IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
DOROTHY J. JOHNSTON V. FRED E. COWDEN, JR.
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
No. 97C-365 Thomas Brothers, Judge
No. M1999-00962-COA-R3-CV - Decided May 25, 2000
This legal malpractice action was filed against the estate of a deceased attorney who allegedly
failed to file a civil action and a claim for compensation under the Criminal Injuries
Compensation Act on the plaintiff’s behalf. Implicitly applying the Dead Person’s Statute, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 24-1-203, the trial court granted the estate’s motion for summary judgment on a
finding that the deceased attorney was never retained. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed and Remanded
COTTRELL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CANTRELL, P.J., M.S. and CAIN , J.
joined.
Lionel R. Barrett, Jr., Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Dorothy J. Johnston.
John P. Branham & Kathryn E. Barnett, Nashville, Tennessee, for Fred E. Cowden, Jr. Deceased,
by Fred E. Cowden, Sr., as Executor of the Estate of Fred E. Cowden, Jr.
OPINION
Dorothy (“Dodi”) J. Johnston filed this legal malpractice case against the estate of Fred E.
Cowden, Jr., a deceased attorney who allegedly failed to file a civil action and a claim for
compensation under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act on her behalf. The trial court
granted the estate’s motion for summary judgment on a finding that Ms. Johnston never retained
Mr. Cowden.
On February 3, 1995, Ms. Johnston was injured by an individual who was subsequently
arrested and convicted of aggravated assault. It is undisputed that sometime prior to January 8,
1996, Ms. Johnston consulted with Mr. Cowden about suing the man who assaulted her and
filing a claim under the criminal injuries compensation statutes. The outcome of this appeal
1
hinges on whether there is sufficient evidence in the record to support a finding that Ms.
Johnston’s contact with Mr. Cowden gave rise to an attorney/client relationship and/or that Ms.
Johnston suffered any damage from the failure to file a victim compensation claim.
The complaint alleges that Ms. Johnston hired Mr. Cowden at an unspecified time to file
the actions arising from the assault. However, the record shows that on January 8, 1996, Mr.
Cowden sent Ms. Johnston the following letter:
You had indicated that you wanted me to prepare your claim for compensation
under the Criminal Injury Compensation Program. You sent me the forms,
however, I need certain information from you in order to complete the forms. In
addition, you had discussed the possibility of filing a civil suit against the
individual convicted of the assault, and we need to discuss that if you decide to
pursue the matter. I would appreciate hearing from you at your earliest
convenience.
The record contains no evidence that Ms. Johnston complied with this request.
The complaint alleges that when Ms. Johnston contacted Mr. Cowden on February 5,
1996, she was shocked to learn that he had never pursued her claims and the statute of limitations
had passed.
In November of 1996, Mr. Cowden was fatally injured. Ms. Johnston commenced the
underlying action against his estate in February of 1997, seeking $250,000 in damages.
In October 1997, Mr. Cowden’s estate moved for summary judgment on two bases: (1)
that there was no competent evidence that Mr. Cowden had agreed to represent Ms. Johnston in
the civil action, and (2) Ms. Johnston had suffered no harm due to Mr. Cowden’s failure to file
the claim for victim’s compensation because the opportunity to file the claim still existed. Thus,
the motion alleged separate reasons for dismissal of each of the two claims of malpractice
brought by Ms. Johnston. In support of the motion the estate filed the above quoted letter and a
second letter addressed to Ms. Johnston’s present counsel from Christine Carlton, another
attorney who had previously represented Ms. Johnston in some matters. This letter stated in
pertinent part that Ms. Carlton recalled speaking to Mr. Cowden in March 1996 about Ms.
Johnston’s assertion that he was to file the claims at issue for her. She recalled:
He confirmed that he had not deemed her civil action worthwhile and told me he
had not felt obligated to advise her of his decision not to file suit as he believed he
was only officially retained regarding the other matters he was handling for her.1
He was unaware that the statute had also run on the criminal injuries
1
Both parties agree Mr. Cowden was providing representation to Ms. Johnston on matters
unrelated to the assault and the two potential remedies growing out of that assault.
2
compensation claim and said he would call me back after he looked into the
matter. He subsequently phoned and directed my attention to a saving clause in
T.C.A. § 29-13-108(a) which provides that “upon good cause shown, the time
period for filing such claim may be extended either before or after the expiration
of the filing period.” He suggested that Dodie try filing a late claim and offered to
provide me with a sworn affidavit admitting his liability if it became necessary.
He was hopeful that she would be appeased if her claim was approved, but stated
that he would “call his carrier” if all else failed, or words to that effect. He then
had her file delivered to me . . . I subsequently lost touch with Dodie and never
followed through with filing the late criminal injuries compensation claim,
primarily because she never paid me for the first work I did for her. (In fact, I’m
still out $33 in out-of-pocket expenses.) . . .
The third exhibit attached to the estate’s motion for summary judgment was an excerpt
from Ms. Johnston’s deposition, her response to a question seeking the reason why she never
filed a late claim for compensation as a victim. She testified:
I don’t know how to do that. That’s not my job. I tried to get Lionel [her present
attorney in this action] to do it. I don’t know how to do it. I’m the victim; I’m
not the attorney.
