COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, McClanahan and Senior Judge Coleman
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
RUBY MORRIS FOWLER
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1265-05-2 JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR.
MARCH 14, 2006
CLYDE M. FOWLER
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
Michael C. Allen, Judge
Robert L. Isaacs (Robert L. Isaacs, P.C., on briefs), for appellant.
Randy B. Rowlett (Gordon, Dodson, Gordon & Rowlett, on brief),
for appellee.
In this appeal from a final decree of divorce, Ruby M. Fowler contends that the trial judge
erred in (1) failing to equitably distribute her husband’s pension plan and other property,
(2) requiring her to pay her husband, Clyde M. Fowler, a lump sum monetary payment,
(3) awarding her spousal support in a lump sum, and (4) denying her request for a reservation of the
right to receive spousal support in the future.
The parties were married in 1970. The wife ceased working in 1973 because of epilepsy,
and she receives monthly social security disability of $533. The husband retired from his
employment in 1986 and receives pension benefits of $1,231 monthly. He also receives monthly
social security benefits of $1,047. They separated in 2002 after thirty-two years of marriage and
were divorced by a final decree three years later. This appeal challenges the trial judge’s rulings
and provisions in the final decree concerning the distribution of the parties’ marital property and
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
spousal support. For the reasons that follow, we reverse these rulings and remand for
reconsideration.
Equitable Distribution
“‘In reviewing an equitable distribution award on appeal, we have recognized that the trial
court’s job is a difficult one, and we rely heavily on the discretion of the trial judge in weighing the
many considerations and circumstances that are presented in each case.’” Moran v. Moran, 29
Va. App. 408, 417, 512 S.E.2d 834, 838 (1999) (citation omitted). Although the trial judge must
exercise sound discretion, we have recognized that the statute requires the judge to make a
“determination . . . based upon the equities and the rights and interests of each party in the marital
property.” Keyser v. Keyser, 7 Va. App. 405, 410, 374 S.E.2d 698, 701 (1988); see also Barker v.
Barker, 27 Va. App. 519, 535, 500 S.E.2d 240, 247-48 (1998). If the trial judge fails to do so or if
he “use[s] an improper legal standard in exercising [this] discretionary function,” then the trial judge
necessarily abuses his discretion. Thomas v. Commonwealth, 263 Va. 216, 233, 559 S.E.2d 652,
661 (2002). In other words, “a trial court ‘by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error
of law.’” Shooltz v. Shooltz, 27 Va. App. 264, 271, 498 S.E.2d 437, 441 (1998) (citation omitted).
See also Cooter & Gell v. Hartman Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990) (holding that a trial judge
“would necessarily abuse [his] discretion if [he] based [his] ruling on an erroneous view of the law
or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence”).
a. Valuation and distribution of a promissory note
The wife contends the trial judge improperly determined the value of a promissory note
receivable to be the principal balance owed on the note at the time of the testimony. She argues that
the note was not “immediately due and payable” and that the trial judge should have equitably
divided between the parties “a share of the income stream.” The husband responds that the judge’s
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determination of the value of the note was supported by testimony and by a schedule showing the
amount of principal and interest payable on the note through maturity.
A trial judge “valuing marital property for the purpose of making a monetary award must
determine from the evidence that value which represents the property’s intrinsic worth to the parties
upon dissolution of the marriage.” Bosserman v. Bosserman, 9 Va. App. 1, 6, 384 S.E.2d 104, 107
(1989). In our review of the trial judge’s decision on this issue, we are governed by the following
principles:
A trial court has broad discretion to determine the value of
assets. “The trial court’s valuation cannot be based on mere
guesswork. The burden is on the parties to provide the trial court
sufficient evidence from which it can value their property.”
Further, the trial court determines the weight and credibility to
afford the evidence presented to it. In sum, “the value of property
is an issue of fact, not law.”
Hoebelheinrich v. Hoebelheinrich, 43 Va. App. 543, 556-57, 600 S.E.2d 152, 158 (2004)
(citations omitted). Simply put, a trial judge may “choose among conflicting assessments of
value as long as [the judge’s] finding is supported by the evidence.” McDavid v. McDavid, 19
Va. App. 406, 413, 451 S.E.2d 713, 718 (1994).
Both the husband and the wife testified that they sold real estate to the wife’s niece and
the niece’s husband and that they “retain[ed] a note against the property.” During the husband’s
testimony, he identified and entered as an exhibit an amortization schedule of the payments on
the note. The exhibit shows the initial principal amount in 1995 was $44,170.35, the interest rate
is 8%, and the monthly payment is $324.32. The principal balance owed on the note at the time
of the hearing was $40,286.13. Payments on the note are made to an account that has been
maintained by the wife since the parties’ separation.
