Chris Hickman v. Misty Willis

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs August 11, 2003

CHRIS HICKMAN v. MISTY WILLIS

Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Hickman County
No. 02-1441J, Samuel H. Smith, Judge

No. M2003-00574-COA-R3-JV - Filed August 27, 2003

Mother appeals the trial court action of requiring non-custodial obligor father to pay only one-half
of the premium for medical insurance covering their minor child and further appeals the amount of
support arrearage. As the child support guidelines are mandatory in requiring that non-custodial
obligor parent is responsible for the full premium of medical insurance, the action of the trial court
is modified accordingly and in all other respects affirmed.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
Modified and Remanded

WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR . and
PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JJ., joined.

Neal Lovlace, Centerville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Misty Willis.

Chris Hickman, Duck River, Tennessee, Pro Se.

OPINION

Chris Hickman and Misty Willis are parents of a minor child now nine years of age.
Apparently Hickman had been previously ordered by the Juvenile Court of Hickman County to pay
child support for the minor child and had failed to do so. He was cited for contempt of court and an
Order was entered April 24, 2000, finding him guilty of thirteen counts of contempt of court and
sentencing him to 130 days in the county jail. A judgment in the amount of $1600.02 for child
support arrearage was entered against him and his sentence to the county jail was stayed conditioned
upon his compliance with the future child support order. He was then ordered in accordance with
the Tennessee Child Support Guidelines to pay $87 per week current support and $20 additional per
week to be applied to the arrearage.

Mr. Hickman then filed a pro se petition to establish specific visitation rights which was met
by an Answer and Counter-Petition filed January 2, 2003. The answer denied the right of the
Petitioner to extended visitation and the Counter-Petition complained that Mr. Hickman was living
with a woman to whom he was not married, and that both were heavy smokers which aggravated the
allergy and asthma condition of the child. Prayers for relief included:

2. That the Counter-Respondent be required to increase his child support to an
extent that will pay the additional expense of having C. added to her mother
and/or stepfather’s health insurance plan;

3. That Counter-Respondent be required to reimburse your Counter-Petitioner
for health expenses incurred on behalf of C.;

.....

5. That a judgment be granted against the Counter-Respondent for the cost of
this cause, the medical expenses and attorney’s fees of Counter-Petitioner;

6. That the Counter-Respondent be required to reimburse Counter-Petitioner for
any medical, dental or eye glass expenses she incurs on behalf of C. that is
not otherwise covered by insurance.

The case was heard on January 15, 2003, with pertinent portions of the court Order
providing:

3. That the minor child is covered under TennCare and the premium for such
coverage from January 2001 through April 2002 was $150.00 per month and
the premium from May 2002 to the current date is $100.00 per month;

4. That the mother has incurred $1,631.18 in medical expenses actually paid on
behalf of the parties’ child and father should reimburse mother for one-half
(½) of that amount, or $815.90;

5. That the parties should equally share in the medical insurance premiums and
uncovered medical expenses;

....

2. A judgment of $815.90 should be entered against the Father, Chris Hickman,
for which execution may issue if payments are missed;

3. The Respondent, Chris Hickman, shall increase his child support payment by
$11.54 per week ($50.00 per month) in order to pay on the $815.90 judgment
and shall increase his child support an additional $11.54 per week ($50.00 per
month) in order to reimburse Mother for one-half (½) of the TennCare

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 premium for the minor child. Therefore, Respondent, Chris Hickman, shall
pay a total of $110.08 per week, same being $98.54 for current support, and
$11.54 per week for the $815.9 judgment rendered herein, beginning January
24, 2003 and made payable to:

Central Child Support Receipting Unit
P. O. Box 305200
Nashville, TN 37229

Case No. 65017

Misty Willis appeals the decision of the trial court asserting as issues:

1. Whether the Trial Court erred in failing to require the non-custodial parent
to provide health care coverage for the parties’ minor child;

2. Whether the Trial Court erred in requiring the parties to divide the premium
for the TennCare coverage custodial parent had acquired for the parties’
child;

3. Whether the Trial Court erred in failing to require the non-custodial parent
to reimburse custodial parent for TennCare premiums paid;

Whatever discretion a trial court may have had in setting child support prior to the
promulgation of the Child Support Guidelines by the Department of Human Services did not survive
legislative enactment of Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-101(e)(1).

Child Support Guidelines have the force of law. Jahn v. Jahn, 932 S.W.2d
939, 943 (Tenn.Ct.App.1996). Any deviation from the guildelines must be explicitly
stated on the record. Tenn.Code Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1). If the guidelines are not
followed, the court must make written specific findings that their application would
be unjust or inappropriate, stating the amount that should be awarded under the
guildelines, along with justification for the deviation. Tenn., Comp. R. & Regs. Ch.
1240-2-4-.02(7).

State ex rel. Wrzesniewski v. Miller, 77 S.W.3d 195, 197 (Tenn.Ct.App.2001).

The Child Support Guidelines promulgated by the Department of Human Services and
mandated by Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-101(e)(1) provide, in pertinent part:

Rule 1240-2-4-.03

....

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 (5) After determining the net income of the obligor, that amount is to be rounded
up to the next dollar. That amount is then multiplied by the percentage below
that corresponds to the number of children for whom support is being set in
the instant case. The percentages are:

No. of children 1 2 3 4 5 or more

% of income 21% 32% 41% 46% 50%

After this calculation is made, if there are no changes to be made pursuant to
paragraph 1240-2-4-.04 below, then this is the amount of the child support
award.

1240-2-4-.04 CRITERIA FOR DEVIATION FROM GUIDELINES

(1) Since these percentage amounts are minimums, the court shall increase the
award calculated in Rule 1240-2-4-.03 for the following reasons:

(a) If the obligor is not providing health insurance for the child(ren), an
amount equal to the amount necessary for the obligee to obtain such
insurance shall be added to the percentage calculated in the above
rule.

