Roberto Tyrone Chatman v. Commonwealth of Virginia

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
PUBLISHED

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder, Frank, Humphreys, Kelsey, Petty, Beales, Alston,
McCullough, Huff and Chafin
Argued at Richmond, Virginia

ROBERTO TYRONE CHATMAN
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0858-11-2 JUDGE STEPHEN R. McCULLOUGH
MARCH 26, 2013
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

UPON REHEARING EN BANC

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DINWIDDIE COUNTY
Pamela S. Baskervill, Judge

C. Randall Stone (Stone Law Firm, PLC, on brief), for appellant.

Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General II (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires an appellant to include “with each assignment of error” “[a]n

exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the

alleged error has been preserved in the trial court.” Appellant filed a timely petition for appeal

that did not comply with this Rule. Nevertheless, he did file an amended petition for appeal,

after the deadline for filing his petition for appeal had passed, that satisfied the requirements of

Rule 5A:12(c)(1). We conclude that dismissal is not required based on appellant’s initial failure

to comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1). On the merits of the questions presented, we hold that

Chatman was properly convicted of abduction and malicious wounding and we thus affirm his

convictions.

BACKGROUND

Chatman was angry at his wife because she had taken out a criminal complaint against

him. As she tried to iron some clothes, he began yelling at her, telling her that she had “ruined
his life.” App. at 31. He turned violent, breaking two ironing boards. The couple began to

struggle over the iron. Appellant, who had boxed for eight years while in the military, struck her

and “just kept hitting [her] and hitting [her].” She was crying and was in a great deal of pain.

She testified that he sat on top of her and struck her with his fists, and “when he got tired of

hitting me with his fist, he started beating me with the iron.” App. at 32. He then renewed the

assault with his fist. She fell in and out of consciousness. The beating started on a Friday night,

and she thought it ended on the morning of the following day.

The following day, she repeatedly asked him to call for help. Although she felt that she

could move, she could not see anything. She also stated that she could not leave the house on

her own. Both of her eyes were swollen shut. Appellant had taken off her clothes, so she was

naked. He initially refused to call for help. He told her that “right now, I just want to stay here

and hold you.” App. at 34. Mrs. Chatman said she “was scared because [she] didn’t know what

was going to happen because [she] didn’t know if his rage and anger [were] going to come back

and hurt [her] so [she] was scared.” App. at 37. Chatman later told the police that he disabled

the phone lines. 1

Appellant eventually did dress his wife and call an ambulance. He told the dispatcher

that he had “beat her up” and that she was hurt. App. at 64. Eventually, Mrs. Chatman heard

police officers at the door and called out for help. The deputy who responded at the scene found

her “in a zombie-like state.” App. at 52. She was “wobbly on her feet,” and her eyes were

“swollen shut.” App. at 52. Police found “dried blood all on the carpet,” blood spatter on the

wall, and noticed that the coffee table had been flipped. App. at 53. A metal ironing board was

“tipped over and bent.” App. at 56.

1
At trial, he testified that he hid the telephones before leaving.

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 The beating necessitated, among other things, stitches for Mrs. Chatman’s lip and a skin

graft for a burn on her arm. Some of her facial bones were fractured. At the time of trial, she

continued to suffer from headaches due to the concussion she experienced during the attack. Her

vision remains impaired.

Chatman later admitted that he had attacked his wife but stated that he loved her. At trial,

he did not dispute that there had been a physical altercation, but claimed that he “blacked out”

and could not remember much of what happened. App. at 83.

Chatman was convicted of aggravated malicious wounding, in violation of Code

§ 18.2-51.2(A), and abduction, in violation of Code § 18.2-47. 2 He filed his petition for appeal

with this Court, arguing that the trial court erred in various respects. This Court granted

Chatman’s petition for appeal and directed the parties to address the following additional

question:

Where, as here, the only petition for appeal filed within the time
period set out in Rule 5A:12(a) does not contain an exact reference
to the pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or record
where the alleged error was preserved in the trial court, as required
by Rule 5A:12(c)(1), does this Court have active jurisdiction to
consider the appeal in light of Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va.
339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011), and Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii)?

A divided panel of this Court held that it was without active jurisdiction to consider

Chatman’s appeal, and consequently dismissed it. The Court subsequently determined on its

own motion to rehear the appeal en banc, pursuant to Code § 17.1-402(D). 3

2
Chatman was also convicted of assault and battery of a family member, in violation of
Code § 18.2-57.2, but assigned no error pertinent to that conviction on appeal.
3
By determining to rehear the case en banc, the Court vacated the previous panel
decision. See Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 170, 622 S.E.2d 771, 772 (2005) (en
banc).

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 ANALYSIS

I. THIS COURT MAY, IN ITS DISCRETION, PERMIT A LITIGANT TO FILE A CORRECTED
PETITION FOR APPEAL TO REMEDY AN “EXACT REFERENCE” DEFECT UNDER RULE
5A:12(C)(1), PROVIDED THAT A TIMELY PETITION FOR APPEAL HAS BEEN FILED.

A. Procedural background

The trial court record in this case was received in the clerk’s office of this Court on June

21, 2011. Rule 5A:12(a) provides that “[w]hen an appeal to the Court of Appeals does not lie as

a matter of right, a petition for appeal must be filed with the clerk of this Court not more than 40

days after the filing of the record with the Court of Appeals.” Chatman’s petition for appeal,

therefore, was due by July 31, 2011. Rule 5A:12(a) also provides that “[a]n extension of 30 days

may be granted on motion in the discretion of this Court upon a showing of good cause sufficient

to excuse the delay.” See Rule 5A:3(c)(2) (providing that a motion for an extension of time for

filing a petition pursuant to Rule 5A:12(a) is timely “if filed . . . within the specified extension

period”); see also Code § 17.1-408 (not specifying when a motion for extension for filing a

petition must be filed or granted). Chatman filed a motion for an extension of time on July 27,

2011. This Court granted that motion on August 11, 2011, extending the deadline for the filing

of Chatman’s petition to August 30, 2011. On August 29, 2011, Chatman filed his petition for

appeal. Chatman failed to include with the assignment of error any reference to the place in the

record where the alleged error was raised in the trial court. Therefore, the petition for appeal did

not comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1), which requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the

transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the

trial court . . . shall be included with each assignment of error.”

On September 6, 2011, the clerk’s office of this Court notified Chatman of this and other

deficiencies in his petition and directed him to submit a replacement petition within 10 days.

Chatman submitted a replacement petition on September 16, 2011, that again failed to contain

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page references to where he had preserved the alleged errors in the trial court. On September 20,

2011, this Court entered an order requiring Chatman to file a second replacement petition in

compliance with Rule 5A:12(c)(1). Chatman then filed a second replacement petition. This

second replacement complied with Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

Unquestionably, when the petition for appeal was filed, it did not comply with Rule

5A:12(c)(1). That Rule required, in conjunction with the assignments of error, that appellant

note the exact place in the record where the alleged error was preserved in the trial court.

Appellant did eventually correct this defect, albeit after the time for filing his petition for appeal

had passed. The initial question before us is whether this Court may permit an appellant to file

an amended petition for appeal, after the deadline for filing a petition for appeal has passed, that

contains the required exact citation to the part of the record where the alleged error was raised in

the trial court.

B. The plain language of Rule 5A:12(c)(1)

The plain text of Rule 5A:12(c)(1) draws a clear distinction between “the assignment of

error” and the separate but related requirement that an appellant point out where the alleged error

was preserved in the trial court. The requirement to provide “[a]n exact reference to the pages of

the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved”

must be included “with” the assignment of error – the exact page reference is not the assignment

of error. These two separate requirements serve different roles. The purpose of the assignment

of error is to alert the appellate court and opposing counsel to the precise error allegedly

committed below and to limit review to that issue. The requirement of providing an exact

reference to where the issue was preserved helps the appellate court to grant review only for

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cases where the issue was preserved, or where the ends of justice exception applies. We decline

to conflate these distinct components of the Rule.

Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) does not state “[i]f the assignments of error are insufficient or

otherwise fail to comply with the requirements of this Rule, or appellant fails to comply with the

requirement to provide an exact reference to where the alleged error has been preserved, the

petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” The specific language of the Rule calls for dismissal for

insufficient or otherwise noncompliant assignments of error. In other words, the dismissal

remedy triggered by the language “or otherwise fail to comply with the requirements of this

Rule” applies only to “assignments of error.” For example, an assignment of error, in addition to

being “insufficient,” i.e. too broad, could be unclear, inconsistent, or contain “extraneous

argument.” Therefore, the failure to include “with each assignment of error” “[a]n exact

reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged

error has been preserved in the trial court” does not mandate dismissal.

C. Neither the statute nor the Rule forecloses this Court from allowing a litigant
to correct a defect under Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

Code § 17.1-408 provides in relevant part that

[t]he petition for appeal in a criminal case shall be filed not more
than forty days after the filing of the record with the Court of
Appeals. However, a thirty-day extension may be granted in the
discretion of the court in order to attain the ends of justice. When
an appeal from an interlocutory decree or order is permitted in a
criminal case, the petition for appeal shall be presented within the
forty-day time limitation provided in this section.

(Emphasis added).

Similarly, Rule 5A:12(a) provides that

[w]hen an appeal to the Court of Appeals does not lie as a matter
of right, a petition for appeal must be filed with the Clerk of this
Court not more than 40 days after the filing of the record with the

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 Court of Appeals. An extension of 30 days may be granted on
motion in the discretion of this Court upon a showing of good
cause sufficient to excuse the delay.

A petition for appeal that is filed after the deadline must be dismissed. See Upshur v.

Haynes Furniture Co., 228 Va. 595, 597, 324 S.E.2d 653, 654 (1985) (per curiam). Appellant

here did not file a late petition for appeal. Neither Code § 17.1-408 nor Rule 5A:12(a) specifies

that the petition for appeal must be free of all defects in order to be timely filed. Nothing in this

statute or this Rule prohibits a court from considering, and where appropriate, granting, a motion

to correct a defect with regard to pointing out where in the record the issue raised on appeal was

preserved.

In fact, both this Court and the Supreme Court of Virginia routinely have permitted or

ordered litigants to file amended briefs to correct a range of deficiencies, such as typographical

errors or pages inadvertently omitted during the printing process. See, e.g., Rowe v.

Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 500, 675 S.E.2d 161, 164 (2009) (noting that the Court of Appeals

twice required appellant to file a new petition for appeal to bring it into conformity with the

Rules). This practice in Virginia’s appellate courts is consistent with the understanding that

appellate courts have the authority and the discretion to permit a litigant to file a corrected

petition for appeal, at least with regard to some defects.

D. Failure to include “with each assignment of error” “[a]n exact reference to the
pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged
error has been preserved in the trial court” under Rule 5A:12(c)(1) does not
deprive the appellate court of active jurisdiction.

In Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011) (per curiam), the

Supreme Court held that a defective assignment of error deprives the court of “active

jurisdiction.” Id. at 339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97. The consequence of such a defect is dismissal of

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the appeal. 4 Here, as we note above, the defect did not lie with the assignments of error proper,

but rather with the separate, supporting requirement under Rule 5A:12(c)(1) that appellant

include in the petition for appeal “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written

statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court.”

Therefore, Davis is not controlling.

Providing the Court with a reference to the place in the record where an issue was

preserved is certainly important, and it is mandated by the Rules. But failing to meet this

requirement is conceptually distinct from defects in the assignment of error. Therefore, we see

no reason why an appellate court would be deprived of its active jurisdiction to adjudicate this

appeal – or why it could not require or permit a litigant to correct the defect by filing an amended

petition for appeal.

E. Reflexive dismissal for defects under Rule 5A:12(c)(1) would be unwarranted.

As we note in the companion case, Whitt v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. App. ___, ___

S.E.2d ___ (this day decided) (en banc), dismissal is a harsh remedy. The responsibility for

filing a corrected petition for appeal falls on the attorney. The consequences of dismissing an

appeal fall hardest on the client, even though the mistake was made by counsel. It is up to the

client, who must now navigate an unfamiliar legal process, to see to it that the dismissed appeal

is reinstated. Some appeals will never be reinstated. Others will be reinstated, but only after a

delay of many months. The prompt and efficient administration of justice is best served by

permitting a simple amendment to correct a defect under Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

4
As we note in Whitt v. Commonwealth, ___ Va. App. ___, ___ S.E.2d ___ (this day
decided) (en banc), some defects are amenable to correction so as to enable the appellate court to
exercise its active jurisdiction.

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 We therefore conclude that appellant, who timely filed a petition for appeal, can file an

amended petition for appeal, even after the deadline for filing the petition for appeal had passed,

that corrects the defect under Rule 5A:12(c)(1). We now proceed to address the merits of

Chatman’s appeal.

II. THE EVIDENCE IS SUFFICIENT TO ESTABLISH CHATMAN’S GUILT.

Chatman contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove abduction and malicious

wounding. We find his arguments unpersuasive.

A. Abduction

Chatman argues the evidence was insufficient to support his abduction conviction

because he lacked an intent to abduct and any detention of the victim was incidental to the

assault. When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, we

“presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct” and reverse only if the trial court’s

decision is “plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 39

Va. App. 96, 99, 570 S.E.2d 875, 876-77 (2002). Even if our opinion were to differ, we do not

“substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App.

375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002). The relevant question, “after reviewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the prosecution,” is “whether any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Sullivan v.

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 672, 676, 701 S.E.2d 61, 63 (2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “This standard of review applies not only to the historical facts

themselves, but the inferences from those facts as well.” McEachern v. Commonwealth, 52

Va. App. 679, 684 n.2, 667 S.E.2d 343, 345 n.2 (2008) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

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 Code § 18.2-47(A), under which Chatman was convicted, provides:

Any person who, by force, intimidation or deception, and without
legal justification or excuse, seizes, takes, transports, detains or
secretes another person with the intent to deprive such other person
of his personal liberty or to withhold or conceal him from any
person, authority or institution lawfully entitled to his charge, shall
be deemed guilty of “abduction.”

“Intent is the purpose formed in a person’s mind and may be, and frequently is, shown by

circumstances[,]” including “[his] conduct” and “his statements.” Barrett v. Commonwealth,

210 Va. 153, 156, 169 S.E.2d 449, 451 (1969).

The specific intent to commit [a crime] may be inferred from the
conduct of the accused if such intent flows naturally from the
conduct proven. Where the conduct of the accused under the
circumstances involved points with reasonable certainty to a
specific intent to commit [the crime], the intent element is
established.

Wilson v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 95, 101, 452 S.E.2d 669, 674 (1995) (citation omitted).

The victim testified that she was scared because she did not know what was going to

happen and she did not know “when his rage and anger [were] going to come back and hurt

[her].” An abduction can occur by force or intimidation. Code § 18.2-47(A). The factfinder

reasonably could infer that appellant, by force or intimidation, intended to and did prevent

Mrs. Chatman from leaving the home against her will when he took off her clothes, refused to

seek help after rendering her helpless, insisted on holding her, and disabled or hid the telephones.

Moreover, the abduction was not intrinsic to the malicious wounding. The Supreme

Court has held that one accused of abduction by detention and another crime involving restraint

of the victim, both growing out of a continuing course of conduct, is subject upon conviction to

separate penalties for separate offenses only when the detention committed in the act of

abduction is separate and apart from, and not merely incidental to, the restraint employed in the

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commission of the other crime. Brown v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 310, 314, 337 S.E.2d 711,

713-14 (1985). Here, the conduct underlying the abduction conviction occurred after the

malicious wounding. Therefore, the abduction was “separate and apart from” the malicious

wounding and was not incidental to it. See, e.g., Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711,

720-24, 697 S.E.2d 14, 18-20 (2010); Fields v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 393, 632 S.E.2d 8

(2006).

B. Malicious Wounding

Chatman argues the evidence was not sufficient to prove he intended to maim, disfigure,

disable or kill the victim and, thus, does not support his malicious wounding conviction.

Chatman did not challenge his malicious wounding conviction in his motion to strike or closing

argument.

Under Rule 5A:18, “a challenge to the sufficiency of the Commonwealth’s evidence is

waived if not raised with some specificity in the trial court.” Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4

Va. App. 433, 435, 357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987). By failing to specifically challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting the malicious wounding charge, appellant waived his right

to raise that argument on appeal. See, e.g., Scott v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 35, 44-46, 707

S.E.2d 17, 22-23 (2011) (holding the defendant’s motion to strike the evidence as to one charge

did “not also function as a motion to strike” as to another charge). 5

5
To the extent appellant raises the ends of justice exception under Rule 5A:18, this
exception does not apply because the record does not affirmatively establish that an element of
the offense did not occur. See, e.g., Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 514, 680 S.E.2d
335, 340 (2009) (delineating the narrow circumstances under which the ends of justice exception
applies).

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 CONCLUSION

We affirm Chatman’s convictions for malicious wounding and abduction.

Affirmed.

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Petty, J., with whom Frank, Humphreys, and Huff, JJ., join, dissenting.

I believe that Chatman failed to comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1). Moreover, in light of the

Supreme Court’s published order in Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796

(2011), I also believe that this failure requires us to dismiss Chatman’s appeal for lack of active

jurisdiction. Accordingly, I dissent.

Rule 5A:12(a) states that “[w]hen an appeal to the Court of Appeals does not lie as a

matter of right, a petition for appeal must be filed with the clerk of this Court not more than 40

days after the filing of the record with the Court of Appeals.” The trial court record in this case

was received in the clerk’s office of this Court on June 21, 2011. Thus, Chatman’s petition for

appeal was originally due by July 31, 2011. However, Rule 5A:12(a) also provides that “[a]n

extension of 30 days may be granted on motion in the discretion of this Court upon a showing of

good cause sufficient to excuse the delay.” See Rule 5A:3(c)(2) (providing that a motion for an

extension of time for filing a petition pursuant to Rule 5A:12(a) is timely “if filed . . . within the

specified extension period”); see also Code § 17.1-408 (not specifying when a motion for

extension for filing a petition must be filed or granted). Chatman filed a motion for an extension

of time on July 27, 2011, and this Court granted that motion on August 11, 2011, extending the

deadline for the filing of Chatman’s petition to August 30, 2011. On August 29, 2011, Chatman

filed his original petition for appeal.

Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written

statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court . . . shall

be included with each assignment of error.” The assignments of error in Chatman’s original

petition contained no such references. On September 6, 2011, the clerk’s office notified

Chatman of this and other deficiencies in his petition and directed him to submit a replacement

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petition within ten days. On September 16, 2011, Chatman submitted a replacement petition that

again failed to contain page references to where he had preserved the alleged errors in the trial

court. On September 20, 2011, this Court entered an order requiring Chatman to file a second

replacement petition in compliance with Rule 5A:12(c)(1). Chatman then filed a second

replacement petition. 6

After our order directing Chatman to file a second replacement petition to correct the

deficient assignments of error, the Supreme Court entered a published order in the case of Davis

v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011). 7 In Davis, the Supreme Court

dismissed an appeal for failure to comply with Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii). Rule 5:17 is the Supreme

Court’s counterpart to this Court’s Rule 5A:12. Under Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii), “When appeal is

taken from a judgment of the Court of Appeals, only assignments of error relating to assignments

of error presented in, and to actions taken by, the Court of Appeals may be included in the

petition for appeal to [the Supreme] Court.” The assignment of error in Davis alleged error in

the trial court rather than in this Court, thereby violating the Rule’s directive. Under Rule 5:17,

“An assignment of error that does not address the findings or rulings in the . . . tribunal from

which an appeal is taken . . . is not sufficient. If the assignments of error are insufficient, the

petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii) (emphasis added).

6
Heretofore, it had been this Court’s practice to permit amendments to non-conforming
petitions for appeal after the filing deadline had passed. Indeed, the language of former Rule
5A:12(c) before the July 1, 2010 amendments contained no mention of dismissal for failure to
comply with its requirements. However, with the amendment of Rule 5A:12(c) to mandate
dismissal of a petition “[i]f the assignments of error . . . fail to comply with the requirements of
this Rule,” Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), coupled with the Supreme Court’s recent interpretation and
application of such mandatory dismissal language in Davis, I do not believe that our previous
practice is permissible. Henceforth, I believe that we must dismiss a petition for appeal
containing assignments of error that fail to comply with the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1) if
not corrected prior to the deadline for filing.
7
The Supreme Court denied Davis’s petition for rehearing on January 20, 2012.

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 Accordingly, pursuant to the dictates of Rule 5:17, the Supreme Court dismissed the

appeal in Davis because the assignment of error “[did] not address any finding or ruling of the

Court of Appeals.” Davis, 282 Va. at 340, 717 S.E.2d at 797. As the Supreme Court explained,

“[b]y prescribing dismissal of the appeal, [Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii)] establishe[s] that the inclusion of

sufficient assignments of error is a mandatory procedural requirement and that the failure to

comply with this requirement deprives [the Supreme] Court of its active jurisdiction 8 to consider

the appeal.” Id. at 339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97 (emphasis added) (citing Smith v. Commonwealth,

281 Va. 464, 467-68, 706 S.E.2d 889, 891-92 (2011); Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510,

518-19, 659 S.E.2d 311, 315-16 (2008)).