The wife presented no contrary evidence of value for the judge’s consideration. Instead,
she argues that, because “no evidence . . . was presented as to the . . . present value,” the trial
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judge should have “equitably divid[ed]” the note and “awarded each party a share of the income
stream from the promissory note.”
Absent any other evidence as to how to value the note, the trial judge concluded that it
should be valued at $40,286.13, the principal balance owed on the note.
Where an asset consists of benefits to be received at some time
after the divorce is complete, its present value will be less than the
sum total of all future benefits. As any economics student knows,
money earns interest, and the value of [a] dollar to be received in
the future is therefore less than a dollar to be received today. To
accurately value future benefits, the court must make certain that
they are discounted to present value.
In computing present value, the court must use a reasonable
interest rate.
Brett R. Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property § 7:8, at 655-56 (3d ed. 2005) (footnotes
omitted).
Although the wife contends the note’s principal balance does not represent the note’s
present value, she provided no theories at trial or on appeal as to the better way to calculate the
note’s present value. She makes no argument about a discount rate or other factors.
As part of the equitable distribution scheme, the trial judge awarded this marital property
to the wife and offset it by marital property of equal value to the husband. An exhibit in the
record indicated the note had a principal balance of $40,286.13 and showed the amount of
interest that would be paid on the note in each future installment.1 Although the trial judge could
1
The amortization schedule specified the principal and interest for each payment, and it
indicates the following for the note:
FINANCE CHARGE: . . . . . . . . . . 72,561.24
TOTAL PAYMENTS: . . . . . . . . . . 116,761.24
HIGH BALANCE: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,200.00
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE: . . . . . 8.000
NUMBER OF PAYMENT(S) 359 AT 324.32 BEGINNING 06/01/1995
NUMBER OF PAYMENT(S) 1 AT 330.36 BEGINNING 05/01/2025
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have awarded each party a percentage of each payment to be made on the note, we hold that the
trial judge’s valuation was supported by the evidence and that his decision concerning this jointly
owned asset was not plainly wrong.
b. The husband’s pension
The wife contends the trial judge erred in ruling that the evidence was insufficient to
determine the marital share of the husband’s pension. The husband responds that the wife offered
no evidence as to the value of the marital share of the pension. We hold that the trial judge erred in
his ruling.
The statute that authorizes the trial judge to decree as to the property of divorcing parties
expressly provides that any “portion of pensions, profit sharing or deferred compensation or
retirement plans of whatever nature, acquired by either spouse during the marriage, . . . is presumed
to be marital in the absence of satisfactory evidence that it is separate property.” Code
§ 20-107.3(A)(2). In addition, the statute provides that the trial judge may award up to fifty percent
of the marital share of any such pension or plan to the non-owning spouse as such benefits are
payable. Code § 20-107.3(G)(1). “In the case of any pension, profit-sharing, or deferred
compensation plan or retirement benefit, the marital share as defined in subsection G shall be
marital property.” Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(b).
The evidence proved that the husband began employment at DuPont in 1944. He was still
employed by DuPont when the parties married in 1970. The husband retired from his employment
in 1986 while the parties were married and began receiving monthly pension benefits. The parties
separated in 2002.
In his letter opinion, the trial judge listed all property that was deemed marital, found that
the marital property totaled $130,432.43, and found that the wife had in her possession almost
$30,000 more of the marital property than the husband. The listing of the marital property did not
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include, however, any portion of the husband’s pension. The letter opinion further provides that “to
approximate an equal division of the parties’ marital estate, the [wife] shall pay to the [husband] a
net monetary award in the amount of $15,000.” Consistent with the letter opinion, the final decree
provides “[t]hat to achieve an equal division of the parties’ marital estate, the [wife] shall pay to the
[husband] a net monetary award in the amount of $15,000.” This provision of the final decree,
which was to effect the judge’s determination that an equal division of the marital property was
appropriate in this case, resulted from a valuation and classification of the marital property that did
not include consideration of the husband’s pension benefits.
The trial judge classified the DuPont pension as “hybrid” property.2 In classifying the
property as hybrid, the trial judge ruled “there was no evidence . . . concerning the marital share of
the pension, aside from the duration of the [husband’s] employment and the duration of the parties’
marriage.” The trial judge noted that he “did not include the DuPont pension as part of the equitable
distribution scheme, but rather treated the monthly pension benefits received by [the husband] as
income to the [husband] for . . . determining . . . spousal support.” His complete findings are as
follows:
While the evidence showed that the [husband] receives $1,231 per
month in benefits from his DuPont pension plan, there was no
evidence presented concerning the present value of the pension as
an asset, nor any evidence concerning the marital share of the
pension, aside from the duration of the [husband’s] employment
and the duration of the parties’ marriage. Without sufficient
evidence to equitably divide the DuPont pension, the Court did not
include the DuPont pension as part of the equitable distribution
scheme, but rather treated the monthly pension benefits received
by plaintiff as income to the plaintiff for purposes of determining
an award of spousal support.