Child Support Guidelines Rules 1240-2-4-.03 and 1240-2-4-.04.

Appellant asserts that Mr. Hickman was under a decree to pay for health care insurance prior
to the Order of January 27, 2003, but the record before the Court does not bear this out. The first
order that is in this record is the Order of April 24, 2002, which is a form order wherein a check
appears beside number 17. providing “health insurance is ordered as follows:” with a sub-provision
thereafter reciting under a check mark “as previously ordered on _______________________.” The
Order further provides:

11. The Respondent shall pay child support in accordance with the Tennessee
Child Support Guidelines, in the amount of $ 107.00 per week , being
$ 87.00 for current support, $ 20.00 toward the judgment, and $______
for medical insurance, beginning April 26, 2002 and made payable to:

Central Child Support Receipting Unit
P O Box 305200
Nashville, TN 37229

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 This failure of the prior Orders to disclose a prior court obligation specifically obligating
Hickman to pay medical insurance premiums is of no significance in regard to prospective child
support but is significant in regard to back child support.

This Court has held:

A trial court’s authority in setting back child support is addressed in the leading
Supreme Court case of State ex rel. Coleman v. Clay, 805 S.W.2d 752 (Tenn.1991),
wherein Justice Daughtrey, speaking for the court, opined as follows:
. . . the father’s responsibility for support of a child of his born out of
wedlock arises at the date of the child’s birth. Because the statute also
permits the [trial court] to make a retroactive award for expenses incurred in
the support of the child prior to the entry of the paternity decree, such an
award can be made back to the date of the child’s birth, under appropriate
circumstances. Obviously, the [trial court] has broad discretion to determine
the amount of such a retroactive award, as well as the manner in which it is
to be paid.
Id. at 755.
In setting prospective child support in paternity cases, a trial court is bound to follow
the mandates of T.C.A. § 36-5-101(e), and the Child Support Guidelines (Guidelines)
promulgated by the Department of Human Services and adopted by the General
Assembly. See T.C.A. § 36-2-108(d). See also Tenn.Comp.R. & Regs., ch.1240-2-
4-.02(3). (“These guidelines shall be applicable in any action brought to establish or
modify child support, whether temporary or permanent.”) Cf. Barabas v. Rogers,
868 S.W.2d 283, 288 n. 5 (Tenn.App.1993). The Guidelines have the force of law.
Nash v. Mulle, 846 S.W.2d 803, 804 (Tenn.1993) (“Hence, the purposes, premises,
guidelines for compliance, and criteria for deviation from the guidelines carry what
amounts to a legislative mandate.”)
In the unreported case of Kirchner v. Pritchett, C/A No. 01A01-9503-JV-00092,
1995 WL 714279 (Court of Appeals at Nashville, December 6, 1995), perm. app. not
requested, a panel of the Middle Section of this court differentiated between the
setting of prospective child support and back child support in paternity cases:
Child support decisions in paternity cases are controlled by the same
principles governing similar decisions in divorce cases. Tenn.Code Ann. §
36-2-108(d) (Supp.1995). Since child support decisions in divorce cases
must be made in accordance with the child support guidelines, Tenn.Code
Ann. § 36-5-101(e)(1) (Supp.1995), decisions involving prospective child
support in paternity cases must also be consistent with the guidelines
(citations omitted).
***
Unlike awards for prospective child support, awards for expenses arising
between the child’s birth and the filing of a paternity petition are

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 discretionary decisions based on the facts of the particular case (citations
omitted).
Id. 1995 WL 714279 at *4-5. We agree with our brethren in the Middle Section.
The “broad discretion” recognized by the Supreme Court in State ex rel. Coleman,
805 S.W.2d at 755, is inconsistent with a requirement that the Guidelines be strictly
adhered to in computing back child support in paternity cases. This is not to say that
a trial court, in the exercise of its broad but sound discretion, could not award child
support back to the date of the child’s birth in an amount calculated in strict
adherence to the formula set forth in Tenn.Comp.R. & Regs., ch. 1240-2-4-.03.
Clearly, it could in an appropriate case; but it is also just as clear that a trial court’s
broad discretion permits it to award back child support in an amount other than the
amount calculated in strict compliance with the Guidelines. As the Supreme Court
said in State ex rel. Coleman:
. . . the statute gives the juvenile court the discretion to order a retroactive
support award back to . . . [the] date [of the child’s birth], the amount and
method of payment to be determined by the [trial judge] in light of the
circumstances of the case and consistent with the standards which normally
govern the issuance of child support orders. (citation omitted).
Id. 805 S.W.2d at 755.
Shell v. Law, at *4-7. (Emphasis in original).

State, Dept. of Human Services v. Springs, 976 S.W.2d 654, (Tenn.Ct.App.1997).

Prospectively the trial court must comply with section 1240-2-4-.04 of the Child Support
Guidelines, and, in addition to the 21% of net income must require Mr. Hickman to pay “an amount
equal to the amount necessary for the obligee to obtain such insurance,” unless the court makes the
necessary findings that a deviation is justified.

As regards the remainder of the trial court Order requiring Appellee to reimburse mother for
only one-half of the total of $1631.18 in medical expenses incurred, and the action requiring him to
reimburse mother for only one-half of the TennCare premium previously paid for the child, we are
not prepared to say that the trial court has abused its discretion. The judgment of the trial court will
be modified in order to comply from and after the Order of January 27, 2003, with the provisions of
Child Support Guideline 1240-2-4-.04(1)(a). In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.

The case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Costs of the appeal are assessed to Chris Hickman.

___________________________________
WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE

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