As I stated above, Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the

transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the

trial court . . . shall be included with each assignment of error.” With dismissal language

mirroring that in Rule 5:17, Rule 5A:12 provides: “If the assignments of error are insufficient or

otherwise fail to comply with the requirements of this Rule, the petition for appeal shall be

dismissed.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) (emphasis added). Because the Supreme Court has interpreted

Rule 5:17’s language, “shall be dismissed,” as prescribing mandatory dismissal for lack of active

8
The Supreme Court has explained that “subject matter jurisdiction, perhaps best
understood as the ‘potential’ jurisdiction of a court, . . . becomes ‘active’ jurisdiction . . . only
when various elements are present,” including subject matter jurisdiction, territorial jurisdiction,
notice jurisdiction, “‘and the other conditions of fact [that] must exist which are demanded by the
unwritten or statute law as the prerequisites of the authority of the court to proceed to judgment
or decree.’” Ghameshlouy v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 379, 388-89, 689 S.E.2d 698, 702-03
(2010) (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 344, 626 S.E.2d 374,
379 (2006)). Of course, any jurisdictional requirement other than subject matter jurisdiction may
be waived, and the absence of non-subject matter jurisdictional elements renders a resulting
judgment or opinion merely voidable, not void. See Porter v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 203,
228-29, 661 S.E.2d 415, 426-27 (2008).

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jurisdiction, I am left with no alternative but to conclude that our counterpart Rule 5A:12’s

identical language, “shall be dismissed,” also requires dismissal for lack of active jurisdiction. 9

Here, the only petition Chatman timely filed under Rule 5A:12(a) was the initial petition

filed on August 29, 2011. 10 As already noted, the assignments of error in this petition did not

contain any references to where Chatman had preserved the alleged errors in the proceedings

below. Thus, the assignments of error failed to comply with the requirements of Rule

5A:12(c)(1). Furthermore, because the initial petition was non-compliant, I do not believe that

we can consider an amended petition filed beyond the deadline. Cf. Wellmore Coal Corp. v.

Harman Mining Corp., 264 Va. 279, 283, 568 S.E.2d 671, 673 (2002) (per curiam) (holding that

an amended notice of appeal filed beyond the jurisdictional thirty-day period contained in Rule

5:9(a) was invalid where the original notice of appeal was defective). Therefore, as the Supreme

Court has instructed us, Chatman’s failure to comply with the Rule’s requirements “deprives this

Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal,” Davis, 282 Va. at 339, 717 S.E.2d at

796-97, and requires that we dismiss the appeal, see Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii). 11

9
While we may at times refer to the procedural rules applicable to proceedings in this
Court as “our Rules” or “the Rules of this Court,” see Rule 5A:1(b) (“These Rules may be cited
generally as the ‘Rules of the Court of Appeals of Virginia’ . . . .”), we recognize the Supreme
Court’s conclusion that the provisions of Part 5A of the Rules of the Supreme Court are
“precisely that—Rules of [the Supreme] Court,” LaCava v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 465, 471,
722 S.E.2d 838, 840 (2012). Accordingly, we are bound by that Court’s interpretation of the
Rules. See LaCava, 283 Va. at 469-71, 722 S.E.2d at 840.
10
Although Rule 5A:12(a) provides for the granting of a thirty-day extension, this Court
had already granted Chatman such an extension, extending the filing deadline for his petition
from July 31, 2011 to August 30, 2011. Thus, August 30, 2011 was the last day Chatman had on
which to file a conforming petition before we lost active jurisdiction over his appeal.
11
I note that in Jay, the Supreme Court appeared to limit the remedy of dismissal to
jurisdictional violations. 275 Va. at 517, 659 S.E.2d at 315 (“By dismissing rather than denying
the appeals, the Court of Appeals rendered the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e) jurisdictional.”).
Subsequently, in 2010, Rule 5:1A was added to the Rules of the Supreme Court, providing that

- 16 -
 The majority argues that by requiring that an exact page reference “shall be included with

each assignment of error,” Rule 5A:12(c)(1), the Supreme Court did not intend the page

reference to be a part of the assignment of error. However, “[t]he plain language used by the

[Supreme Court] controls our decision, unless that language is ambiguous or otherwise leads to

an absurd result.” Reston Hosp. Ctr. v. Remley, 59 Va. App. 96, 106, 717 S.E.2d 417, 422-23

(2011). Here, I do not believe that the plain meaning of the Rule permits such an interpretation.

The word “include” is defined as “to contain as a part of something.” Black’s Law Dictionary

831 (9th ed. 2009). Furthermore, the subsection requiring a page reference is entitled

“Assignments of Error.” Cf. Hawkins v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 261, 269, 497 S.E.2d 839,

842 (1998) (“A title may be read in an attempt to ascertain an act’s purpose, though it is no part

of the act itself.”). Both of these considerations certainly suggest to me that the Supreme Court

intended the page reference to be a necessary component of the assignment of error and not a

separate and distinct requirement.

“[the Supreme] Court may dismiss an appeal or impose such other penalty as it deems
appropriate for non-compliance with these Rules.” Rule 5:1A(a) (emphasis added); see also
Rule 5A:26 (“If an appellant fails to file a brief in compliance with these Rules, the Court of
Appeals may dismiss the appeal.” (emphasis added)). The new Rule also authorizes the Court,
prior to dismissal, to allow a party in violation a chance to correct most defects. See Rule
5:1A(a). Hence, this Rule raises the question of whether the remedy of dismissal continues to be
limited to jurisdictional violations. See McDowell v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 341, 343, 718
S.E.2d 772, 774 (2011) (dismissing an appeal for appellant’s failure to properly preserve an issue
in the trial court). However, in 2011, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding in Jay that “by
dismissing the appeal rather than denying it, the Court of Appeals erroneously rendered [Rule
5A:20(e)] jurisdictional.” Smith, 281 Va. at 468, 706 S.E.2d at 892. Moreover, the Court in
Davis cited both Jay and Smith in support of its holding that the dismissal language of Rule
5:17(c)(1)(iii) implies that insufficient assignments of error “deprive[] [the] Court of its active
jurisdiction to consider the appeal.” Davis, 282 Va. at 339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97. In light of the
Supreme Court’s repeated affirmation of the idea that dismissal implies lack of jurisdiction, I
believe that we are obligated to adhere to this principle in our analysis. But see Wilson v.
Commonwealth, No. 120440 (Va. Oct. 19, 2012) (holding that an appellant’s failure to comply
with Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii)’s requirement to assign error to the pertinent rulings of the Court of
Appeals instead of the findings of the trial court meant merely that appellant’s argument was
waived).

- 17 -
 Because Chatman failed to timely file a petition for appeal that complied with the

requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1), I would vacate the order granting his petition and dismiss his

appeal. 12

12
I recognize if this appeal were dismissed that Chatman would have the right to move
this Court for leave to pursue a delayed appeal, pursuant to Code § 19.2-321.1.

- 18 -
VIRGINIA:
In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Wednesday the 29th day of August, 2012.

Roberto Tyrone Chatman, Appellant,

against Record No. 0858-11-2
Circuit Court Nos. CR10-609, CR10-616 and CR10-617

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County

Donte Lavell Brooks, Appellant,

against Record No. 2708-10-1
Circuit Court No. CR09-4095

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake

Steve Whitt, Appellant,

against Record No. 0885-11-3
Circuit Court Nos. CR953-09 and CR954-09

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of Buchanan County

Before the Full Court

Pursuant to Code § 17.1-402(D), the Court, on its own motion, has decided to rehear these cases

en banc. The parties shall file briefs in compliance with Rule 5A:35(b). It is further ordered that the

appellant in each case shall file twelve additional copies of the appendix previously filed.
 In accordance therewith, the order entered herein on August 14, 2012 is stayed pending the

decisions of the Court en banc and the appeals are reinstated on the docket of this Court.

A Copy,

Teste:

original order signed by the Clerk of the
Court of Appeals of Virginia at the direction
of the Court

Clerk

-2-
VIRGINIA:
In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Tuesday the 14th day of August, 2012.

Roberto Tyrone Chatman, Appellant,

against Record No. 0858-11-2
Circuit Court Nos. CR10-609, CR10-616 and CR10-617

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of Dinwiddie County

Donte Lavell Brooks, Appellant,

against Record No. 2708-10-1
Circuit Court No. CR09-4095

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake

Steve Whitt, Appellant,

against Record No. 0885-11-3
Circuit Court Nos. CR953-09 and CR954-09

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

From the Circuit Court of Buchanan County

Before Judges Elder, Humphreys and Petty

In these three cases, 1 we address whether the appellants failed to comply with the requirements

of Rule 5A:12(c)(1) in their respective petitions for appeal, and if so, whether such failures require us to

dismiss the appeals. We conclude that each appellant failed to comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

Moreover, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent published order in Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va.

1
We consolidate these cases for purposes of decision only.
339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011), we also conclude that we consequently must dismiss the appeals for lack of

jurisdiction.

Roberto Tyrone Chatman, No. 0858-11-2

Roberto Tyrone Chatman appeals his convictions of aggravated malicious wounding, in violation

of Code § 18.2-51.2(A), and abduction, in violation of Code § 18.2-47. 2 Chatman argues that the trial

court erred in various respects. We granted Chatman’s petition for appeal and directed the parties to

address the following additional question:

Where, as here, the only petition for appeal filed within the time period set
out in Rule 5A:12(a) does not contain an exact reference to the pages of
the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error
was preserved in the trial court, as required by Rule 5A:12(c)(1), does this
Court have active jurisdiction to consider the appeal in light of Davis v.
Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011), and Rule
5A:12(c)(1)(ii)?

Because we now conclude that we are without jurisdiction to consider Chatman’s appeal, we

dismiss it.

Rule 5A:12(a) states that “[w]hen an appeal to the Court of Appeals does not lie as a matter of

right, a petition for appeal must be filed with the clerk of this Court not more than 40 days after the

filing of the record with the Court of Appeals.” The trial court record in Chatman’s case was received in

the clerk’s office of this Court on June 21, 2011. Thus, Chatman’s petition for appeal was originally due

by July 31, 2011. However, Rule 5A:12(a) also provides that “[a]n extension of 30 days may be granted

on motion in the discretion of this Court upon a showing of good cause sufficient to excuse the delay.”

See Rule 5A:3(c)(2) (providing a motion for extension of time for filing a petition pursuant to Rule

5A:12(a) is timely “if filed . . . with the specified extension period”); see also Code § 17.1-408 (not

specifying when a motion for extension for filing a petition must be filed or granted). Chatman filed a

motion for an extension of time on July 27, 2011, and this Court granted the motion on August 11, 2011,

2
Chatman was also convicted of assault and battery of a family member, in violation of Code
§ 18.2-57.2, but he has not assigned error to anything pertinent to that conviction on appeal.

-2-
extending the deadline for the filing of Chatman’s petition to August 30, 2011. On August 29, 2011,

Chatman filed his original petition for appeal.

Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written

statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court . . . shall be

included with each assignment of error.” The assignments of error in Chatman’s original petition did

not contain any such references. On September 6, 2011, the clerk’s office notified Chatman of this and

other deficiencies in his petition and directed him to submit a replacement petition within 10 days. On

September 16, 2011, Chatman submitted a replacement petition that again failed to contain page

references to where he had preserved the alleged errors in the trial court. On September 20, 2011, this

Court entered an order requiring Chatman to file a second replacement petition in compliance with Rule

5A:12(c)(1). Chatman then filed a second replacement petition.

After our order directing Chatman to file a second replacement petition to correct the deficient

assignments of error, the Supreme Court entered a published order in the case of Davis v.

Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011). 3 In Davis, the Supreme Court dismissed an

appeal for failure to comply with Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii). Rule 5:17 is the Supreme Court’s counterpart to

this Court’s Rule 5A:12. Under Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii), “When appeal is taken from a judgment of the

Court of Appeals, only assignments of error relating to assignments of error presented in, and to actions

taken by, the Court of Appeals may be included in the petition for appeal to [the Supreme] Court.” The

assignment of error in Davis alleged error in the trial court rather than in this Court, thereby violating the

rule’s directive. Under Rule 5:17, “An assignment of error that does not address the findings or rulings

in the . . . tribunal from which an appeal is taken . . . is not sufficient. If the assignments of error are

insufficient, the petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii) (emphasis added).

Accordingly, pursuant to the dictates of Rule 5:17, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal in

Davis, because the assignment of error “[did] not address any finding or ruling of the Court of Appeals.”

3
The Supreme Court denied Davis’s petition for rehearing on January 20, 2012.
-3-
Davis, 282 Va. at 340, 717 S.E.2d at 797. As the Supreme Court explained, “[b]y prescribing dismissal

of the appeal, [Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii)] establishe[s] that the inclusion of sufficient assignments of error is a

mandatory procedural requirement and that the failure to comply with this requirement deprives [the

Supreme] Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal.” Id. at 339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97

(emphasis added) (citing Smith v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 464, 467-68, 706 S.E.2d 889, 891-92

(2011); Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 518-19, 659 S.E.2d 311, 315-16 (2008)).

As we have stated above, Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the

transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial

court . . . shall be included with each assignment of error.” With dismissal language mirroring that in

Rule 5:17, Rule 5A:12 provides: “If the assignments of error are insufficient or otherwise fail to comply

with the requirements of this Rule, the petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii)

(emphasis added). Because the Supreme Court has interpreted Rule 5:17’s language, “shall be

dismissed,” as prescribing mandatory dismissal for lack of active jurisdiction, we are left with no

alternative but to conclude that our counterpart Rule 5A:12’s identical language, “shall be dismissed,”

also requires dismissal for lack of active jurisdiction. 4

Heretofore, it has often been this Court’s practice to permit amendments to non-conforming

petitions for appeal after the filing deadline has passed. Indeed, the language of former Rule 5A:12(c)

before the July 1, 2010 amendments contained no mention of dismissal for failure to comply with its

requirements. 5 However, with the amendment of Rule 5A:12(c) to mandate dismissal of a petition “[i]f

4
While we may at times refer to the procedural rules applicable to proceedings in this Court as
“our Rules” or “the Rules of this Court,” we recognize the Supreme Court’s conclusion that the
provisions of Part 5A of the Rules of the Supreme Court are “precisely that – Rules of [the Supreme]
Court.” LaCava v. Commonwealth, 283 Va. 465, 471, 722 S.E.2d 838, 840 (2012). Accordingly, we
are bound by that Court’s interpretation of the Rules. See id. at 469-71, 722 S.E.2d at 840.
5
Prior to the 2010 amendments, Rule 5A:12(c) simply required the petition for appeal to
conform to the requirements for an appellant’s opening brief as set forth in Rule 5A:20. Neither Rule
5A:12(c) nor Rule 5:17(c) (nor Rule 5A:20, for that matter) prescribed dismissal for failure to conform
to its requirements, except for the fact that Rule 5:17(c) prescribed dismissal for failure to include any
assignments of error at all. However, in July 2010, the Rules were significantly amended and Rules
-4-
the assignments of error . . . fail to comply with the requirements of this Rule,” Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii),

coupled with the Supreme Court’s recent interpretation and application of such mandatory dismissal

language in Davis, we acknowledge that our previous practice is no longer permissible. Hence, we

acknowledge that we now must dismiss a petition for appeal containing assignments of error that fail to

comply with the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

Here, the only petition Chatman timely filed under Rule 5A:12(a) was the initial petition filed on

August 29, 2011. 6 As already noted, the assignments of error in this petition did not contain any

references to where Chatman had preserved the alleged errors in the proceedings below. Thus, the

assignments of error failed to comply with the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1). Furthermore, because

the initial petition was non-compliant, we cannot consider an amended petition filed beyond the

deadline. Cf. Wellmore Coal Corp. v. Harman Mining Corp., 264 Va. 279, 283, 568 S.E.2d 671, 673

(2002) (per curiam) (holding that an amended notice of appeal filed beyond the jurisdictional 30-day

period contained in Rule 5:9(a) was invalid where the original notice of appeal was defective).

Therefore, as the Supreme Court has instructed us, Chatman’s failure to comply with the rule’s

requirements “deprives this Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal,” Davis, 282 Va. at

339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97, and requires that we dismiss the appeal, see Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii). 7

5:17 and 5A:12 rewritten. The 2010 amendments were proposed by the Appellate Rules Advisory
Committee established by then Chief Justice Hassell and chaired by Justice Lemons. One of the goals of
the Committee was “to harmonize the rules in the Court of Appeals with the rules in the Supreme
Court.” Kent Sinclair, Appellate Rules Revisions, The Va. State Bar Professional Guidelines, 1 (May 5,
2010), http://www.vsb.org/ docs/SCV-appellate-rules-05-05-10.pdf. Accordingly, excepting a few
minor differences not relevant here, Rule 5:17(c)(1) and Rule 5A:12(c)(1) now contain identical
mandatory dismissal language, and we must interpret the language in Rule 5A:12(c)(1) in the same way
the Supreme Court has interpreted this language in Rule 5:17(c)(1).
6
Although Rule 5A:12(a) provides for the granting of a thirty-day extension, this Court had
already granted Chatman such an extension, extending the filing deadline for his petition from July 31,
2011 to August 30, 2011. Thus, August 30, 2011 was the last day Chatman had on which to file a
conforming petition before we lost active jurisdiction over his appeal.
7
We note that in Jay, the Supreme Court appeared to limit the remedy of dismissal to
jurisdictional violations. 275 Va. at 517, 659 S.E.2d at 315 (“By dismissing rather than denying the
appeals, the Court of Appeals rendered the requirements of Rule 5A:20(e) jurisdictional.” (emphasis in
-5-
 Because Chatman failed to timely file a petition for appeal that complied with the requirements

of Rule 5A:12(c)(1), we must vacate the order granting his petition and dismiss his appeal.

Donte Lavell Brooks, No. 2708-10-1

Donte Lavell Brooks appeals his conviction of possession of cocaine, in violation of Code

§ 18.2-250. Brooks argues that the trial court erred in various respects. We granted Brooks’s petition

for appeal and directed the parties to address the following additional question:

[W]hether the petition for appeal should be dismissed under Rule 5A:12
on the basis (1) that appellant’s petition for appeal did not contain – on or
before June 8, 2011, the deadline for filing appellant’s petition for appeal
in this Court – any reference to “the pages of the transcript, written
statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in
the trial court” from which the appeal is taken, or (2) that appellant’s June
27, 2011 replacement petition for appeal did not contain “[a]n exact
reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or
record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court” from
which the appeal is taken. See Rule 5A:12(c)(1); Davis v.
Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011).

We now conclude that we are without jurisdiction to consider Brooks’s appeal and must dismiss

it on the second of these alternative grounds. 8

original)). Subsequently, in 2010, Rule 5:1A was added to the Rules of the Supreme Court, providing
that “[the Supreme] Court may dismiss an appeal or impose such other penalty as it deems appropriate
for non-compliance with these Rules.” Rule 5:1A(a) (emphasis added). The new rule also authorizes
the Court, prior to dismissal, to allow a party in violation a chance to correct most defects. See id.
Hence, this rule raises the question of whether the remedy of dismissal continues to be limited to
jurisdictional violations. See McDowell v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 341, 343, 718 S.E.2d 772, 774
(2011) (dismissing an appeal for appellant’s failure to properly preserve an issue in the trial court).
However, in 2011, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding in Jay that “by dismissing the appeal rather
than denying it, the Court of Appeals erroneously rendered [Rule 5A:20(e)] jurisdictional.” Smith, 281
Va. at 468, 706 S.E.2d at 892. Moreover, the Court in Davis cited both Jay and Smith in support of its
holding that the dismissal language of Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii) implies that insufficient assignments of error
“deprive[] [the] Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal.” Davis, 282 Va. at 339, 717
S.E.2d at 796-97. In light of the Supreme Court’s repeated affirmation of the idea that dismissal implies
lack of jurisdiction, we are obligated to adhere to this principle in our analysis.
8
For purposes of our analysis in Brooks’s appeal, we assume without deciding that his
replacement petition for appeal is properly before us, as it was filed on the seventieth day after the
record was received in the clerk’s office of this Court. See Rule 5A:12(a) (providing that this Court may
extend the deadline for filing a petition for appeal for an additional thirty days beyond the general
forty-day limit).

-6-
 As we have already noted, Rule 5A:12(c)(1) requires that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of

the transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial

court . . . shall be included with each assignment of error.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1) (emphasis added). In

Brooks’s replacement petition for appeal, he included two assignments of error. For his first assignment

of error, that “the trial court erred when it did not suppress the evidence obtained from the search of the

vehicle,” Brooks cited to the portion of the transcript containing the entire hearing on the motion to

suppress as his reference to where the alleged error was preserved below. Likewise, Brooks cited the

portion of the transcript containing the entire trial for his second assignment of error, that “the trial court

erred when it found the circumstantial evidence sufficient to convict [him] of possession of the cocaine.”

In order to ascertain how “exact” a petitioner’s reference needs to be to comply with Rule

5A:12(c)(1), we find it helpful to restate the reason behind requiring an “exact” reference in the first

place. 9 Under Rule 5A:18, “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal

unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause

shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.”

“The laudatory purpose behind Rule 5A:18 . . . is to require that objections
be promptly brought to the attention of the trial court with sufficient
specificity that the alleged error can be dealt with and timely addressed
and corrected when necessary. The rules promote orderly and efficient
justice and are to be strictly enforced except where the error has resulted
in manifest injustice.”

Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220, 487 S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997) (omission in original)

(quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 126, 131, 380 S.E.2d 8, 10 (1989)). Furthermore, Rule

5A:18 “places the parties on notice that they must give the trial court the first opportunity to rule on

disputed evidentiary and procedural questions. The purpose of this rule is to allow correction of an error

9
We recognize that appellate courts must have some latitude in defining the term “exact” in
order to ensure that slightly overbroad or erroneous page references do not result in unwarranted
dismissals. Regardless of how liberally one might construe the term, however, we find it difficult to
imagine how it might include a reference to an entire hearing or trial transcript.
-7-
if possible during the trial, thereby avoiding the necessity of mistrials and reversals.” Gardner v.

Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 418, 423, 350 S.E.2d 229, 232 (1986).

