State of Tennessee v. Troy Wayne Stepp

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
October 4, 2005 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TROY WAYNE STEPP

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Tipton County
No. 4949 Joseph H. Walker, III, Judge

No. W2005-00589-CCA-R3-CD - Filed January 3, 2006

The defendant, Troy Wayne Stepp, was convicted of delivery of a Schedule II controlled substance,
methamphetamine, a Class C felony, and sentenced as a multiple offender to eight years in the
Department of Correction. On appeal, he argues: (1) the trial court erred in allowing the
introduction of a transcript of a taped-recorded conversation; and (2) the evidence was insufficient
to support his conviction. Following our review, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ALAN E. GLENN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and THOMAS T.
WOODALL, JJ., joined.

David S. Stockton, Assistant Public Defender, for the appellant, Troy Wayne Stepp.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General;
Elizabeth T. Rice, District Attorney General; and James Walter Freeland, Jr., Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTS

State’s Proof

On July 6, 2004, the defendant was indicted by the Tipton County Grand Jury for delivery
of a Schedule II controlled substance, methamphetamine. This indictment was the direct result of
a January 6, 2004, controlled drug transaction with a confidential informant who was working
undercover with law enforcement officials. Katrina Douglas1 testified that she and her husband,
Jeremy Douglas,2 worked as confidential informants for Agent Mike Rose of the Tipton County
Sheriff’s Department Drug Task Force.3 Katrina said that she and her husband met with Agent Rose
in his office after she overheard Jeremy on his cell phone make arrangements to buy drugs from
someone. Agent Rose searched the Douglases and their van, then put a body wire on Jeremy, gave
him a one-hundred-dollar bill, and told the couple where to go. Katrina explained that her role in
this controlled drug buy was to be the driver because her husband did not have a license. Katrina
said she drove them to the Penny Pantry in Atoka where she got out and walked across the street,
leaving Jeremy with the van. About twenty to thirty minutes later, Jeremy drove over to pick up
Katrina, and she noticed the van had a “chemical smell, really strong smell” which she described
as “overwhelming.” Jeremy then showed her “a small plastic bag” containing “an off-white color”
substance. Katrina then drove herself and Jeremy back to Agent Rose’s office, where Jeremy gave
Rose the plastic bag and the couple were again searched. Katrina denied being paid for participating
in the drug buy and said she did not know if Jeremy was paid. Katrina acknowledged that Jeremy
had a drug problem with “crystal meth.”

On cross-examination, Katrina said that she and Jeremy were currently divorced and were
not living together the day of the drug transaction. Asked about her search, Katrina said Agent Rose
and another male officer had her empty out her pockets, “grab the middle of [her] bra and lift and
shake while holding [her] shirt out,” take off her shoes, and shake her pants leg. She said the officers
did not use a drug task force dog to search her, her husband, or their van. The officers also searched
her van for about “[f]ifteen, thirty minutes.” Asked about Jeremy’s search, Katrina said the officers
had him remove his shirt and then “[t]hey patted him down, checked all of his pockets, pulled up his
pants leg and checked his socks and shoes. And he had to take out his wallet. They went through
his wallet, too.”

Agent Michael Rose testified that the Douglases signed up as confidential informants the day
before the controlled drug buy after Jeremy contacted him with some information. Rose said they
planned “to purchase a gram of crystal meth.” Prior to the buy, Rose and his partner searched the
Douglases in his office. Regarding Katrina’s search, the agent said that there was no female officer
present and no intrusive cavity search was conducted. Instead, as was done with most females, Rose
explained that:

[Katrina] had on a baggy shirt, if I remember. And we pat their pockets down. Make
them take everything out of their pockets, take their shoes off. And we ask her to just

1
Due to the witness and her husband sharing last names, we will utilize their first names in referring to them.
W e intend no disrespect by this procedure but do so to avoid continually repeating the full names of the witnesses.

2
At the time of the trial, the Douglases were divorced and Jeremy’s whereabouts were unknown. Consequently,
Jeremy did not testify at trial.

3
Although she first denied ever working for the drug task force, Katrina later acknowledged signing a
confidential source agreement with the task force.

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 grab her bra strap in the middle and pull it out and pop it two or three times. That’s
just so nothing can be hid, you know. There’s no way.

As for Jeremy, the officers “searched him, [they] patted him down, took his shoes off, socks off,
everything.” The officers also searched the Douglases’ van by checking all the places where drugs
could be hidden, such as the “ashtrays, the doors, underneath the seats, [and] the panels.”

