COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Alston and Senior Judge Coleman
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
ROBIN KEMP SMITH
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 1709-11-2 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
MAY 8, 2012
MARK K. SMITH
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Richard D. Taylor, Jr., Judge
Robin M. Morgan (Blackburn, Conte, Schilling & Click, P.C., on
briefs), for appellant.
Charles E. Powers (Terrence R. Batzli; Batzli Wood & Stiles, PC,
on brief), for appellee.
Robin Kemp Smith (wife) appeals from an order granting the motion of Mark K. Smith
(husband) to terminate spousal support. On appeal, wife contends the court erred in terminating
the award after expressly finding both that she demonstrated a specific monthly financial need
not challenged by husband and that he had the ability to meet that need for support. She also
contends the trial court erred in refusing to allow her to present evidence of new events relevant
to her financial needs when more than twelve months had elapsed since the court had received
evidence and the court had not yet issued a letter opinion, especially given that the trial court did
not reserve to her the right to request a reinstatement of support. Husband contends wife’s
appeal is frivolous and that he is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees on appeal. We hold the
court’s rulings did not constitute error, and we affirm. Further, we hold wife’s appeal was not so
frivolous as to entitle husband to the requested award of fees, and we deny that request.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
I.
A. SUPPORT RULING AND FAILURE TO FILE TRANSCRIPT
Code § 20-109(A) permits the court to “increase, decrease, or terminate the amount or
duration of any spousal support and maintenance that may thereafter accrue, whether previously
or hereafter awarded, as the circumstances may make proper.” A party seeking modification of
spousal support bears the burden of proving “both a material change in circumstances and that
this change warrants a modification of support.” Schoenwetter v. Schoenwetter, 8 Va. App. 601,
605, 383 S.E.2d 28, 30 (1989). We must view the facts underpinning the decision whether to
modify a spousal support award under this code section in the light most favorable to the party
who prevailed below. E.g., Richardson v. Richardson, 30 Va. App. 341, 349, 516 S.E.2d 726,
730 (1999). “The determination whether a spouse is entitled to [an increase, decrease or
cessation of spousal] support . . . is a matter within the discretion of the [trial] court . . . .”
Dukelow v. Dukelow, 2 Va. App. 21, 27, 341 S.E.2d 208, 211 (1986).
“The ‘circumstances’ which make ‘proper’ an increase, reduction or cessation of spousal
support under Code § 20-109 are financial and economic ones.” Hollowell v. Hollowell, 6
Va. App. 417, 419, 369 S.E.2d 451, 452-53 (1988). Thus, the trial court may consider applicable
factors that were previously considered in making an initial award of spousal support pursuant to
Code § 20-107.1, including the earning capacity, obligations, needs, and financial resources of
the parties; the property interests of the parties; the duration of the marriage; and the standard of
living established during the marriage. Compare 1988 Va. Acts ch. 620 (in effect when the
parties separated), with 1994 Va. Acts ch. 518 (in effect when the parties divorced), and 2003
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Va. Acts ch. 625 (in effect when the parties filed the instant motions to modify support) (all
containing the cited factors). 1
“[T]he law’s aim is to provide a sum for such period of time as needed to maintain the
spouse in the manner to which the spouse was accustomed during the marriage, balanced against
the other spouse’s ability to pay.” Blank v. Blank, 10 Va. App. 1, 4, 389 S.E.2d 723, 724 (1990)
(emphases added). A former spouse receiving support “‘ha[s] no right to remain idle at the
expense of [the obligor spouse;] . . . it is [the recipient spouse’s] duty to minimize [the obligor
spouse’s] loss, [even if] it was through [the obligor spouse’s] fault that [the recipient spouse] was
compelled to ask that the contract of marriage be rescinded.’” Baytop v. Baytop, 199 Va. 388,
394, 100 S.E.2d 14, 19 (1957) (quoting Barnard v. Barnard, 132 Va. 155, 164, 111 S.E. 227, 230
(1922)). Whether to impute income to either spouse—a subsidiary component of whether to
order an increase, decrease, or cessation of support—also lies within the sound discretion of the
trial court and will not be overturned on appeal unless “plainly wrong or unsupported by
evidence.” Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 102, 515 S.E.2d 780, 784 (1999).