The role of an appellate court is to review alleged errors by the court below, and the intent

behind the requirement for an “exact reference to the pages of the transcript . . . where the alleged error

has been preserved in the trial court . . . from which the appeal is taken,” Rule 5A:12(c)(1), is to

efficiently put this Court on notice of where the party satisfied Rule 5A:18 without requiring that we

engage in what would be akin to a scavenger hunt to find it. Furthermore, compliance with the rule

enables this Court to quickly identify the argument of the petitioner at the trial level and the ultimate

ruling made in the court below.

Satisfying the requirement of Rule 5A:12(c)(1) to provide an exact reference in the record where

the alleged error was preserved is not an onerous burden and can be met by simply citing the page(s) of

the record where the objection or motion below was made and the grounds therefor stated. It is clear

that Brooks did not do so in this case. By citing the entire transcript of the proceedings on the motion to

suppress and the trial below, Brooks attempts to circumvent the obvious purpose behind the rule. While

his broad reference necessarily encompassed his specific objections and the trial court’s rulings, it also

included many pages of testimony that contained no part of any allegation by Brooks of potential error

by the trial court or his supporting legal theory. Thus, instead of enabling this Court to readily and

efficiently identify the points at which he stated his legal position to the trial court, Brooks would

require us to search through the entire proceedings below to identify such points. Indeed, if such broad

references were sufficient, the rule would be superfluous.

As we explained above in our discussion of Chatman’s appeal, the amended mandatory dismissal

language of Rule 5A:12(c)(1), together with the Supreme Court’s recent directive in Davis, requires us

to dismiss a petition for appeal that fails to comply with the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1). Brooks’s

replacement petition for appeal in this case failed to comply with a mandatory requirement of Rule

5A:12(c)(1). Thus, as the Supreme Court has directed, Brooks’s failure to comply with the rule’s

-8-
requirements “deprives this Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal,” Davis, 282 Va. at

339, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97, and requires that we dismiss the appeal, see Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii).

As with Chatman’s appeal, because Brooks failed to file a petition for appeal that complied with

the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1), we must vacate the order granting his petition and dismiss his

appeal.

Steve Whitt, No. 0885-11-3

Steve Whitt appeals his two convictions for attempted capital murder of a law enforcement

officer, in violation of Code § 18.2-31. Whitt’s single assignment of error reads as follows: “The circuit

court judge committed error by not dismissing the convictions against the appellant based upon

insufficient evidence as a matter of law.” 10 The Commonwealth moved to dismiss Whitt’s petition for

appeal for failure to include an adequate assignment of error. We granted the petition and directed the

parties to address the following additional question:

Is an assignment of error stating “[t]he circuit court judge committed error
by not dismissing the convictions against the appellant based upon
insufficient evidence as a matter of law,” an insufficient assignment of
error under Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) and, if so, does this Court have active
jurisdiction to consider the appeal in light of Davis v. Commonwealth, 282
Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011)?

Because we now conclude that we are without jurisdiction to consider Whitt’s appeal, we

dismiss it.

The requirements for an acceptable assignment of error are not of recent vintage. It has long

been established that “‘[t]he purpose of assignments of error is to point out the errors with reasonable

certainty in order to direct [the] court and opposing counsel to the points on which appellant intends to

10
Whitt requested permission from this Court to file an amended petition for appeal with a
modified assignment of error. However, he made this request on the seventy-first day after the record
had been filed with this Court. Hence, his request was beyond the time period permitted for filing a
petition for appeal. See Code § 17.1-408 (providing for a potential maximum of seventy days, if the
Court grants an extension of time, for the filing of a petition for appeal); Rule 5A:12(a) (same). Thus,
we consider only his original assignment of error contained in his petition for appeal that was timely
filed.

-9-
ask a reversal of the judgment, and to limit discussion to these points.’” Yeatts v. Murray, 249 Va. 285,

290, 455 S.E.2d 18, 21 (1995) (quoting Harlow v. Commonwealth, 195 Va. 269, 271, 77 S.E.2d 851,

853 (1953)). Consequently, it is the duty of an appellant’s counsel “to ‘lay his finger on the error’ in his

[assignments of error],” Carroll v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 641, 649, 701 S.E.2d 414, 418 (2010)

(quoting First Nat’l Bank of Richmond v. William R. Trigg Co., 106 Va. 327, 342, 56 S.E. 158, 163

(1907)), and not to invite an appellate court “to delve into the record and winnow the chaff from the

wheat,” Loughran v. Kincheloe, 160 Va. 292, 298, 168 S.E. 362, 364 (1933).

Simply alleging, as Whitt has done here in his assignment of error, that the evidence was

insufficient to support his convictions as a matter of law fails to point out any particular error “with

reasonable certainty.” Rather than laying his finger on the error he wishes us to address, Whitt’s counsel

has essentially invited us “to delve into the record and winnow the chaff from the wheat.” An

assignment of error that simply alleges insufficient evidence is broad enough to encompass numerous

discrete and unrelated arguments based on the various elements of any given offense (e.g., lack of the

requisite intent to commit the crime or misidentification of the perpetrator). It would even permit an

appellant to include an evidentiary argument. Rushing v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 270, 277-78, 726

S.E.2d 333, 338 (2012) (holding that an argument regarding the admissibility of evidence may properly

be made as the reason why the evidence is insufficient). But see John Crane, Inc. v. Hardick, 283 Va.

358, 376, 722 S.E.2d 610, 620 (2012) (recognizing that “whether evidence is admissible is a separate

issue from whether that evidence is sufficient” and thus holding that an argument only attacking the

sufficiency of the evidence does not adequately support an assignment of error challenging only the

admissibility of evidence).

Were we to grant a petition for appeal containing an assignment of error that only generally

alleged insufficient evidence, an appellant, in his brief on the merits, could add completely new

arguments not raised in his petition, as long as he had preserved such arguments below. Such

maneuvers would require this Court to address arguments that it never intended to address when

-10-
granting the petition. Cf. Hamilton Dev. Co. v. Broad Rock Club, Inc., 248 Va. 40, 43-44, 445 S.E.2d

140, 142-43 (1994) (refusing to consider an argument encompassed by the revised language of an

assignment of error that the appellant had modified after his petition for appeal had been granted).

Thus, Whitt’s assignment of error, which alleges only a general insufficiency of the evidence as

a matter of law, fails to meet the long-established standard for assignments of error. Accordingly, his

petition violated Rule 5A:12(c)(1)’s requirement that a petition “shall list, clearly and concisely and

without extraneous argument, the specific errors in the rulings below upon which the party intends to

rely.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1) (emphasis added); see Commonwealth Transp. Comm’r v. Target Corp., 274

Va. 341, 352-53, 650 S.E.2d 92, 98 (2007) (holding that an assignment of error stating, “The trial court

erred in failing to find that the jury commissioners’ report is contrary to the evidence at trial,” violated

Rule 5:17(c)).

The Supreme Court has traditionally adjudged imprecise assignments of error to be in violation

of the procedural requirements for assignments of error. See, e.g., Harlow, 195 Va. at 272-73, 77 S.E.2d

at 853-54 (collecting and discussing cases). What the Supreme Court has done recently in Davis is to

clarify that insufficient assignments of error deprive an appellate court of its active jurisdiction over an

appeal. As we have explained above in our discussion of Chatman’s appeal, the Supreme Court’s

decision in Davis requires us to dismiss petitions for appeal that fail to comply with the requirements of

Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

Therefore, as with the other two appeals we have addressed in this order, because Whitt failed to

timely file a petition for appeal that complied with the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c)(1), we must

vacate the order granting his petition and dismiss his appeal.

Elder, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part.

Although I admire the efforts of the majority to discern and comply with the Supreme Court’s

relevant holdings in this area, I believe it applies these holdings and the applicable rules more rigidly

-11-
than necessary. In my view, the Supreme Court’s relevant decisions leave room for the conclusion that

this Court obtains active jurisdiction to adjudicate an appeal when the appellant timely files a petition

that substantially complies with Rule 5A:12(c). Because I believe a more lenient interpretation of the

Rules better serves public policy, I would conclude we obtain active jurisdiction over a substantially

compliant petition for appeal and would continue our practice of allowing a reasonable time for the

correction of minor non-jurisdictional deficiencies, unless and until the Supreme Court provides

unequivocally to the contrary. Thus, I concur in the majority’s decision vacating the order granting the

petition for appeal of Whitt and dismissing that appeal. However, as to the appeals of Brooks and

Chatman, I would conclude dismissal is not required and would affirm the challenged convictions.

Thus, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s holdings as to Brooks and Chatman.

I. APPLICABLE CASE PRECEDENT & RULES OF COURT

As the majority acknowledges, supra at page 4, prior to the instant decision, “it has often been

this Court’s practice to permit amendments to non-conforming petitions for appeal after the filing

deadline has passed.” Prior to the amendment of the Rules in 2010, the Supreme Court’s decisions

supported this practice. See Jay v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 510, 520, 659 S.E.2d 311, 317 (2008)

(recognizing this Court may “require an appellant to re-submit [a] petition for appeal” when the Court

otherwise has jurisdiction but the petition fails to comply with a formatting rule), cited with approval on

other grounds in Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 340, 717 S.E.2d 796, 797 (2011), and Smith v.

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 464, 468, 706 S.E.2d 889, 892 (2011); Moore v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 747,

753, 668 S.E.2d 150, 153 (2008) (recognizing Jay as holding that whereas the time for filing a petition

for appeal under Rule 5A:3(a) is jurisdictional, the requirements of Rule 5A:12(c) “have been expressly

held to be not jurisdictional”); Riner v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 440, 453-54, 579 S.E.2d 671,

678-79 (2003) (allowing an appellant, with leave of court, after the initial petition was filed and granted

but before the appeal was heard on the merits, to expand the scope of the questions presented despite

-12-
language in Rule 5A:12(c) requiring that “the petition for appeal shall contain the questions presented”

(emphasis added)), aff’d, 268 Va. 296, 601 S.E.2d 55 (2004).

Only four months before the amendments to the Rules took effect, the Supreme Court considered

“what is required for an appellate court to acquire [active] jurisdiction over a case that falls within its

potential jurisdiction.” Ghameshlouy v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 379, 390, 698 S.E.2d 698, 703 (2010)

(emphasis added). It noted in Ghameshlouy that “filing a timely notice of appeal is a mandatory

prerequisite to an appellate court acquiring jurisdiction over a case.” Id. at 390, 689 S.E.2d at 703-04;

see also Wellmore Coal Corp. v. Harman Mining Corp., 264 Va. 279, 568 S.E.2d 671 (2002) (holding

notice of appeal filed pursuant to Rule 5:9(a) was invalid because it was signed only by out-of-state

counsel and not by associated local counsel, as required by Rule 1A:4(2), and that because that rule

expressly defined a notice lacking such a signature as “invalid,” meaning “not legally binding” or

“ha[ving] no legal effect,” the Court did not obtain jurisdiction over the appeal during the thirty-day

appeal period and, thus, that the attempted amendment did not revive the appeal). However, it explained

further that

not every requirement of the rule prescribing when and how a notice of
appeal is to be prepared and filed implicates the court’s initial acquisition
of jurisdiction. Thus, we have never required that a notice of appeal be
precise, accurate, and correct in every detail before the appellate court can
acquire jurisdiction over the case in which the notice is filed. To the
contrary, both this Court and the Court of Appeals have consistently held
that most statutory and rule-based procedural prerequisites for the valid
exercise of jurisdiction by a court may be waived, even when couched in
mandatory terms by the language of the statute or rule.

