petition seeking custody of their child. Following a bench trial the petition
to terminate the parents’ rights was dismissed; however, custody of the child was awarded to the
Means based upon “exigent circumstances.” The parties appealed. In 2003, this Court issued its first
opinion in this matter wherein we remanded the custody issue to the Circuit Court of Davidson
County. Some of the more significant findings and instructions set forth in our 2003 opinion are
repeated below:
Since the natural father, David Vincent Ashby, was not a party to the Order
of December 29, 1997 entered in the Rutherford County Circuit Court, that Order,
is ineffective as to him. Thus, his case is reviewable under Askew without regard to
Blair. The natural mother, Tawni Anne Means Ashby Little, however, is a party to
the December 29, 1997 Order, and whether or not her rights are controlled by Askew
or by Blair depends on the effect of the December 29, 1997 Order on her.
Examining the principles applied in each of these cases with
respect to custody modification issues, a natural parent enjoys the
presumption of superior rights under four circumstances: (1) when no
order exists that transfers custody from the natural parent; (2) when
the order transferring custody from the natural parent is accomplished
by fraud or without notice to the parent; (3) when the order
transferring custody from the natural parent is invalid on its face; and
(4) when the natural parent cedes only temporary and informal
custody to the non-parents. Consequently, when any of these
circumstances are present in a given case, then protection of the right
of natural parents to have the care and custody of their children
demands that they be accorded a presumption of superior parental
rights against claims of custody by non-parents.
Blair, 77 S.W.3d at 143.
The difficulty is that the determinative Order of the trial court in this case of
October 19, 2001 post-dates Askew but pre-dates Blair. The trial court, thus, did not
address the question of the effect of the Rutherford County Custody Order entered
December 29, 1997. This Rutherford County Order states:
This cause came on to be heard on the Petition filed jointly by the
Mother of the minor child, who has sole custody, and the Aunt and
Uncle of the minor child, with whom the child has lived for a period
of approximately two years. The Petitioners respectfully request that
custody be changed to the Uncle and his wife, Steven and Cheryl
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Means, as it is in the best interest of the child, and the Court finding
that it is in the best interest of the child, it is hereby
ORDERED that custody of the minor child, [M.A.] is hereby placed
with Steven Scott Means and his wife, Cheryl Anne Means. It is
further
ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court will forward to Steven Scott
Means the child support payment of $215.00 currently being paid by
the Father for the minor child, with that $215.00 per month being
forwarded to Steven Scott Means at 3323 Old Hickory Blvd., Old
Hickory, TN 37138. It is further
ORDERED that the costs of this cause are taxed to the Petitioners.
This custody Order appears on its face to be valid. However, when it was being
investigated at the trial of this case and the attorney who had drafted the instrument
testified, the trial court was much concerned about the Order and about the fact that
the attorney was representing only Petitioners, Scott and Cheryl Means, and not the
natural mother, as well as the fact that no service of process was ever had on David
Vincent Ashby. It seems also clear from the testimony of the attorney drafting the
Order that the primary purpose was to allow the minor child to be covered by
insurance. The Order could not bind David Vincent Ashby, as it clearly comes within
the second exception set forth in Blair since the Order was without notice to David
Ashby. However, the question that cannot be answered by the record is whether or
not, as to the natural mother, the fourth exception in Blair is applicable. This
exception is, "when the natural parent cedes only temporary and informal custody to
the non-parents." Blair, 77 S.W.3d at 143.
The trial court made a "best interest of the child" evaluation as to custody and
then vested custody in Scott and Cheryl Means. As to the natural father, David
Ashby, this analysis is in error, and as to the natural mother, Tawni Little, this
analysis is in error unless the trial court finds the December 29, 1997 Order in the
Circuit Court of Rutherford County to be valid as to the natural mother under Blair
v. Badenhope.
We therefore vacate the judgment of the trial court and remand the case for
further consideration by the trial court in light of Blair v. Badenhope. The analysis
to be made by the trial court as to David Vincent Ashby is the analysis mandated by
In re Askew. The analysis to be made as to Tawni Little is, first, to determine the
effect of the December 29, 1997 Rutherford County Order on her. If the Order is
effective, she must show a material change of circumstance, and only then, may the
court make a best interest analysis. See Blair, 77 S.W.3d 137. If the Rutherford
County Order is not binding on the natural mother, then her rights also must be
determined under an Askew analysis. In an Askew analysis a natural parent can only
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be denied custody upon a specific finding of substantial harm to the child. See Askew,
993 S.W.2d 1.
The situation is further complicated by the fact that the natural parents are not
married to each other but have separate households. If a natural parent is to prevail,
the trial court must decide the custody issue between those natural parents.
