IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
March 29, 2006 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. FRED JOHNSON
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Campbell County
No. 11443 E. Shayne Sexton, Judge
No. E2005-00877-CCA-R3-CD Filed June 30, 2006
The defendant, Fred Johnson, was convicted by a Campbell County jury of five counts of sexual
battery, a Class E felony, and five counts of aggravated sexual battery, a Class B felony. He was
sentenced to one year for each sexual battery and eight years for each aggravated sexual battery. He
received a total effective sentence of twenty-seven years, twenty-four years at 100% as a violent
offender for the aggravated sexual battery counts and three years at 30% as a Range I, standard
offender for the sexual battery counts. On appeal, he argues: (1) the trial court erred in failing to
charge lesser-included offenses; (2) the jury did not understand or follow the charge of the trial court;
and (3) the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions for aggravated sexual battery.
Following our review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court but remand for entry of corrected
judgments to reflect that Counts 3 and 5 are consecutive to Counts 1 and 2.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed and
Remanded for Entry of Corrected Judgments
ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and J.C. MCLIN ,
JJ., joined.
Michael G. Hatmaker, Jacksboro, Tennessee, for the appellant, Fred Johnson.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Blind Akrawi, Assistant Attorney General;
William Paul Phillips, District Attorney General; and Scarlett W. Ellis, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTS
On October 16, 2002, the defendant, Fred Johnson, was indicted by the Campbell County
Grand Jury for ten counts of rape (Counts 1-10), five counts of incest (Counts 11-15), four counts
of rape of a child (Counts 16-19), and one count of aggravated sexual battery (Count 20). The
indictments were the result of the defendant’s acts against his granddaughter, M.J.,1 between 1999
and 2002. At trial, M.J. testified that her grandfather “touched [her] where he wasn’t supposed to”
during the times that she lived with her family on Axley Road, Brown Fork Road, and Demory Road.
M.J. testified that she and her family moved into the Axley Road house in October 2001. M.J. said
that, on June 3, 2002, the defendant “licked [her] private part” and “stuck his thing in [her]” while
they were in her mother’s bedroom. M.J. said the defendant wore “[a] rubber” that he later flushed
down the toilet. The defendant told M.J. that “[h]e loved [her] and [she] was a special little girl.”
Although she could not recall the exact dates, M.J. described other times the defendant
inappropriately touched her at the house on Axley Road. M.J. said the defendant “stuck his finger
up in [her] . . . private part . . . [a] couple times in [her] mom’s room and once in the basement.”
Once while she was in the basement watching television, the defendant “started playing with . . .
[her] private part . . . [with] [h]is hands and his thing.” He also “played with [her] boobs.” On
another day, the defendant “put his thing in [her], and he put his thing in [her] mouth” while they
were in her mother’s bedroom. M.J. said this “same thing happened two or three times more” when
she lived on Axley Road. M.J. said she never gave her grandfather permission to touch her and that
“[she’d] tell him to quit and he wouldn’t.”
Prior to moving to the Axley Road house, M.J. and her family lived on Brown Fork Road for
“[a]bout a year.” At this location, the defendant “touched [M.J.] under the clothes . . . in [her]
mom’s bedroom and the living room.” M.J. said she was in the living room watching television
when the defendant “felt of” her breasts and “stuck his fingers up in [her] . . . [and] moved them
around.” She said that while she was in her mother’s bedroom, the defendant “stuck his thing in
[her]” while wearing “[a] rubber.” M.J. said the defendant “stuck his thing in [her]” at this house
“two or three times more.” In addition, the defendant “stuck his tongue in – on – in [her] and sucked
on [her] boobs.”
At the Demory Road location, where M.J. lived with her family “[a]bout a year or two”
before moving to the house on Brown Fork Road, the defendant “touched [M.J.’s] boobs” while they
“were playing hide and go seek.” M.J. said the defendant “was playing with [her] boobs” underneath
her shirt in her bedroom. When interviewed by the Department of Children’s Services, M.J. did not
tell the investigator about the incident at the Demory Road residence because she “thought [the
defendant] was just playing.”
On cross-examination, M.J. acknowledged that she did not “know right off the top of [her]
head” how many times the defendant touched her but said it could have been “[n]ine or ten times.”