Rose said after searching the couple and their van, he put a Kel set, which is “a two-part
listening device,” on Jeremy, which enabled the officers to hear and record the transaction through
a receiver in their car. Rose gave Jeremy a one-hundred-dollar bill and told the Douglases to park
their van at the Penny Pantry. After parking the van, Katrina walked across the street while Jeremy
raised the van’s hood so that passersby would think he was working on the van. The agent then
watched the defendant walk up to the van, talk to Jeremy, and lean inside the van through the
passenger door. After the defendant left, Jeremy drove across the street to pick up Katrina, who then
drove them back to Agent Rose’s office. Rose said he had visual contact on the Douglases the entire
time. Once at the office, Jeremy gave Rose a “plastic baggy with some off-white, round-type
substance” that had a very strong odor and field-tested positive for methamphetamine. Rose said
he again searched the Douglases and their van and did not find the $100 he had given Jeremy earlier.

Rose filmed the entire encounter on a hand-held eight-millimeter camera, which he later
converted to VHS format. Rose explained that a transcriptionist then transcribed the tape, which he
believed was an accurate reflection of the drug transaction. The videotape and transcript were both
entered into evidence and given to the jury. After the tape was played for the jury, Rose testified that
he believed he heard the defendant say, “I just got through washing” and explained that “washing”
is the final stage of producing crystal methamphetamine.

Agent Rose testified that he was familiar with the manufacture of methamphetamine and
explained that anhydrous ammonia, a main component of the drug, is a liquid fertilizer with a smell
that “will take your breath away.” He further elaborated that the smell “would be equivalent to
probably 20 or 30 times household cleaning ammonia, with kind of a chemical odor to it” and that
being around methamphetamine while it is being manufactured would “absolutely” make a person
smell.

On cross-examination, Agent Rose acknowledged that although he believed he heard the
defendant on the videotape say “I just got done washing it,” neither he nor the transcriptionist heard
it earlier and it was not, in fact, part of the transcript. Asked about Jeremy, Rose said he had met him
several times before but only signed him up as a confidential informant the day before the drug
transaction with the defendant. Asked if Jeremy was paid for his participation, Rose said that his
books were being audited and he could not remember if the informant had been paid. Asked about
the searches conducted on the Douglases, Rose said neither he nor his partner actually patted Katrina
down, instead they “just had her turn her pockets out” and remove her socks and shoes. Rose also
acknowledged the search of Jeremy was a “cursory pat-down” but reiterated that he had “never had
[an informant] bring dope to a drug deal, . . . [t]here’s too big a chance of getting caught.” Asked

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about the recorded transaction, Rose explained he started to record from the moment the defendant
pulled up and started to walk toward the informants’ van. Rose did not record the drive back to his
office because “there was no need to.”

Agent Rose acknowledged that Jeremy was not present in court, that he had not talked to him
in several months, and that he did not know Jeremy’s whereabouts. Rose said he was aware that the
informant had a drug problem and that he was in fact “using meth.” The day of the drug transaction,
Jeremy denied being under the influence of any drugs and Rose did not think he appeared to be
either. Rose said the bag containing the methamphetamine was not checked for fingerprints because
“[i]t’s almost impossible to lift the prints off of [a plastic bag containing the drug] because of the
chemicals that are in crystal meth.”

Erica Katherine, a forensic psychiatrist with the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime
Laboratory, testified that her analysis of the contents of the plastic bag that the informant received
from the defendant “revealed that the contents contained methamphetamine, which is a Schedule II,
at 0.8 grams.” On cross-examination, Katherine said she had no knowledge of whether
methamphetamine can “leak through plastic and destroy fingerprints.”

Defense Proof

Mark Thomas, Jeremy Douglas’ roommate, testified that he took Jeremy to meet Katrina on
January 6, 2004, and that Jeremy returned home that evening with a tool set he got from the
defendant. Thomas said he and Jeremy used the tools to change the spark plugs in Katrina’s van.
Thomas recalled seeing Jeremy with methamphetamines as they left to go meet Katrina. Thomas
acknowledged that he had previously been “busted with possession of crystal meth” but stated that
he no longer used drugs.

Patricia Bogenschneider, the defendant’s girlfriend, recalled going with the defendant to meet
Jeremy at the Penny Pantry on January 6, 2004. She said Jeremy called them and said that his van
was disabled and asked the defendant to come look at it. Bogenschneider testified that the defendant
brought Jeremy some tools but denied seeing the defendant with any plastic bags or drugs.