The action of the trial court in dismissing the Petition to Terminate the
parental rights of David Ashby and Tawni Little is affirmed. The judgment of the
trial court granting custody to Scott and Cheryl Means is vacated, and the case is
remanded to the trial court for further consideration of custody issues in conformity
with this Opinion. Pending such consideration custody will remain vested in Scott
and Cheryl Means.
Means v. Ashby, 130 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).
Our 2003 opinion in this matter set forth a protocol for the trial court to consider on remand
in its renewed analysis of the issues presented and, if appropriate, the analysis to be conducted
pursuant to Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137 (Tenn. 2002) and In re Askew, 993 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn.
1999).1 One or both opinions may be crucial in the analysis of this complex custody battle; yet,
before a Blair or Askew analysis may commence, the trial court must first determine whether the
1997 circuit court custody order transferring custody of the child to the Means was binding as to the
mother. If so, one analysis applies; if not, a different analysis applies.
The trial court conducted a remand hearing on May 3, 2005 and found that neither biological
parent posed a threat of harm to the child; yet, because the child had lived with the Means for seven
and half years, the trial court ruled the child would remain in the Means’ custody. Unfortunately,
the trial court made no determination as to the legal effect of the 1997 circuit court custody order.
We also note the trial court informed the parties that it would not entertain any new evidence,
testimonial or otherwise, and its consideration of the matters on remand would be limited to the facts
and circumstances as they existed at the time of the first trial on July 30, 31, and August 1 and 6,
2001.
1
Askew recognized the superior parental rights of parents in a custody battle with non-parents. The Askew court
held that in an initial custody dispute between parents and non-parents, a parent may only be deprived of custody of a
child upon a showing of substantial harm to the child. In re Askew, 993 S.W .2d 1, 4 (Tenn. 1999). Blair modified the
rule, holding parental rights do not apply where there is a court order of custody in place at the time the parent attempts
to re-gain custody. Blair v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 146 (Tenn. 2002). W here a custody order is in place, the parent
must prove a material change in circumstances that justifies a custody change in the child’s best interest. Blair named
four circumstances in which the parent enjoys the presumption of superior parental rights as established in Askew. They
are: (1) when no order exists transferring custody from the natural parent; 2) when the order transferring custody is
accomplished by fraud or without notice to the biological parent; 3) when the order transferring custody is invalid on
its face; and 4) when the biological parent transfers custody temporarily to the non-parents. Blair, 77 S.W . at 143.
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Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 provides the analysis for child custody determinations. The
statute provides that “all relevant factors” are to be considered in child custody determinations,
subject to certain exceptions. The trial court excluded all evidence of the child’s circumstances for
the preceding four years without explaining its reasoning. Some of the excluded evidence may have
been relevant in determining custody in this matter, depending of course on the initial determinations
we requested in our 2003 opinion. The stability of the custodial and non-custodial family, the mental
and/or physical health of the custodial and non-custodial family and the school or community records
for the child may have changed in the last four years; thus, we encourage the trial court to consider
all relevant and admissible evidence depending, of course, on the trial court’s initial determinations
which will frame the issues. See, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a)(4)-(6).
We therefore vacate the judgment of the trial court and remand the case. As we instructed
previously,
The analysis to be made by the trial court as to David Vincent Ashby is the analysis
mandated by In re Askew. The analysis to be made as to Tawni Little is, first, to
determine the effect of the December 29, 1997 Rutherford County Order on her. If
the Order is effective, she must show a material change of circumstance, and only
then, may the court make a best interest analysis. See Blair, 77 S.W.3d 137. If the
Rutherford County Order is not binding on the natural mother, then her rights also
must be determined under an Askew analysis.
Depending upon the determinations made concerning the above issues, all relevant and
material evidence relative to the remaining issues of custody shall be introduced and considered by
the trial court in determining custody of the minor child. Pending such determinations, custody will
remain with the child’s aunt and uncle, Scott and Cheryl Means.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and this matter is remanded with costs of appeal
assessed against the four parties equally.
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FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE
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