Gail Clift, a sexual assault nurse examiner with Child Help in Knoxville, examined M.J. on
June 28, 2002. Clift testified that M.J. had the following injuries:
1
The victim was born on November 21, 1988, and was fourteen years old at the time of trial. It is the policy
of this court to refer to juvenile victims of sexual assault by their initials.
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She did have some injuries in her genital area; she had two very specific injuries.
She had a small tear in an area that we call the posterior fourchet. She also had a
cleft in her hymen at the six o’clock -- five to six o’clock position. She had a notch
that was noted in her hymen at the three o’clock and the twelve o’clock position.
Clift explained that “[a] cleft in the hymen is caused by blunt penetrating trauma” and that M.J.’s
injuries were consistent with sexual abuse. On cross-examination, Clift acknowledged that M.J.’s
injuries could have been caused by a penis, a finger, or a pencil.
The sixty-six-year-old defendant testified that M.J. and her family lived with him at his home
on Axley Road. He vehemently denied having any type of sexual contact with M.J.
The jury returned the following verdicts: Counts 1-5, guilty of the lesser-included offense of
sexual battery by force or coercion; Counts 6-10, guilty of the lesser-included offense of sexual
battery without consent; Counts 11-15, not guilty of incest; Counts 16-19, guilty of the lesser-
included offense of aggravated sexual battery; and Count 20, guilty of aggravated sexual battery.
The trial court merged Counts 6-10 with Counts 1-5 and sentenced the defendant to one year as a
Range I, standard offender for each sexual battery. Counts 1 and 2 were run concurrently with each
other but consecutively to Counts 16-20; Counts 3 and 5 were run concurrently with each other but
consecutively to Counts 1 and 2; Count 4 was run consecutively to Counts 1, 2, 3, and 5, for a total
sentence of three years at 30% for the sexual battery convictions. The trial court sentenced the
defendant as a violent offender to eight years for each aggravated sexual battery. Counts 16, 17, and
20 were run consecutively to each other and concurrently with Counts 18 and 19 for a total sentence
of twenty-four years at 100% for the aggravated sexual battery convictions. The defendant’s total
effective sentence was twenty-seven years, with the aggravated sexual battery sentences to be served
first.
ANALYSIS
I. Lesser-Included Offense Instructions
On appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court “erred in failing to charge the lesser-
included offenses of, specifically, child abuse and assault.” However, because the defendant failed
to request at trial instructions as to any lesser-included offenses, this issue is waived.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110 (2003) requires, in pertinent part:
(b) In the absence of a written request from a party specifically identifying the
particular lesser included offense or offenses on which a jury instruction is sought,
the trial judge may charge the jury on any lesser included offense or offenses, but no
party shall be entitled to any such charge.
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(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, when the
defendant fails to request the instruction of a lesser included offense as required by
this section, such instruction is waived. Absent a written request, the failure of a trial
judge to instruct the jury on any lesser included offense may not be presented as a
ground for relief either in a motion for a new trial or on appeal.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(b), (c) (2003) (emphasis added). In the recent case of State v. Page,
184 S.W.3d 223, 229 (Tenn. 2006), our supreme court, reviewing the constitutionality of section 40-
18-110, noted that the statute “places a duty on the defendant to request a lesser-included offense in
writing at trial to assign as error on appeal the trial court’s failure to instruct on such offenses.” The
court, concluding the statute was constitutional, explained:
[T]he waiver of a lesser-included offense for purposes of plenary appellate review is
constitutionally permissible. A trial court's failure to instruct on lesser-included
offenses is not a structural error. See State v. Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 190-91 (Tenn.
2002) (Holding that failure to instruct on lesser-included offenses is subject to
constitutional harmless error analysis). As a non-structural constitutional error, the
omission of a lesser-included offense instruction is subject to waiver for purposes of
plenary appellate review when the issue is not timely raised and properly preserved.
See State v. Terry, 118 S.W.3d 355, 359 (Tenn. 2003) (defendant's failure to request
lesser-included offense instruction at trial or in a motion for a new trial waived
issue). Similarly, issues involving other non-structural constitutional errors must be
preserved to receive plenary appellate review. See State v. Gomez, 163 S.W.3d 632,
645 (Tenn. 2005) (Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses).
Id. at 230.2
In the current case, the trial court, prior to the conclusion of the trial, inquired whether the
parties were requesting any lesser-included offense instructions, and defense counsel replied that he
was “going to ask the [c]ourt to charge sexual battery as a lesser included” for Counts 1-10.