Further, settled principles provide on appeal that
the judgment of the lower court is presumed to be correct and the
burden is on the appellant to present to us a sufficient record from
which we can determine whether the lower court has erred in the
respect complained of. If the appellant fails to do this, the
judgment will be affirmed.
1
Wife contends on brief that “[t]he Court did not specifically indicate which, if any, of
the statutory or other factors it considered in considering whether to increase, decrease, or
terminate spousal support.” Wife did not raise this issue in the trial court, and thus, it is not
properly before us in this appeal. See Rule 5A:18; cf. West v. West, 53 Va. App. 125, 131, 669
S.E.2d 390, 393 (2008) (holding that Rule 5A:18 barred consideration of a father’s claim on
appeal that the trial court erred in awarding spousal support because the trial court failed to
provide the specific written findings expressly required by Code § 20-107.1(F) for all “suits for
initial spousal support orders filed on or after July 1, 1998, and suits for modification of spousal
support orders arising from suits for initial support orders filed on or after July 1, 1998”). In any
event, the record shows the trial court set out the reasons for its ruling in detail, although it did
not expressly cite to any of the statutory factors by section number or letter.
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Justis v. Young, 202 Va. 631, 632, 119 S.E.2d 255, 256 (1961). Rule 5A:8 provides that “the
transcript of any proceeding is part of the record when it is filed in the office of the clerk of the
trial court within 60 days after entry of the final judgment.” “If . . . the transcript is
indispensable to the determination of the case, then the requirements for making the transcript a
part of the record on appeal must be strictly adhered to.” Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App.
96, 99, 341 S.E.2d 400, 402 (1986). “When the appellant fails to ensure that the record contains
transcripts or a written statement of facts necessary to permit resolution of appellate issues, any
assignments of error affected by such omission shall not be considered.” Rule 5A:8(b)(4)(ii); see
Smith v. Commonwealth, 281 Va. 464, 467-70, 706 S.E.2d 889, 891-93 (2001) (holding that
failure to file a transcript in compliance with Rule 5A:8 is not grounds for dismissal of an appeal
but may nevertheless prevent an appellate court from considering an issue on the merits). Here,
wife’s failure to file a transcript of the second half of the evidentiary hearing, standing alone, is
not fatal to her appeal but may adversely impact her ability to prove error. 2
Finally, as to the transcripts that are properly before us on appeal, “[w]e will not fix upon
isolated statements of the trial judge taken out of the full context in which they were made, and
use them as a predicate for holding the law has been misapplied.” Yarborough v.
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 978, 234 S.E.2d 286, 291 (1977). “[A] trial court’s remark is not,
in and of itself, ‘the full context’ simply because it represents the only point at which the court
[expressly] addressed the issue [in dispute].” Bassett v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 580,
583-84, 414 S.E.2d 419, 421 (1992) (applying Yarborough).
Here, wife contends the trial court found she demonstrated a specific monthly need for
support and that husband had the ability to meet that need. Thus, she contends, she was entitled
2
The court’s evidentiary hearing was held on two different days. Husband moved to
dismiss the appeal because wife failed to file a transcript for the second day. We previously
denied that motion subject to reevaluation upon our considering the merits of the appeal.
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to an ongoing, increased award of support. We do not read the trial court’s ruling in this fashion.
Viewing the trial court’s bench ruling and order in light of established principles, we conclude
the trial court held that, even if wife proved a certain level of actual spending, her decisions
regarding that overall level of spending were unwise and the evidence established she had the
ability to support herself at the same standard of living the parties had enjoyed during the
marriage. The trial court noted wife’s propensity to “travel[] and do[] other things before the
rent [sic] is paid for.” It observed she had “at least twice gone back and mortgaged the house
and cashed out on the equity of the home,” such that the mortgage balance, which had been
about $70,000 at the time of the divorce, was over $100,000 higher at the time of the
modification proceedings. The evidence in the record established that, at least partially as a
result, the monthly mortgage payment on the former marital residence had increased by more
than forty percent, from approximately $1,250 in the mid-1990s to almost $1,800 at the time of
the support modification proceedings.