The defendant testified that he met Jeremy at the Penny Pantry on January 6, 2004, because
Jeremy needed to borrow some tools to fix his van. The defendant denied that he had heard of the
term “wash” but said he had washed his car that day. He said that he and Jeremy had “talked about
experimenting making crystal meth” but “never got around to doing it.” The defendant
acknowledged smoking a “joint” before he met Jeremy and having “had a few joints in [his] pocket.”
He denied delivering or selling any drugs to Jeremy.

On cross-examination, the defendant acknowledged that “[a]nhydrous is used to cook crystal
meth” and that it has a very distinctive smell that “will knock you out.” Although he did not recall
saying, “I need some anhydrous” to Jeremy, he acknowledged he may have said it. He also

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acknowledged telling Jeremy that he had a “pocketful of dope” but said he meant marijuana, not
methamphetamine.

ANALYSIS

I. Introduction of Transcript

The defendant argues that the transcript made of the controlled drug transaction should not
have been entered into evidence because it violated Tennessee Rule of Evidence 602, the
confrontation clause, and the best evidence rule. The State argues because “the defendant never
raised a Confrontation Clause objection in the trial court, nor raised any of these claims at all in his
motion for a new trial, he has waived the claims.” We agree with the State.

At trial, the following transcription of the controlled drug transaction was entered into
evidence:

CS 0025:4 Are you in a hurry[?]

[The defendant]: Yeah, I don’t like it up here.

CS [0025]: Oh I hear you there. Look, I want to talk to you about this and, is it
hitting?

[The defendant]: Yeah.

CS 0025: Okay. You stink man, you smell like that shit bad.

[The defendant]: Do I?

CS 0025: Hell yeah, hell. Hey don’t talk about in front of Mark or nothing but if you
need someone to cook that shit, let me know cause I got.

[The defendant]: If I what?

CS 0025: Anywhere to cook that shit, let me know cause I got.

[The defendant]: I might just need that man.

CS 0025: Uh.

[The defendant]: I might need that in a couple of days.

4
CS 0025 is Jeremy Douglas.

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 CS 0025: All right well uh.

[The defendant]: I need some anhydrous[.]

CS 0025: You do what.

[The defendant]: I’ll go with you, I need some anhydrous.

CS 0025: All right[,] well uh.

[The defendant]: I’m gonna go[,] I’ve got a pocket full of dope buddy, I’m sorry, but
hey I’ll be at Mark’s in about an hour or two.

CS 0025: All right, he’s spooked.

[The defendant]: [.]

CS 0025: I’ll give it back to you. He’s spooked like a son-of-bitch.

Upon the State’s motion to enter the transcript into evidence, defense counsel made the following
objection:

Your Honor, we object to the introduction of his version of what was
happening. Again, the best evidence would be what was the tape. We don’t have the
transcriptionist here, and certainly there are dashes and things in there that apparently
may reflect interpretation of what was said. And we submit that simply the best
evidence would be looking at the tape. It’s here. The volume can be turned up. And
although it would help maybe the State’s case to be able to argue in closing
argument, “Here is the transcription; this is what we say you heard,” that, as far as the
evidence, comprises hearsay and is not the best evidence of what happened. If you
ask for an ultimate conclusion, that’s the province of the jury as to what was said on
that tape, rather than the interpretation by the officer. We object to the introduction
of his version of the statement itself, and say the jury should simply listen to the tape,
hear it, and value it for what it’s worth.

As the State points out, the defendant did not object to the introduction of the transcript based
on the Confrontation Clause.5 In addition, in his motion for a new trial, the defendant only
challenged the sufficiency of the evidence and did not challenge the introduction of the transcript.
Accordingly, we agree with the State that the defendant has waived consideration of this issue on
appeal. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (“Nothing in this rule shall be construed as requiring relief be

5
Although the defense objected that the transcriptionist was not there, we read the thrust of the objection as
being a Best Evidence Rule.

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granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was reasonably
available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.”); Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e) (providing that
“no issue . . . shall be predicated upon error in the admission or exclusion of evidence, jury
instructions granted or refused, misconduct of jurors, parties or counsel, or other action committed
or occurring during the trial of the case, or other ground upon which a new trial is sought, unless the
same was specifically stated in a motion for a new trial”).

