COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Petty
Argued at Salem, Virginia
FREDERICK LEON DAVIS
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 0250-06-3 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
JANUARY 9, 2007
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF MARTINSVILLE
G. Carter Greer, Judge
Joseph R. Winston, Special Appellate Counsel (Catherine E. P.
Haas, Assistant Appellate Defender; Virginia Indigent Defense
Commission, on briefs), for appellant.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Appellant Frederick Leon Davis appeals his conviction for assault and battery in violation
of Code § 18.2-57.2. On appeal, he argues that he acted in self-defense and did not use excessive
force; therefore, he asserts his conviction should be reversed. For the reasons that follow, we
disagree and affirm the conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
“On appeal, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Martin v. Commonwealth, 4
Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987). We must also “‘discard the evidence of the
accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence
favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’”
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Craddock v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 539, 542-43, 580 S.E.2d 454, 456 (2003) (quoting
Holsapple v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 522, 528, 574 S.E.2d 756, 758-59 (2003)). So
viewed, the evidence establishes that Davis shared an apartment with Rebecca Giles in Martinsville.
When Davis came home on the day of the offense, Giles became upset with him because he had
been laid off from his job. Giles’ testimony concerning the incident was as follows:
That day I came in with an attitude. He had got laid off his job and
I jumped on him. Then that’s when I jumped on his back and hit
him on the head. Then he throwed me off in the floor. That’s
when I jumped up and got on the bed, and that’s when I grabbed
the scissors and was getting ready to stab him with them. Then he
tried to grab me and I wouldn’t let him grab me. That’s when I
grabbed the iron and was getting ready to hit him. That’s when he
took the iron from me and hit me right there. (Indicating).
Photographs taken of Giles show that she suffered facial injuries in this assault, including:
(1) a gash above her right eyebrow requiring stitches; (2) swelling and bruising to her right eye;
(3) a burn to her left cheek; (4) an injury to the right side of her lip; and (5) a swollen left eye. The
Commonwealth admitted these photographs into evidence at the trial. A grand jury indicted Davis
for malicious wounding in violation of Code § 18.2-51. Following a bench trial, at which only
Giles testified, the trial court found Davis guilty of assault and battery in violation of § 18.2-57.2.
II. ANALYSIS
Davis alleges the trial court erred when it rejected his claim of self-defense, finding that he
used excessive force to repel Giles’ attack. Davis asserts that Giles initiated the fight and when he
struck her, he did so to defend himself. Moreover, Davis argues his response was neither
excessive nor unlawful. We disagree.
Self-defense is an affirmative defense. McGhee v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 560, 562,
248 S.E.2d 808, 810 (1978). When a defendant asserts this defense, he “implicitly admits” that
his use of force was intentional, and he bears the burden of introducing sufficient evidence “that
raises a reasonable doubt” about his guilt. Id. “Whether an accused proves circumstances
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sufficient to create a reasonable doubt that he acted in self-defense is a question of fact.” Smith
v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 68, 71, 435 S.E.2d 414, 416 (1993) (citing Yarborough v.
Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971, 979, 234 S.E.2d 286, 292 (1977)). We will not disturb the trial
court’s factual findings on appeal unless they are “plainly wrong or without evidence to support
them.” Id.
The right of self-defense is not unlimited. Even when one is entitled to use force to
defend himself, “the amount of force used must be reasonable in relation to the harm
threatened.” Diffendal v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 417, 421, 382 S.E.2d 24, 26 (1989) (citing
Montgomery v. Commonwealth, 98 Va. 840, 844, 36 S.E. 371, 373 (1900)). Moreover, an
individual’s right to defend himself “begins where the necessity begins and ends where it ends.”
Thomason v. Commonwealth, 178 Va. 489, 498, 17 S.E.2d 374, 378 (1941) (citations omitted).
In this case, the trial court determined that Davis used excessive force against Giles
when, after disarming her, he attacked her with the iron. In reaching this conclusion, the trial
court made a series of findings concerning the attack:
The defendant apparently grabbed the iron from Ms. Giles, at
which point he then struck her over the right eye, a very significant
blow. Photographs show quite a bit of blood, a fairly severe
laceration, a very swollen eye.
* * * * * * *
Under the circumstances the court thinks that [excessive force] was
used.
* * * * * * *
[T]he evidence does show that when the defendant struck Ms.
Giles, she was unarmed. That was the basis for the court’s
decision to view this as basically the use of excessive force. There
was really no need at that point to attempt to disable or disarm Ms.
Giles. There was certainly no justification for the use of an iron,
and it did some considerable damage to Ms. Giles’ face.
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“The reasonableness of the force used is a factual issue.” Goodwin v. Commonwealth,
23 Va. App. 475, 483, 477 S.E.2d 781, 785 (1996) (citing Diffendal, 8 Va. App. at 421, 382
S.E.2d at 26). Based upon our review of this record, we conclude there was sufficient evidence
to support the trial court’s stated determination that the amount of force used by Davis was
unreasonable in relation to the threat presented by Giles at the time the assault occurred.
III. CONCLUSION
The trial court’s finding that Davis used excessive force is neither plainly wrong nor
without evidence to support it. Accordingly, we affirm the conviction.
Affirmed.
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