The court also noted wife’s failure to make any serious attempt to obtain employment or
retraining, despite the court’s ruling in the 1997 divorce, when wife was forty-three years old,
that she was capable of working at least part-time while the parties’ then ten-year-old son
attended school. Wife, who had a college degree in graphic design, had worked about two years
each for two different employers prior to her marriage, in jobs either in her field or closely
related to it, and had worked as husband’s bookkeeper for about ten years during the parties’
marriage, as well. Despite this background, wife admitted that for about thirteen years after the
trial court first imputed part-time income of $900 per month to her in 1997, and for about four
years after the couple’s only child left home to attend college in 2006, she made only one attempt
to find employment. That attempt was limited to contacting a few builders she knew to see if
they would pay her to provide them with interior decorating services. As a result of that
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evidence, the court adopted the opinion of wife’s vocational expert that, as of 2010, she was
capable of earning $2,000 per month or $24,000 per year, and the court imputed income to her in
that amount.
Further, it was undisputed on the record that wife inherited $300,000 in 2008. The record
supports a finding that wife’s inheritance, if properly invested upon receipt, would have
generated income of almost as much as the court found wife was capable of earning in the
workforce. Wife’s own expert, a certified public accountant, testified on cross-examination that
wife could have purchased a $300,000 annuity which would have generated a fixed monthly
benefit of about $1,500. Thus, the trial court’s 2010 findings indicated wife had a monthly
earning capacity at that time of $2,000 from employment and $1,500 from investments, for a
total imputed income of $42,000 per year.
Wife admitted in her response to husband’s motion to terminate spousal support that
husband’s income “increased significantly [after] the date of the divorce,” and when the court
terminated wife’s support, it expressly stated it “look[ed] at the lifestyle [wife] was accustomed
to during the marriage.” (Emphases added). The parties had the same educational background,
and although they were married for sixteen years, they resided together as husband and wife for
fewer than ten of those years. The trial court found that the “[a]verage normalized net income”
from husband’s business prior to the parties’ divorce was $30,842 and that the business was “in
essence identical with [husband].” It found further that during the last several years of the
parties’ marriage in the 1990s, they supported three people—husband, wife, and their son—on
husband’s annual income of approximately $40,000 per year.
For nine years after the 1997 divorce, wife received almost $2,700 per month in spousal
and child support pursuant to the final decree. The court noted at the time of the 1997 decree
that its award left husband “financially strapped.” Further, although the court had ordered wife
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to pay half of son’s private school tuition, husband paid wife’s half, as well. With the potential
employment income imputed to wife by the court in the 1997 decree, wife had a total annual
income during that time of $43,127 3 with which to support two people—herself and the parties’
son—about the same amount the parties had had to support all three of them prior to the divorce.
Finally, the evidence in the record supported a finding that when the trial court
terminated spousal support in 2010, it did so because wife had the ability to earn $42,000 per
year through employment and investments to support only one person—herself. Thus, although
the cost of living had increased, the record supported a finding that wife had the same amount of
money to support herself in 2010 as the parties had had to support three people—husband, wife,
and son—in the 1990s prior to the parties’ divorce.