Ghameshlouy, 279 Va. at 391, 689 S.E.2d at 704. In support of that principle, the Court cited with

approval both its decision in Jay and the Court of Appeals’ decision in Riner, which it summarized as

“holding that Rule 5A:12 was not jurisdictional and, thus, did not bar the Court from granting an

appellant leave to amend and enlarge the questions presented in his petition for appeal.” Ghameshlouy,

279 Va. at 391-92, 689 S.E.2d at 704 (citing Riner, 40 Va. App. at 452-53, 579 S.E.2d at 677-78). With

those principles in mind, the Court determined “the notice of appeal timely filed by Ghameshlouy . . . ,

-13-
although defective[ and ‘not a model of clarity’], was sufficient to cause the potential jurisdiction of the

Court of Appeals to consider such appeals to ripen into active jurisdiction over this specific case.” Id. at

394, 698 S.E.2d at 705.

Since the amendments to the Rules took effect in 2010, the Supreme Court has issued two

relevant decisions in which it cited liberally to its pre-amendment case decisions. In Smith v.

Commonwealth, 281 Va. 464, 706 S.E.2d 889 (2011), which involved a transcript filed eight days late

under Rule 5A:8, the Court reiterated as follows:

In Ghameshlouy, we identified compliance with the appellate rule
requiring the timely filing of a notice of appeal, Rule 5A:6, as an element
which must be present to transform an appellate court’s potential
jurisdiction to proceed to judgment into active jurisdiction to do so. This
rule demands mandatory compliance and is “a prerequisite to an appellate
court’s obtaining and exercising jurisdiction over a case.” [Ghameshlouy,
279 Va.] at 391, 689 S.E.2d at 704. Similarly, noncompliance with the
rule involving the timely filing of a petition for appeal and including
assignments of error in that petition deprive[s] the appellate court of active
jurisdiction over the appeal. Rule 5:17. Not all procedural rules, however,
are treated as mandatory or jurisdictional, carrying a consequence of
dismissal for noncompliance. Jay involved the dismissal of an appeal by
the Court of Appeals for noncompliance with the rule requiring
presentation of arguments on brief, Rule 5A:20(e). We reversed the Court
of Appeals’ decision, holding that, by dismissing the appeal rather than
denying it, the Court of Appeals erroneously rendered the rule
jurisdictional. Noncompliance with that rule may have prevented the
Court of Appeals from resolving the issue due to waiver, but it did not
defeat the active jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals to proceed to
judgment in the appeal.

In our view, the timely filing requirement of Rule 5A:8 [for a
transcript or statement of facts], like the rule at issue in Jay, is not a
mandatory procedural rule that is necessary to enable the potential
jurisdiction of the appellate court to become active jurisdiction and
proceed to a valid decree or disposition. . . . Elements required to ripen
the appellate court’s potential jurisdiction into active jurisdiction are
elements that must be applicable in every appeal; they cannot be [rules
that may be] selectively applied depending on the issues presented in the
appeal.

Furthermore, cases contain issues that are not resolved on the
merits in the appeal because of noncompliance with the appellate rules,
including the rule relating to the filing of transcripts. Examples include
the failure to present argument on an assigned error, the failure to proffer
certain excluded testimony that is the subject of an appeal, or the failure to
-14-
 include a rejected jury instruction. In these circumstances, we consider
the issue waived and resolve the case on the basis of those issues properly
presented to us. We do not treat the absence of these elements as
defeating our ability to exercise active jurisdiction over the appeal, even
though they may preclude us from resolving the issue. Indeed, included
within appellate review of a case is consideration of whether an issue is
defaulted or waived on appeal.

Id. at 467-69, 706 S.E.2d at 892 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

In Davis v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 339, 717 S.E.2d 796 (2011), the Court applied Smith’s

theory of active jurisdiction to Rule 5:17, dealing with the phrasing of an appellant’s assignments of

error. Before the Court of Appeals, Davis argued that the trial court erred in accepting his guilty plea.

The Court of Appeals denied the appeal on the ground that his guilty plea waived all non-jurisdictional

defects. In his appeal to the Supreme Court, Davis again assigned as error the trial court’s acceptance of

his guilty plea and did not assign error to the Court of Appeals’ holding that his guilty plea waived

non-jurisdictional defects. The Supreme Court held as follows:

The Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia have long provided that in
appeals from the Court of Appeals, this Court will consider “only
assignments of error relating to assignments of error presented in, and to
actions taken by, the Court of Appeals . . . .” Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii).
Effective July 1, 2010, subparagraph (c)(1)(iii) was added to Rule 5:17.
That amendment provides that an assignment of error that does not
address a finding or ruling of a “[t]ribunal from which an appeal is taken”
is insufficient and that “[i]f the assignments of error are insufficient, the
petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” Rule 5:17(c)(1)(ii). By
prescribing dismissal of the appeal, this amendment established that the
inclusion of sufficient assignments of error is a mandatory procedural
requirement and that the failure to comply with this requirement deprives
this Court of its active jurisdiction to consider the appeal. Smith[, 281 Va.
at 467-68, 706 S.E.2d at 891-92]; Jay[, 275 Va. at 518-19, 659 S.E.2d at
315-16].

Id. at 339-40, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97 (emphasis added). Because Davis’ sole assignment of error “[did]

not address any finding or ruling of the Court of Appeals,” the Court dismissed the appeal. Id. at 340,

717 S.E.2d at 797 (citing Rule 5:17(c)(1)(iii)).

The majority concludes the holding in Davis mandates dismissal of any petition which does not

fully comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1)’s requirements before the time limits of that rule and Code

-15-
§ 17.1-408 expire. 11 Based on the applicable precedent and rules, I would reach a somewhat different

conclusion for two reasons.

First, Davis involved Rule 5:17(c), applicable to proceedings in the Supreme Court, which states

that “If the assignments of error are insufficient, the petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” It was in

this context that the Court held dismissal was required in Davis. However, the similar rule applicable in

the Court of Appeals, Rule 5A:12(c), contains additional language not present in Rule 5:17(c) and

provides that “If the assignments of error are insufficient or otherwise fail to comply with the

requirements of this Rule, the petition for appeal shall be dismissed.” Rule 5A:12(c) (emphasis added).

Thus, the Supreme Court, in deciding Davis, simply did not address the meaning of this additional

language in Rule 5A:12(c) and whether it mandates dismissal of an otherwise substantially compliant

petition. See Rule 5:17(c) (providing prior to the 2010 amendment that “only assignments of error

relating to questions presented in, or actions taken by, the Court of Appeals may be included in the

petition for appeal to this court” and that “the appeal will be dismissed” only “[i]f the petition for appeal

does not contain assignments of error” or does not state “in what respect the decision of the Court of

Appeals involves (1) a substantial constitutional question as a determinative issue, or (2) matters of

significant precedential value”).

Second, Davis addressed deficiencies in the granted assignment of error detected at the merits

stage of the proceedings. It did not address the Court’s discretion, at the petition stage, to allow an

appellant a reasonable amount of time to remedy non-jurisdictional deficiencies in a timely filed petition

11
The Commonwealth concedes this Court has both the ability to exercise its inherent authority
to require a party to correct a pleading and authority pursuant to Code § 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a) to
extend the time in which a conforming petition may be filed. Code § 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a)
authorize a thirty-day extension of the forty-day deadline for filing a petition for appeal, which allows us
in our discretion to consider as timely a petition filed within seventy days after receipt of the record in
the Court of Appeals. See Code § 17.1-408 (not specifying by when a motion for extension for filing a
petition must be filed or granted); Rule 5A:3(c)(2) (providing a motion for extension for filing a petition
pursuant to Rule 5A:12(a) is timely “if filed . . . within the specified extension period”). I agree with
this concession as far as it goes but would hold, as discussed infra in the text, that our authority extends
further.

-16-
which contains sufficient assignments of error and otherwise substantially complies with the applicable

rule. See Nelms v. Vaughan, 84 Va. 696, 700, 5 S.E. 704, 706 (1888) (providing that “whether [a]

statute [using the word ‘shall’ is] mandatory or not depend[s] upon whether the thing directed to be done

[is] the essence of the thing required” and that even where a statute is mandatory, if its provisions

“hav[e] been substantially complied with in all essential particulars, . . . there can be no doubt . . . that

the matter is within the jurisdiction of [the Court]” (emphases added)).

We must presume the Supreme Court is aware of its own decisions. Cf. Weathers v.

Commonwealth, 262 Va. 803, 805, 553 S.E.2d 729, 730 (2001) (“When the General Assembly acts in an

area in which one of its appellate courts already has spoken, it is presumed to know the law as the court

has stated it and to acquiesce therein, and if the legislature intends to countermand such appellate

decision it must do so explicitly.”). When the Supreme Court amended the Rules of Court to provide

that a petition “shall be dismissed” based on certain deficiencies and applied Rule 5:17 in Davis, it

provided no indication that it meant to deprive this Court of the opportunity, in its discretion, to give a

party who had substantially complied with Rule 5A:12(c) the chance to submit an amended petition to

correct any non-jurisdictional deficiencies in order to comply fully with the rule. See Jay, 275 Va. at

520, 659 S.E.2d at 317 (recognizing in a pre-amendment case that this Court may “require an appellant

to re-submit [a] petition for appeal” when the Court otherwise has jurisdiction but the petition fails to

comply with a formatting rule), cited with approval on other grounds in Davis, 282 Va. at 340, 717

S.E.2d at 797, and Smith, 281 Va. at 468, 706 S.E.2d at 892; Yarbrough v. Commonwealth, 258 Va.

347, 361, 519 S.E.2d 602, 608 (1999) (recognizing the “inherent authority [of the Court] to administer

cases on its docket”); see also Riner, 40 Va. App. at 454, 579 S.E.2d at 679 (relying in part on

Yarbrough’s recognition of inherent authority in support of its interpretation of prior Rule 5A:12 to

allow the Court, in its discretion, to expand an otherwise timely filed and properly constituted petition

for appeal by adding an additional assignment of error), quoted with approval in Ghameshlouy, 279 Va.

at 391-92, 689 S.E.2d at 704, and Jay, 275 Va. at 518, 659 S.E.2d at 315. Thus, as to non-jurisdictional

-17-
deficiencies, I would hold Rule 5A:12(c)(1)’s dismissal requirement comes into play only after this

Court has had the opportunity, in its discretion, to direct an appellant to correct such deficiencies in a

substantially compliant petition and resubmit it by a date certain, even if that date falls outside the filing

deadlines allowed by the applicable statutes and rules.