2
Although the statute does not use this term, “hybrid property,” we have ruled that “Code
§ 20-107.3(A)(3) addresses hybrid property, that is, property which is by definition part marital and
part separate.” Rahbaran v. Rahbaran, 26 Va. App. 195, 207, 494 S.E.2d 135, 140 (1997). We
further noted that “[t]he concept of hybrid property presupposes that separate property has not been
segregated but, rather combined with marital property.” Id.
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The wife argues that, even in the absence of a present value, alternatives were available
to the trial judge to determine the marital share of the pension. Indeed, in other cases, we have
addressed the absence of a present value calculation. See e.g., Johnson v. Johnson, 25 Va. App.
368, 374-75, 488 S.E.2d 659, 662 (1997); Rowe v. Rowe, 24 Va. 123, 143, 480 S.E.2d 760, 769
(1997). We held in Johnson that
[w]here, as here, the evidence renders a precise determination of a
pension’s value practically impossible[,] an award of pension
benefits to a payee spouse, as those benefits are received by the
payor spouse, as permitted by Code § 20-107.3(G)(1), may prove
the only equitable method of considering the pension benefits in
making an award.
25 Va. App. at 374-75, 488 S.E.2d at 662.
Furthermore, the record contained sufficient evidence from which the marital share of the
pension could be determined. According to the husband’s own testimony, he began working for
DuPont in 1944 and continued there until his retirement in 1985 or 1986. Despite his uncertainty
about whether he retired in 1985 or 1986, he testified that he worked at DuPont for forty-two
years with a sixteen-month break for military service. The husband also testified that he and the
wife married in 1970. He further provided a monthly income and expense sheet indicating he
receives as a pension benefit the gross amount of $1,231 per month.
The judge’s finding that the pension was “hybrid” property recognizes that it contains a
marital portion. Furthermore, the evidence was sufficient to bring the pension within the
provision of Code § 20-107.3(A)(2) describing presumptively marital property, i.e.,
that portion of pensions, or retirement plans of whatever nature,
acquired by either spouse during the marriage, and before the last
separation of the parties, if at such time or thereafter at least one of
the parties intends that the separation be permanent, is presumed to
be marital property in the absence of satisfactory evidence that it is
separate property.
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According to explicit statutory language, “[i]n the case of any pension . . . plan or retirement
benefit, the marital share . . . shall be marital property,” when the pension is part marital property
and part separate property. Code § 20-107.3(A)(3)(b). This section of the statute must be read in
conjunction with Code § 20-107.3(G)(1):
The court may direct payment of a percentage of the marital share
of any pension, profit-sharing or deferred compensation plan or
retirement benefits, whether vested or nonvested, which constitutes
marital property and whether payable in a lump sum or over a
period of time. The court may order direct payment of such
percentage of the marital share by direct assignment to a party
from the employer trustee, plan administrator or other holder of the
benefits. However, the court shall only direct that payment be
made as such benefits are payable. No such payment shall exceed
50 percent of the marital share of the case benefits actually
received by the party against whom such award is made. “Marital
share” means that portion of the total interest, the right to which
was earned during the marriage and before the last separation of
the parties, if at such time or thereafter at least one of the parties
intended that the separation be permanent.
The evidence in the record provided a sufficient basis to calculate the marital share using
the statutory formula. Without determining the marital share of the pension, the trial judge
impermissibly ruled that the entire pension was to be awarded to the husband. In so ruling, the
trial judge failed “to achieve an equal division of the parties’ marital estate,” which was the
premise underlying the distribution ordered by the final decree. “While the division or transfer
of marital property and the amount of any monetary award are matters committed to the sound
discretion of the trial court, ‘any division or award must be based on the parties’ equities, rights,
and interests in the property.’” Theismann v. Theismann, 22 Va. App. 557, 564-65, 471 S.E.2d
809, 812 (citations omitted), aff’d en banc, 23 Va. App. 697, 479 S.E.2d 534 (1996).
The husband argues that the trial judge could not determine the marital share in the
absence of proof whether the pension plan was a defined benefit plan or a defined contribution
plan. We find nothing in the record to suggest this was a dilemma that should have impeded the
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trial judge. The evidence proved the husband was receiving his monthly pension benefit
payments. Therefore, we perceive no reason to conclude that the statute would suggest a
different treatment of the calculation of the marital share in these circumstances. In Mann v.