In addition, even accepting, arguendo, that the transcript should not have been admitted, we
find the admittance to constitute harmless error. After admitting the transcript into evidence, the trial
court gave the jury the following limited instructions:

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, as indicated, this is for you, to help you
determine what is said. But if you determine something is said on the tape that’s
different than the typed version, then you’re to go by what you interpret as being said
on the videotape. If you find it not helpful to you, you don’t have to use it. If you
find it helpful to you, you can look at it, either way.

In light of this jury instruction to rely on the videotape and not the transcript to determine what was
said, we find this issue to be without merit.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The defendant argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to convict him
because it essentially amounted to circumstantial evidence that failed to logically imply a criminal
act occurred. He elaborates that “[o]nly through conjecture and speculation could the jurors find
anything to support a finding that the [defendant] ever had the controlled substance . . . in his
possession.” The State argues the evidence was sufficient to support the conviction. We agree with
the State.

When the sufficiency of the convicting evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the
reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond
a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L .Ed. 2d 560,
573 (1979); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the
trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier
of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92 (Tenn. 1992);
State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

Circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction in Tennessee. State
v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987); State v. Jones, 901 S.W.2d 393, 396 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995). If based entirely on circumstantial evidence, however, the evidence “‘must be
not only consistent with the guilt of the accused but it must also be inconsistent with his innocence
and must exclude every other reasonable theory or hypothesis except that of guilt.’” Tharpe, 726

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S.W.2d at 900 (quoting Pruitt v. State, 460 S.W.2d 385, 390 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1970)). The
standard for appellate review is the same whether the conviction is based on direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Matthews,
805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).

All questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the
evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d
620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge,
accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory
of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). A jury conviction removes the
presumption of innocence with which a defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of
guilt, so that on appeal, a convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is
insufficient. See State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

To obtain a conviction for delivery of a Schedule II controlled substance, methamphetamine,
the State was required to show beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly delivered
methamphetamine to the informant. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(2) (Supp. 2005).
“Deliver” or “delivery” is defined as “the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from one person
to another of a controlled substance, whether or not there is an agency relationship.” Id. § 39-17-
402(6) (Supp. 2005).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was sufficient to support the
defendant’s conviction for delivery of methamphetamine. The proof at trial established that
undercover drug task officers arranged for confidential informants to make a controlled
methamphetamine purchase from the defendant. The officers searched the informants and their van
prior to the drug buy and did not find any type of illegal drugs. During the drug transaction, which
was recorded, the defendant discussed making “crystal meth” with the informant. The defendant
also acknowledged telling the informant he had a “pocketful of dope.” One informant, Katrina
Douglas, testified that after the transaction was completed, the other informant, Jeremy Douglas,
showed her a plastic bag containing an “off-white color” substance and said that her van had a very
strong chemical odor that was not there prior to the drug buy. After the transaction, Jeremy Douglas
gave the drug task force officers the plastic bag which contained .8 grams of methamphetamine. The
officers searched the informants and their van once again and found no traces of drugs or the $100
that was used to buy the drug. Under these circumstances, a rational jury could have concluded that
the defendant delivered the methamphetamine to the informant. We conclude, therefore, that the
evidence presented in this case was sufficient to sustain the defendant’s conviction.

The defendant argues, among other things, that the evidence failed to show that the
informants did not have methamphetamine on their persons prior to meeting with the defendant. He
argues Agent Rose failed to conduct a “meaningful” search of the informants or their van, either
before or after the drug transaction, and that the evidence, at most, shows only that Jeremy Douglas
was a methamphetamine addict who had the drug on him prior to meeting with the drug task force.
Although there was conflicting testimony in this case, “[q]uestions concerning the credibility of

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witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the evidence,
are for the trier of fact; appellate courts do not reweigh the evidence or reevaluate credibility
determinations.” State v. Flake, 88 S.W.3d 540, 554 (Tenn. 2002) (citing State v. Holder, 15 S.W.3d
905, 912 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999)). The jury obviously gave more weight to Katrina Douglas’ and
Agent Rose’s testimony, stating that Jeremy Douglas did not have drugs on him prior to the drug
transaction with the defendant, than it did to Mark Thomas’ testimony that Jeremy Douglas did in
fact have methamphetamine on him that day. This was within the jury’s right to do so and this court
cannot second-guess these findings. Accordingly, this argument is without merit.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

___________________________________
ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE

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