Whether to act sua sponte to notify an appellant of such a deficiency and give the appellant an

opportunity to correct it rests within the sound discretion of the Court. An appellant who submits a

deficient petition “acts at his peril” because the Court is compelled neither to examine the petition to

identify any errors at that stage of the proceedings nor “to grant . . . leave” to correct any errors it does

identify, cf. Riner, 40 Va. App. at 454, 579 S.E.2d at 678 (granting discretionary leave to enlarge a

petition to add an additional issue). 12 But where the Court identifies such an error and the appellant

corrects it within the time allowed by the Court, I would hold the petition meets the requirements of

Rule 5A:12(c) and dismissal is not required.

This approach would provide a more efficient use of judicial and other resources by preventing

the need for an appellant to seek a delayed appeal. See Code § 19.2-321.1 (permitting this Court to

grant a motion for a delayed appeal “[w]hen, due to the error, neglect, or fault of counsel representing

the appellant, or of the court reporter, or of the circuit court or an officer or employee thereof, an appeal

in a criminal case has . . . been dismissed for failure to adhere to proper form, procedures, or time limits

in the perfection of the appeal” if certain other requisites are met). The filing of a delayed appeal

increases the administrative burdens on this Court and the local Commonwealth’s Attorney or Attorney

General and may also require the payment of additional fees to defense counsel.

In sum, under my analysis, whether dismissal is required under Rule 5A:12(c) turns on whether

the deficiencies in the petition were of sufficient significance to prevent this Court from obtaining active

jurisdiction over the appeals.

12
Of course an appellant remains free to submit a corrected petition without leave of Court any
time within the filing period prescribed in the applicable statute and rule. See Code § 17.1-408; Rule
5A:12(a).
-18-
 II. ANALYSIS

A. Steve Whitt, No. 0885-11-3

In Whitt’s timely petition for appeal, he included a single assignment of error: “The circuit court

judge committed error by not dismissing the convictions against the appellant based on insufficient

evidence as a matter of law.” Whitt’s argument in his petition challenged the sufficiency of the evidence

to prove two specific elements of the crime of attempted capital murder of a police officer—intent to kill

and an act in furtherance of the attempt.

The Commonwealth’s attorney filed a brief in opposition in which he moved to dismiss the

petition as failing to comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), noting that although Whitt challenged only two

elements of the offense in his written argument, his assignment of error was not so limited.

On the seventy-first day after our receipt of the record, Whitt filed a response to the motion to

dismiss in which he contended his petition was adequate. In the alternative, he moved the Court to

allow him to amend his petition to substitute the following assignment of error: “The circuit court judge

committed error by not dismissing the convictions against the appellant based upon insufficient evidence

as a matter of law regarding the elements of intent and overt, but ineffectual action.”

Without ruling on the motion to dismiss or Whitt’s motion to amend, a judge of this Court

granted his petition on his original assignment of error and directed the parties to address, in addition,

whether Whitt’s original assignment of error was insufficient under Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) and, if so,

whether this Court had active jurisdiction to consider the appeal.

On these facts, I agree dismissal is mandated by Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), which provides “[a]n

assignment of error . . . which merely states that the judgment or award is contrary to the law and the

evidence is not sufficient” and that “[i]f the assignments of error are insufficient . . . , the petition for

appeal shall be dismissed.” See Davis, 282 Va. at 339-40, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97 (holding similar Rule

5:17 “establish[es] the inclusion of sufficient assignments of error is a mandatory procedural

-19-
requirement and that the failure to comply with this requirement deprives this Court of its active

jurisdiction to consider the appeal”).

Simply alleging, as Whitt does in his original assignment of error, that the evidence was

insufficient to support his convictions as a matter of law fails to point out any particular error “‘with

reasonable certainty,’” Yeatts, 249 Va. at 290, 455 S.E.2d at 21 (quoting Harlow v. Commonwealth, 195

Va. 269, 271, 77 S.E.2d 851, 853 (1953)). Although Whitt moved to amend his assignment of error, he

did so beyond the time period specified in Code § 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a) for the filing of his

petition. Whitt’s granted assignment of error, which alleged only general insufficiency of the evidence

as a matter of law, fails to meet the long-established standard for assignments of error. Thus, his

petition violated Rule 5A:12(c)(1)’s requirement that a petition “shall list, clearly and concisely and

without extraneous argument, the specific errors in the rulings below upon which the party intends to

rely.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1) (emphasis added); see Commonwealth Transp. Comm’r v. Target Corp., 274

Va. 341, 352-53, 650 S.E.2d 92, 98 (2007). The Supreme Court’s decision in Davis, coupled with the

2010 amendments to the Rules of Court, provide that insufficient assignments of error deprive an

appellate court of its active jurisdiction over an appeal.

Thus, I join the majority’s decision vacating the order granting Whitt’s petition and dismissing

his appeal.

B. Donte Lavell Brooks, No. 2708-10-1

Brooks challenges his conviction for possessing cocaine.

1. Procedural Issues

Brooks filed a timely petition for appeal contending the trial court erroneously denied his motion

to suppress and found the evidence was sufficient to prove possession of cocaine. This Court then

notified him that his petition for appeal did not comply with Rule 5A:12(c)(1) because “[t]he

assignments of error included in the petition do not contain an exact reference to the pages of the

transcript, written statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial

-20-
court from which the appeal is taken.” Brooks submitted a replacement petition within ten days as

directed by the Court, which was also within seventy days of the date the record was received by the

Court of Appeals, as permitted under Code § 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a). Thereafter, we granted

Brooks’ petition for appeal and directed that the parties address, in addition, whether the petition should

be dismissed under Rule 5A:12 due to his failure to include exact page references showing where he

preserved the alleged errors in the trial court.

Assuming without deciding Brooks’ page number citations in his replacement petition were too

expansive to constitute “[a]n exact reference” to the pages of the record on which the assignments were

preserved, I would hold that this deficiency does not mandate dismissal based on a lack of jurisdiction.

Rule 5A:12(c) provides that “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of

facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court or other tribunal from which

the appeal is taken shall be included with each assignment of error.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1) (emphasis

added). The fact that the rule requires page numbers to be provided “with” each assignment of error

clearly distinguishes the two: the required page number reference is not part of the assignment of error

to which it pertains. Thus, an inadequacy in citation to page numbers showing preservation is not

subject to the holding in Davis that Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), by analogy to Rule 5:17(c), mandates dismissal

for lack of jurisdiction where “the assignments of error are insufficient.” To the extent Brooks’ failure

to cite to the precise page numbers showing preservation constitutes “otherwise fail[ing] to comply with

the requirements of this Rule,” as contained in the second clause of Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), I would

conclude the Supreme Court has not held this failure deprives the Court of active jurisdiction over the

appeal. See Davis, 282 Va. at 339-40, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97 (addressing the meaning of Rule 5:17,

applicable to the Supreme Court, requiring that “[i]f the assignments of error are insufficient, the

petition for appeal shall be dismissed,” and not including the additional language present in Rule

5A:12(c), “or otherwise fail to comply with the requirements of this Rule”).

-21-
 Thus, I would conclude the Court obtained active jurisdiction to consider the appeal. I would

next apply the holding in Jay, 275 Va. at 520, 659 S.E.2d at 317, to Brooks’ imprecise page number

citations to determine “whether [the] failure to strictly adhere to the requirements” of the portion of Rule

5A:12(c)(1) requiring “[a]n exact reference to the page(s) of the transcript . . . where the alleged error

has been preserved” is “significant,” as required to support a conclusion that Brooks waived his

assignments of error. I would conclude Brooks’ page references here provide sufficient specificity to

permit us to review the issues without sacrificing judicial economy. As to the assignment of error

challenging the trial court’s denial of his suppression motion, Brooks cites the entire transcript from the

suppression hearing. However, that transcript is only thirty-seven pages long; the eight pages of his

attorney’s argument, which are contained at the beginning and ending of the passage he cites, are readily

discernible as a result of his page citation. Similarly, as to his assignment of error challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence, Brooks cites twenty-eight pages of the trial transcript, including four pages

of Brooks’ attorney’s argument as well as Brooks’ own testimony, which supports his motion. Although

those twenty-eight pages also include the Commonwealth’s rebuttal evidence, the four pages of Brooks’

counsel’s argument preserving the sufficiency issue are readily discernible as a result of his page

citation. Thus, I would conclude Brooks’ violation of the rule was not significant and that no waiver

occurred, and I would proceed to address the merits of his appeal.

2. Merits

Brooks argues the denial of his motion to suppress was error and that the evidence was

insufficient to support his conviction.

a. Motion to Suppress

Brooks concedes Officer Johnson was justified in conducting a traffic stop but contends the

search of his car for weapons violated his Fourth Amendment rights.

On appeal of a ruling on a motion to suppress, “we are bound by the trial court’s findings of

historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them[,] and we give due weight to

-22-
the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” McGee v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc); see McCain v.

Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 490, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001). However, we review de novo the trial

court’s application of defined legal standards, such as whether the police had reasonable suspicion or

probable cause for a search or seizure. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). Our review

of the existence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion involves application of an objective rather

than subjective standard. See, e.g., Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 812-13 (1996).

“In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the United States Supreme Court approved ‘a protective

search for weapons in the absence of probable cause to arrest . . . when [a police officer] possesses an

articulable suspicion that an individual is armed and dangerous.’” Pierson v. Commonwealth, 16

Va. App. 202, 204, 428 S.E.2d 758, 759 (1993) (quoting Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1034

(1983)). The holding in Long extended a Terry search for weapons into those areas where the suspect

might reach for weapons, for example, the passenger compartment of the suspect’s vehicle. Because of

the “‘inordinate risk confronting an officer as he approaches a person seated in an automobile,’” Long,

463 U.S. at 1048 (quoting Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S. 106, 110 (1977)), if a police officer

“possesses a reasonable belief based on ‘specific and articulable facts which . . . reasonably warrant’ the

officer in believing the suspect is dangerous and . . . may gain immediate control of weapons,” “the

officer may conduct a . . . frisk of the suspect himself and search the accessible areas of the passenger

compartment of the car in which a weapon might be hidden.” Stanley v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App.

873, 875, 433 S.E.2d 512, 514 (1993) (quoting Long, 463 U.S. at 1049-50). An officer need only

believe the suspect reasonably might have a weapon and gain control of it. The degree of certainty

required by the reasonable suspicion standard is “considerably [lower] than proof of wrongdoing by a

preponderance of the evidence, and obviously less demanding than that for probable cause.” Perry v.

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 581, 701 S.E.2d 431, 436 (2010).

-23-
 In this case, Officer Johnson observed Brooks as he reached toward the back seat, then to the

glove compartment. Despite Officer Johnson’s requests for Brooks to look in the glove compartment for

the vehicle registration, Brooks refused. Then, after Officer Johnson walked away, Brooks moved

toward the glove compartment again. I would hold this “suspicious and furtive conduct” by Brooks

created an objectively reasonable “concern for [Officer Johnson’s] security[] and [that] he acted

reasonably and appropriately to minimize the threat.” Pierson, 16 Va. App. at 205, 428 S.E.2d at 760;

see Whren, 517 U.S. at 814.

b. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Brooks also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove he constructively possessed the

cocaine found in the car’s glove compartment.