However, after all the evidence was presented, defense counsel did not file a motion asking the court
to charge any lesser-included offenses and, in fact, objected to the ones requested by the State:
THE COURT: The Jury is outside the Courtroom. Now that we’ve closed the
evidence, I would ask that you submit your written requests for lesser included
offenses so I can be preparing that, if you have it.
....
2
The defendant relies on State v. Robert Page, No. W 2003-01342-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 W L 3352994 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Aug. 26, 2004), for his contention that the waiver mandated by section 40-18-110 is unconstitutional.
However, subsequent to his making this argument, and as discussed in Page, 184 S.W .3d at 223, our supreme court
reversed this court’s holding and ruled that the statute was constitutional.
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[THE STATE]: On the five counts of rape, the State would be asking for a lesser
included of sexual battery, which is Counts One through Five. Counts Sixteen,
Seventeen, Eighteen and Nineteen, which are rape of a child, the State would request
the lesser includeds of aggravated sexual battery.
THE COURT: Do you wish to be heard on that, [defense counsel]?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, your Honor. The defendant objects to the charging
of the lesser includeds as requested by the State.
THE COURT: Any particular basis for – I mean, are you saying that – are you saying
as a matter of law these are not lesser includeds, or are you saying that the proof does
not raise those instructions?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Both.
THE COURT: All right. . . . . [Y]our objection is overruled, and the Court will give
the charges as requested.
The trial court then gave the following lesser-included offense instructions: Counts 1-5, lesser-
included offense of sexual battery by force or coercion; Counts 6-10, lesser-included offense of
sexual battery without the consent of the victim; and Counts 16-19, lesser-included offense of
aggravated sexual battery.
In his brief, the defendant maintains that he was “not required to request a charge on the
lesser offenses, and the court had an affirmative duty to charge them.” While it is true that a trial
court should “still give lesser-included offense instructions, even when not requested, when those
instructions are necessary for a fair trial,” Page, 184 S.W.3d at 229, the “defendant’s failure to
request a lesser-included offense instruction in writing waives the right to raise such omission as an
issue on appeal.” Id. Accordingly, this issue is waived. However, we will review the trial court’s
not charging lesser-included offenses under the doctrine of plain error. Id. at 230. When
determining whether such a review is appropriate, the following factors must be established:
(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court; (b) a clear and
unequivocal rule of law must have been breached; (c) a substantial right of the
accused must have been adversely affected; (d) the accused [must not have waived]
the issue for tactical reasons; and (e) consideration of the error [must be] “necessary
to do substantial justice.”
State v. Terry, 118 S.W.3d 355, 360 (Tenn. 2003) (citing State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)). In addition, “[a]ll five factors must be established by the record before”
an appellate court may “recognize the existence of plain error, and complete consideration of all the
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factors is not necessary when it is clear from the record that at least one of the factors cannot be
established.” Id. (citing State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 283 (Tenn. 2000)).
In this case, the defendant not only failed to request any lesser-included offense instructions,
he objected to the State’s requested lesser-included instructions. He “has failed to show that he did
not waive this issue for tactical reasons. Therefore, the trial court’s failure to instruct on [the lesser-
included offenses] does not rise to the level of plain error.” Page, 184 S.W.3d at 231. This issue is
without merit.
II. Jury Instructions
The defendant argues that “[i]t is clear . . . that the jury had an unconstitutional understanding
of the law in reaching its guilty verdicts in counts 1 through 10 [and] [t]herefore, those verdicts must
be set aside.” The State responds “the trial court gave a proper unanimity instruction and any error
in the jury instructions is harmless because the jury reached a proper verdict and the alternative
convictions were properly merged by the trial court.” We agree with the State.
Although the defendant was indicted on ten counts of rape, the indictments reflect two
different theories of only five separate acts. Counts 1-5 charged the defendant with rape by force or
coercion while Counts 6-10 charged him with rape without the consent of the victim. When
instructing the jury, the trial court explained:
You are being asked to consider two separate theories of rape, Counts One
through Five, and I’m going to try to make this as clear as I possibly can in giving
these instructions. Counts One through Five allege rape by force or coercion. Counts
Six through Ten allege rape without the consent of [the] victim, remembering or
keeping in mind the State has alleged only five factual possibilities of an offense.