Mann, 22 Va. App. 459, 470 S.E.2d 605 (1996), we so held:
Under Virginia law, it is well established that the marital portion of
a defined benefit plan is distinguished from the separate portion by
the application of a fraction, the numerator of which represents the
total time the pensioner is employed during the parties’ marriage,
and the denominator of which represents the total time the
pensioner is employed through the date of retirement. See, e.g.,
Mosley v. Mosley, 19 Va. App. 192, 198, 450 S.E.2d 161, 165
(1994); Primm v. Primm, 12 Va. App. 1036, 1037, 407 S.E.2d 45,
46 (1991). The fraction diminishes the marital share in relation to
the number of years that pre-and post-marital contributions are
made. Thus, as applied, the fraction effectively excludes from the
marital share the income earned by pre-and post-marital
contributions to the pension.
Different treatment of a defined contribution plan follows
neither from the nature of the plan, which is characterized by
readily identifiable fund values during the life of the fund, nor
from the language of the statute.
Mann, 22 Va. App. at 464-65, 470 S.E.2d at 607-08 (footnote omitted). The statutory language
found in Code § 20-107.3(G) “is mandatory and can be implemented through the use of a simple
formula.” Mosley, 19 Va. App. at 198, 450 S.E.2d at 165.
As we noted in Mann, “we find no support for the view that the legislature intended to
exclude retirement plans or any other specific type of property from the overall equitable
distribution scheme.” 22 Va. App. at 463, 470 S.E.2d at 603. “[W]hen pension benefits
comprise a ‘portion of the pool of marital assets,’ they are clearly contemplated by the ‘scheme’
of Code § 20-107.3, which is intended to justly distribute the ‘marital wealth of the parties.’”
Banagan v. Banagan, 17 Va. App. 321, 325, 437 S.E.2d 229, 231 (1993) (citation omitted). The
decision to treat the husband’s pension payments as property that was not subject to the mandate
of Code § 20-107.3(G) is not supported by the evidence. “The statute details that which must be
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determined in order to reach an equitable result based on the notion of a marriage partnership,
and awards based on anything less, regardless of how nobly and fairly created, cannot withstand
the appellate review.” Hodges v. Hodges, 2 Va. App. 508, 517, 347 S.E.2d 134, 139 (1986).
For these reasons, we hold that the trial judge erred in finding the evidence insufficient to
determine the marital share of the husband’s monthly pension benefits. The evidence was
sufficient to prove the husband’s pension benefits were part marital and part separate and to
easily calculate the marital share. Accordingly, we reverse the portion of the final decree
distributing the marital property and remand for reconsideration. We need not address the wife’s
claim of error regarding the lump sum monetary payment because it was a part of the overall
award and necessarily must be reconsidered when the equitable distribution of the marital
property is revised on remand. Code § 20-107.3(D) and (E).
Spousal support
The trial judge found that the wife demonstrated a need for an award of spousal support
and ordered the husband to pay a lump sum of $15,000 for spousal support, finding that the
husband did not have an ability to pay periodic spousal support. Citing Blank v. Blank, 10
Va. App. 1, 5, 389 S.E.2d 723, 725 (1990), the wife contends that no special circumstances or
compelling reason existed to refuse her request for a periodic spousal support award. The
husband responds that this was “clearly a case of special circumstances due to the [wife’s]
epilepsy and inability to work.” Thus, the husband contends the trial judge’s ruling is supported
by the circumstances of this case and was not an abuse of discretion.
Code § 20-107.1(E) requires the trial judge to consider various factors, including
“provisions made with regard to the marital property under § 20-107.3,” when determining
spousal support. Code § 20-107.1(E)(8). This scheme for assessing the “nature, amount and
duration of an award” of spousal support, Code § 20-107.1(E), will require the trial judge to
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revisit the spousal support award on remand in view of the reconsidered equitable distribution
award. Accordingly, we vacate the provisions regarding spousal support, including the denial of
the wife’s request for reservation of the right to receive spousal support, and we remand for
reconsideration.3 See Rowe v. Rowe, 33 Va. App. 250, 270, 532 S.E.2d 908, 918 (2000).
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand this appeal for such further
proceedings as necessary in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
3
The wife sought and obtained spousal support. Moreover, the record reflects that the
wife’s notice and motion and her suggested draft of a final decree contained a provision for the
reservation of spousal support. We addressed a similar circumstance in Vissicchio v. Vissicchio,
27 Va. App. 240, 498 S.E.2d 425 (1998).
At trial, mother . . . asked for spousal support. Mother requested to
reserve the right to receive spousal support in the event of a change
in circumstances by including a reservation in the final decree,
which she prepared. The court deleted mother’s reservation of the
right to seek spousal support in the future from the final decree, but
failed to explain the basis for its denial of her reservation. . . .
While mother did not explicitly request a reservation of the right to
seek spousal support at trial, but rather sought only spousal
support, her request for spousal support implicitly contained a
request for future spousal support, as events warranted, as well as a
request for immediate support. Finding no legal barrier to spousal
support for mother, we conclude that the court erred in refusing her
request to reserve the right to receive spousal support in the event
of a change in circumstances.
Id. at 254-55, 498 S.E.2d at 433.
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