Evidence from the hearing of April 2, 2010, a transcript of which wife failed to make a
part of the record, might have provided additional support for the trial court’s implicit finding
that wife was capable of maintaining herself at the same standard of living the parties had
enjoyed during the marriage. Based on the facts of this case as found by the trial court and our
review of the record before us on appeal, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion
in holding that nineteen years after the parties separated and thirteen years after they divorced,
wife was not entitled to ongoing support from husband at a level that exceeded the standard of
3
That income comprised $900 per month in imputed employment income, $2,150 per
month in spousal support, and $543.92 in child support. When the parties’ son left for college in
2006 and child support was terminated, wife’s annual income decreased from $43,127 to
$36,600, comprising imputed employment income and spousal support. Wife did not seek an
increase in spousal support at that time, and in 2008, she received her $300,000 inheritance. We
recognize that child support is not spousal support, and we include the amount of the child
support payment in our discussion solely for purposes of illustrating wife’s standard of living
during the marriage and in the years following the divorce.
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living existing during the parties’ marriage simply because, three years after the divorce,
husband merged his business 4 with another and experienced an increase in his income.
B. REFUSAL TO HEAR ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE
After a court has concluded an evidentiary hearing “during which each party had ample
opportunity to present evidence, it [is] within the court’s discretion to refuse to take further
evidence on this subject.” Morris v. Morris, 3 Va. App. 303, 307, 349 S.E.2d 661, 663 (1986).
“In order to demonstrate an entitlement to a rehearing, a petitioner must show either an ‘error on
the face of the record, or . . . some legal excuse for his failure to present his full defense at or
before the time of [the court’s ruling].’” Holmes v. Holmes, 7 Va. App. 472, 480, 375 S.E.2d
387, 392 (1988) (quoting Downing v. Huston, Parbee Co., 149 Va. 1, 9, 141 S.E. 134, 136-37
(1927)). “Because of the need for finality in court adjudications,” four requirements must be met
before a record can be reopened based upon an allegation of newly discovered evidence:
(1) the evidence [must have been] discovered after trial; (2) it
could not have been obtained prior to trial through the exercise of
reasonable diligence; (3) it is not merely cumulative, corroborative
or collateral; and (4) [it] is material, and as such, should produce
an opposite result on the merits at another trial.
Mundy v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 461, 480, 390 S.E.2d 525, 535, aff’d on reh’g en banc,
399 S.E.2d 29 (1990).
Here, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to husband, supports the trial
court’s decision to deny wife’s motion to submit additional evidence. The record clearly
supports a finding, contrary to requirement (2) above, that the evidence concerning wife’s
alleged difficulty finding employment could easily have been obtained, through the exercise of
reasonable diligence, prior to the February 4 and April 2, 2010 evidentiary hearings. Wife had
known since 1997, when the parties’ son was about ten years old, that the court considered her
4
Wife was compensated for her share of husband’s business in the equitable distribution.
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capable of working at least part-time and had imputed income to her based on that basis.
However, other than to contact a few people she knew in the construction industry, she did not
apply for any jobs until after the February 2010 evidentiary hearing, and when she first asked her
vocational expert for help locating employment, she admitted she did so because the trial court
had asked her at that hearing “why she wasn’t working.” In 2009, husband’s vocational expert
assessed wife’s employability and opined she was capable of obtaining employment earning
$31,000 per year within a short time. Wife’s vocational expert opined on July 16, 2009, that
wife was capable of earning $18,000 to $24,000 per year within several months of beginning a
job search. Thus, although wife knew by July 2009 that her expert believed she was capable of
obtaining employment, she did not ask him for help finding employment at that time. Further,
all she had done by the time of her expert’s deposition on March 23, 2010, was to submit a few
job applications and “start[] to develop a resume.” (Emphasis added). This evidence, viewed in
the light most favorable to husband, supported a finding that wife could have obtained her
claimed after-discovered evidence prior to trial through the exercise of reasonable diligence if
she had begun to look for employment in a more timely fashion.
The record also supports a finding, contrary to requirement (4) above, that the evidence
was not such as “should produce an opposite result on the merits at another trial.” It was the
testimony of wife’s expert witness the trial court adopted in concluding in 2010 that she was able
to obtain employment earning $24,000 per year. Further, wife’s expert agreed with the statement
that “[wife] would have had a far easier task finding work fourteen years [earlier] . . . than she
[would] now” because “[t]he longer the gap in the work history, the more difficult it is to
overcome.” In light of this evidence, the trial court was not required to alter its finding and
conclude wife was incapable of earning the income imputed simply because wife claimed she
had tried unsuccessfully to obtain employment between the September 21, 2010 bench ruling and
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the filing of her January 28, 2011 motion. Thus, the record supports a finding that wife’s
proffered new employment evidence, if admitted, would not yield a different result.