I want to try to keep this -- I don’t want to confuse you, but I have dealt with
this particular law and in the reading of it, it can be very confusing. And I’m trying
to -- and I want the record to know [sic] and I want the parties to know, this is my,
you know, last attempt to try to get this to you in a way that you will understand what
your job is at this point.
When you consider Count One, for instance, I think the parties will agree that
Count One makes certain allegations about a certain event. That same event will
apply to Count Six, but there are two possible theories of rape that might be shown.
Is that making any sense whatsoever? Is anyone under -- can anyone not grasp that,
that the -- that if you return a guilty verdict on Count One, for instance, force or
coercion, then you would not go to Count Six, you would not go to without consent
because then you would have made your decision on that -- you have picked a theory.
Does that make sense? I hope that these instructions make that clear.
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Despite the trial court’s instructions, the jury returned with guilty verdicts for Counts 1-5, lesser-
included offense of sexual battery by force or coercion, and for Counts 6-10, lesser-included offense
of sexual battery without consent of the victim. The trial court merged Counts 6-10 with Counts 1-5
and sentenced the defendant only for Counts 1-5.
The defendant insists that the verdicts show that “[t]he jury remained confused as to the
charged offenses and the judge’s instructions” and that the verdicts are “inconsistent with the law.”
We disagree. Counts 1-5 and Counts 6-10 represent the same offenses of sexual battery, but
completed through different means, Counts 1-5 by force or coercion and Counts 6-10 without the
victim’s consent. As long as “the means are not mutually exclusive . . . there is no legal bar to
verdicts being returned for” each count. State v. Addison, 973 S.W.2d 260, 267 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1997). In addition, “[a] trial court should instruct a jury to render a verdict as to each count of a
multiple count indictment which requires specific jury findings on different theories . . . and if the jury
does return a verdict of guilt on more than one theory . . . the court may merge the offenses and
impose a single judgment of conviction.” State v. Eddie Medlock, No. W2000-03009-CCA-R3-CD,
2002 WL 1549707, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 16, 2002), perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. July 1,
2002) (citing Addison, 973 S.W.2d at 267). Here, the jury obviously found the defendant acted with
both force and coercion toward the victim, and without her consent. We do not find the means here
mutually exclusive. We conclude that the jury verdicts are not inconsistent and that the trial court
appropriately merged the offenses and imposed a single judgment of conviction for Counts 1 through
5. This issue is without merit.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The defendant argues that his “convictions for aggravated sexual battery are not supported by
the evidence. This is particularly true of the conviction with regard to count 20.” Because a jury
conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and
replaces it with one of guilt, on appeal a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that
the evidence is insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). Thus, we
consider “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979); see also
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or jury shall
be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835
S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See
State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury,
approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Our
supreme court stated the rationale for this rule:
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This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the jury see the
witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their demeanor on the stand.
Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary instrumentality of justice to determine
the weight and credibility to be given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum
alone is there human atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be
reproduced with a written record in this Court.
Bolin v. State, 219 Tenn. 4, 11, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 212 Tenn. 464,
370 S.W.2d 523 (1963)).
To prove aggravated sexual battery, the State was required to show beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant had “unlawful sexual contact with a victim . . . [who] is less than thirteen
(13) years of age.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-504(a)(4) (2003). “Sexual contact” is defined as:
[T]he intentional touching of the victim's, the defendant's, or any other person's
intimate parts, or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area
of the victim's, the defendant's, or any other person's intimate parts, if that intentional
touching can be reasonably construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or
gratification.
Id. § 39-13-501(6). The defendant argues that the conduct in Count 20 occurred during the times
that the victim lived on Demory Road. He further argues that the victim’s testimony shows that “she
thought [the defendant] was playing.” The victim’s testimony revealed that when she lived on
Demory Road, the defendant touched her breasts under her shirt. This evidence was more than
sufficient for a rational jury to find the defendant guilty of aggravated sexual battery of the victim
beyond a reasonable doubt. As for the other counts of aggravated sexual battery, the victim testified
about numerous occasions wherein the defendant sexually touched her. Again, this evidence was
more than sufficient to convict the defendant.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of the trial
court and remand for entry of corrected judgments to reflect that Counts 3 and 5 are consecutive to
Counts 1 and 2.
___________________________________
ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE
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