On appeal, “we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting

to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438,

443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987).

To support a conviction based upon constructive possession, “the Commonwealth must point to

evidence of acts, statements, or conduct of the accused or other facts or circumstances which tend to

show that the defendant was aware of both the presence and character of the substance and that it was

subject to his dominion and control.” Powers v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 474, 476, 316 S.E.2d 739, 740

(1984). “The Commonwealth is not required to prove that there is no possibility that someone else may

have planted, discarded, abandoned or placed the [contraband] . . . .” Brown v. Commonwealth, 15

Va. App. 1, 10, 421 S.E.2d 877, 883 (1992) (en banc).

Ownership or occupancy of a vehicle . . . where . . . [contraband is] found
is a circumstance that may be considered together with other evidence
tending to prove that the owner or occupant exercised dominion and
control over items in the vehicle . . . in order to prove that the owner or
occupant constructively possessed the contraband . . . . Furthermore,
proof that a person is in close proximity to contraband is a relevant fact
that, depending on the circumstances, may tend to show that, as an owner

-24-
 or occupant . . . of a vehicle, the person necessarily knows of the presence,
nature and character of a substance that is found there.

Burchette v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 432, 435, 425 S.E.2d 81, 83 (1992).

Brooks was alone in the vehicle where the drugs were found in the glove box, within Brooks’

arm’s reach. Brooks was in an area known for a high incidence of drug activity. Brooks’ repeated

reaching into and toward the glove box, as well as his refusal to open the glove box in front of the

officer, demonstrated his knowledge that contraband was located there. No evidence tended to prove the

scale bearing cocaine residue was left in the glove box by another person. Accordingly, I would hold

the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Brooks knew of the cocaine in the

glove compartment, that it was subject to his dominion and control, and that he was guilty of the charged

offense.

Thus, I would affirm Brooks’ conviction.

C. Roberto Tyrone Chatman, No. 0858-11-2

Chatman appeals his convictions for aggravated malicious wounding and abduction. 13

1. Procedural Issues

Chatman filed a timely petition for appeal challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support

his convictions on various specific grounds. His petition included a heading entitled “Assignment of

Error,” with three numbered paragraphs worded as questions. His petition failed to include “with each

assignment of error” “[a]n exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of facts, or

record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court,” as required by Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

The clerk’s office of this Court then notified Chatman that it interpreted his petition as failing to comply

with Rule 5A:12(c)(1) because it did not contain assignments of error, which it indicated were

affirmative statements rather than questions. The notice further indicated the petition failed to comply

13
Chatman was also convicted of assault and battery of a family member, but he has not
assigned error to anything pertinent to that conviction on appeal.
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with that rule because it did not include “an exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written

statement of facts, or record where the alleged error has been preserved in the trial court.”

Chatman then filed a replacement petition for appeal outside the seventy-day time frame for

filing allowed by Code § 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a), although within the time ordered by this Court.

That petition contained assignments of error worded as affirmative statements, but the petition still

lacked page references indicating where in the record each assignment of error had been preserved. This

Court issued an order granting Chatman an additional period of ten days in which to submit a

replacement petition. Chatman then filed a second replacement petition, which contained the “exact

[page] reference[s]” required. Again, this filing was outside the seventy-day period allowed by Code

§ 17.1-408 and Rule 5A:12(a) but within the time ordered by this Court.

We then granted Chatman’s petition for appeal and directed the parties to address whether the

Court had active jurisdiction to consider the appeal in light of Chatman’s failure in his original and only

timely filed petition to include an exact reference to the pages of the transcript, written statement of

facts, or record where the alleged error was preserved in the trial court, as required by Rule 5A:12(c)(1).

The Commonwealth, in its brief on the merits, also raised the issue of Chatman’s failure in his original

and only timely filed petition to word his assignments of error as affirmative statements rather than

questions.

I would hold Chatman’s failure in his original petition to cite the page numbers on which the

alleged errors were preserved does not mandate dismissal based on a lack of jurisdiction. As discussed

supra, in Part II.B.1., the fact that Rule 5A:12(c) requires page numbers to be provided “with” each

assignment of error clearly distinguishes the two: the required page number reference is not part of the

assignment of error to which it pertains. Thus, an inadequacy in citation to page numbers showing

preservation is not subject to the provision of Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii) mandating dismissal for lack of

jurisdiction where “the assignments of error are insufficient.” To the extent Chatman’s failure to cite to

the page numbers showing preservation constitutes “otherwise fail[ing] to comply with the requirements

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of this Rule,” as required by the second clause of Rule 5A:12(c)(1)(ii), I would conclude, as above, that

the Supreme Court has not held this failure deprives the Court of active jurisdiction over the appeal. See

Davis, 282 Va. at 339-40, 717 S.E.2d at 796-97 (addressing the meaning of Rule 5:17, applicable to the

Supreme Court, requiring that “[i]f the assignments of error are insufficient, the petition for appeal shall

be dismissed,” and not including the additional language present in Rule 5A:12(c), “or otherwise fail to

comply with the requirements of this Rule”).

Further, nothing in Rule 5A:12(c) requires that assignments of error must be worded in the

affirmative. The rule provides only that “[u]nder a heading entitled ‘Assignments of Error,’ the petition

shall list, clearly and concisely and without extraneous argument, the specific errors in the rulings below

upon which the party intends to rely.” Rule 5A:12(c)(1). I am unaware of any precedent requiring that

assignments of error must be worded in the affirmative in order to invoke the Court’s jurisdiction.

Compare Rule 5:17 (prior to 2010 amendment) (requiring both assignments of error and questions

presented, which would support the inference that, at that time, questions presented were questions

whereas assignments of error, referred to then, as now, as “the specific errors in the rulings below upon

which the party intends to rely,” were intended to be affirmative assertions).

Thus, I would conclude the Court obtained active jurisdiction to consider the appeal and had the

discretion to grant Chatman a reasonable time in which to correct the non-jurisdictional deficiencies in

his petition.

2. Merits

On appeal, Chatman contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove abduction and

malicious wounding.

The convictions stem from Chatman’s attack on his wife, in which he hit her repeatedly with his

closed fist, knocking her to the floor, and then hit her repeatedly with a hot clothes iron. Throughout the

next day, the victim begged Chatman to obtain medical help for her, as the attack had rendered her

unable to see and physically unable to leave the house or otherwise summon help herself. Chatman

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failed to get her any assistance, disabled the phone lines, and stayed in the house with her the entire day.

Two days after the attack, Chatman left the house and called 911.

a. Abduction

Chatman argues the evidence was insufficient to support his abduction conviction because any

detention of the victim was incidental to the assault. He contends that no separate abduction took place

because no evidence indicated he held the victim against her will. “[W]e review the evidence in the

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible

therefrom.” Martin, 4 Va. App. at 443, 358 S.E.2d at 418.

Applying constitutional principles of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the

United States Constitution, the Supreme Court has held that

one accused of abduction by detention and another crime involving
restraint of the victim, both growing out of a continuing course of conduct,
is subject upon conviction to separate penalties for separate offenses only
when the detention committed in the act of abduction is separate and apart
from, and not merely incidental to, the restraint employed in the
commission of the other crime.

Brown v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 310, 314, 337 S.E.2d 711, 713-14 (1985).

At trial, the Commonwealth argued that the abduction took place after the beating, when the

victim was unable to leave and Chatman refused to take her to a hospital or otherwise get help.

Therefore, the conduct underlying the abduction conviction continued well after the malicious wounding

and was not incidental to it. See Hoyt v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 489, 494, 605 S.E.2d 755, 757

(2004) (listing factors used to determine whether an abduction is incidental to another crime).

As for the sufficiency of the evidence to prove Chatman’s intent to abduct the victim, Code

§ 18.2-47(A), under which Chatman was convicted, provides:

Any person who, by force, intimidation or deception, and without legal
justification or excuse, seizes, takes, transports, detains or secretes another
person with the intent to deprive such other person of his personal liberty
or to withhold or conceal him from any person, authority or institution
lawfully entitled to his charge, shall be deemed guilty of “abduction.”

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“Intent is the purpose formed in a person’s mind and may be, and frequently is, shown by

circumstances[,]” including “[his] conduct” and “his statements.” Barrett v. Commonwealth, 210 Va.

153, 156, 169 S.E.2d 449, 451 (1969).

The specific intent to commit [a crime] may be inferred from the conduct
of the accused if such intent flows naturally from the conduct proven.
Where the conduct of the accused under the circumstances involved points
with reasonable certainty to a specific intent to commit [the crime], the
intent element is established.

Wilson v. Commonwealth, 249 Va. 95, 101, 452 S.E.2d 669, 674 (1995) (citation omitted).

The trial court was entitled to infer Chatman’s intent to deprive the victim of her personal liberty

from the evidence that he rendered her physically helpless and kept her in the house despite her pleas for

medical help.

b. Malicious Wounding

Chatman argues the evidence was not sufficient to prove he intended to maim, disfigure, disable

or kill the victim and, thus, did not support his malicious wounding conviction. Chatman did not

challenge his malicious wounding conviction in his motion to strike or closing argument.

Under Rule 5A:18, “a challenge to the specificity of the Commonwealth’s evidence is waived if

not raised with some specificity in the trial court.” Mounce v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 433, 435,

357 S.E.2d 742, 744 (1987). By failing to specifically challenge the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the malicious wounding charge, appellant waived his right to raise that argument on appeal. 14

See, e.g., Scott v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 35, 44-46, 707 S.E.2d 17, 22 (2011) (holding the

defendant’s motion to strike the evidence as to one charge did “not also function as a motion to strike”

as to another charge).

Thus, I would affirm Chatman’s convictions.

14
To the extent appellant raises the ends of justice exception under Rule 5A:18, I would
conclude this exception does not apply because the record does not affirmatively prove that an element
of the offense did not occur. See, e.g., Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 514, 680 S.E.2d 335,
340 (2009) (delineating the narrow circumstances under which the ends of justice exception is to be
used).
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 III.

For these reasons, I concur in the majority’s decision vacating the order granting the petition of

Whitt and dismissing his appeal. As to the appeals of Brooks and Chatman, I would conclude dismissal

is not required and would affirm the challenged convictions. Thus, I respectfully dissent from the

majority’s holdings as to Brooks and Chatman.

The Commonwealth shall recover of the appellants the costs in the respective trial courts. In

addition, in Record No. 0858-11-2, the Commonwealth shall recover of the appellant the amount

previously awarded to Joseph M. Teefey, Jr., Esquire, for his representation of Roberto Tyrone

Chatman, in addition to his costs and necessary direct out-of-pocket expenses.

This order shall be published and certified to the trial courts.

Costs due the Commonwealth
by appellant in Record No. 0858-11-2
in Court of Appeals of Virginia:

Attorney’s fee $100.00 plus costs and expenses

A Copy,

Teste:

Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk

original order signed by a deputy clerk of the
By: Court of Appeals of Virginia at the direction
of the Court

Deputy Clerk

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