In addition, the alleged changes in wife’s health did not require the court to hear
additional evidence. Given wife’s education and employment history, the duration of the parties’
marriage, the length of time since they had divorced, wife’s receipt of a sizeable inheritance, and
the fact that husband also had health problems, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
concluding that an additional evidentiary hearing would not yield a different result and, thus, was
not warranted.
C. HUSBAND’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS ON APPEAL
When determining the “propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts expended on
appeal,” we “view the record in its entirety and determine whether the appeal is frivolous or
whether other reasons exist for requiring additional payment.” O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23
Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996).
While wife did not prevail on appeal, we hold, based on the entire record, that her
position was not so unreasonable as to entitle husband to an award of attorney’s fees and costs
incurred in this appeal, particularly in light of husband’s significantly greater income and earning
potential. Therefore, we deny husband’s request for an award of fees and costs on appeal.
II.
For these reasons, we hold the court’s rulings did not constitute error on the facts of this
case, and we affirm. We also deny husband’s request for attorney’s fees.
Affirmed.
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Alston, J., concurring.
I join in the majority’s thorough and well-reasoned analysis and the result in this case. I
write separately, however to highlight an apparent incongruity in our statutes. As the majority
accurately notes, wife waived the argument she makes on brief that the trial court failed to make
required written findings under Code § 20-107.1(E)’s factors to support its decision to terminate
her spousal support. I agree with the majority’s application of Rule 5A:18 on this issue, but had
wife properly preserved this argument, a potentially inharmonious application of statutory
construction might be presented.
Our statutes and precedents make clear that before a trial court modifies a spousal support
award of defined duration pursuant to Code § 20-109(B), it must make certain written factual
findings under Code § 20-107.1(E). 5 See Driscoll v. Hunter, 59 Va. App. 22, 35-36, 716 S.E.2d
477, 483 (2011). In contrast, Code § 20-109(A), the statutory framework for modifying a
permanent spousal support award, allows for termination of permanent spousal support awards
“as the circumstances may make proper” without explicitly requiring a trial court to refer to the
factors in Code § 20-107.1(E) to support its decision. This Court has construed “the
circumstances” mentioned in Code § 20-109(A) to include the remaining sentences of Code
§ 20-109(A), referring to habitual cohabiting by the recipient spouse, Stacy v. Stacy, 53 Va. App.
38, 42, 669 S.E.2d 348, 350 (2008), and the parties’ financial and economic circumstances,
Hollowell v. Hollowell, 6 Va. App. 417, 419, 369 S.E.2d 451, 452 (1988) (“The right to spousal
support is terminated only by death of either party or remarriage of the dependent spouse, or a
5
Of course, Code § 20-109(B)’s plain language limits its application to “suits for initial
support orders filed on or after July 1, 1998, and suits for modification of spousal support orders
arising from suits for initial support orders filed on or after July 1, 1998.” I do not disagree with
the majority’s implicit conclusion that Code § 20-109(B) is inapplicable to the case at bar
because the suit for the initial support order was entered prior to July 1, 1998, and the spousal
support award is not one of defined duration.
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change in the financial status of the parties such that support is no longer needed or can no longer
be paid.”). Despite the potentially draconian result of terminating a permanent spousal support
award, the legislature has not required the same written findings by a trial court when it makes a
decision to terminate a permanent spousal support award. Without a clear legislative direction
on this subject, the theoretical incongruity in the analytical framework between Code
§ 20-109(A) and -109(B) will undoubtedly present issues of significance for this Court to
resolve. For these reasons alone, I write separately to highlight this concern, but otherwise
unreservedly concur in the disposition of the majority.
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