The sole evidentiary support for Ms. Johnston’s response to the motion for summary
judgment was her affidavit which stated in pertinent part:
I specifically remember Mr. Cowden talking in terms of the personal injury case
in which he said that we would get more judgment from the defendant that would
be more than he would ever be able to pay. Those were Mr. Cowden’s specific
words, or close thereto. I recall specifically that he said that we should probably
get $250,000 in compensatory damages and $250,000 in punitive damages, for a
total of $500,000. During the period of time that Mr. Cowden was representing
me on the other matters, whenever I would make any inquiry as to the personal
injury case he was representing me on, he would always tell me not to worry
about it.
Mr. Cowden’s estate responded that this evidence was barred by the Dead Person’s
Statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 24-1-203, which prohibits persons who sue the estate of a deceased
person from testifying about statements made by the decedent. The estate argued that Ms.
Johnston had presented no admissible evidence to oppose the motion for summary judgment.
The trial court agreed, finding that the absence of evidence showing that Ms. Johnston
had retained Mr. Cowden mandated summary judgment. It stated that the mere fact that there
had been an apparent discussion concerning the possibility of a lawsuit was insufficient to
3
establish an attorney/client relationship.2 Ms. Johnston appealed this ruling.
On appeal, Ms. Johnston challenges the trial court’s finding that the evidence of her
attorney/client relationship with Mr. Cowden was insufficient. She maintains the existence of
that relationship presents a disputed issue of fact precluding summary judgment.
The standards governing an appellate court's review of a motion for summary
judgment are well settled. Summary judgment is appropriate only where the
moving party demonstrates that there are no genuine issues of material fact and
that he or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d
208, 210 (Tenn.1993); Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. We review the summary judgment
motion as a question of law in which our inquiry is de novo without a
presumption of correctness. Finister v. Humboldt Gen. Hosp., Inc., 970 S.W.2d
435, 437 (Tenn.1998); Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423, 426 (Tenn.1997). We
must view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable
to the nonmoving party. Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 210-11. If both the facts and
conclusions to be drawn therefrom permit a reasonable person to reach only one
conclusion, then summary judgment is appropriate. Robinson, 952 S.W.2d at 426;
Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn.1997).
Guiliano v. Cleo, Inc., 995 S.W.2d 88, 94 (Tenn.1999).
Summary judgment is inappropriate if a "genuine issue as to any material fact" exists.
See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.03. However, there can be no genuine issue for trial unless there is
sufficient evidence upon which a jury can return a verdict. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202, 212 (1986). Thus, complaints can be
dismissed on summary judgment if plaintiffs, after being given a reasonable opportunity, are
unable to establish an essential element of their case on which they will have the burden of proof
at trial. See Stanley v. Joslin, 757 S.W.2d 328, 330 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987); see Moman v.
Walden, 719 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986).
2
In its order granting summary judgment, the trial court did not mention the Dead Person’s
Statute. The trial court dismissed both claims, stating:
The Court specifically finds that there is no genuine issue of fact concerning whether
Plaintiff actually retained the services of Defendant for purposes of filing a claim for
compensation under the Criminal Injury Compensation Program. The mere fact that
there was apparently discussion concerning the possibility of such representation is
not enough to establish the required attorney client relationship.
Thus, while the court granted summary judgment to the defendant on the entire complaint,
the findings relate to only one claim.
4
Ms. Johnston bore the burden of proving all the essential elements of legal malpractice.
See Horton v. Hughes, 971 S.W.2d 957, 959 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).
In a suit against an attorney for professional negligence, the plaintiff must prove
three things in order to recover: (1) the employment of the attorney; (2) neglect
by the attorney of a reasonable duty; (3) damages resulting from such neglect.
Sammons v. Rotroff, 653 S.W.2d 740, 745 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 860, 104
S.Ct. 186, 78 L.Ed.2d 165 (1983); see Lazy Seven Coal Sales, Inc. v. Stone & Hinds, P.C., 813
S.W.2d 400, 403 (Tenn. 1991); Blocker v. Dearborn & Ewing, 851 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1992).
Here, the only evidence Ms. Johnston produced in opposition to the estate’s motion for
summary judgment was her affidavit. As the trial court implicitly determined, the admission of
Ms. Johnston’s affidavit is governed by Tennessee’s Dead Person’s Statute, Tenn. Code Ann. §
24-1-203 (1980). That statute states:
In actions or proceedings by or against executors, administrators, or guardians, in
which judgments may be rendered for or against them, neither party shall be
allowed to testify against the other as to any transaction with or statement by the
testator, intestate, or ward, unless called to testify thereto by the opposite party. If
a corporation is a party, this disqualification shall extend to its officers of every
grade and its directors.
The purpose of this statute is to prevent testimony of the living against the dead. It precludes
the surviving party from having the benefit of his own testimony, when, by the
death of his adversary, his representative was deprived of the decedent's version of
the transaction or the statement. McDonald v. Allen, 8 Baxt. 446; Bingham v.
Lavender, 2 Lea 48, 70 Tenn. 48.
Baker v. Baker, 24 Tenn. App. 220, 230,142 S.W.2d 737, 744 (1940).
Several factors bring a case within the purview of this statute, thereby authorizing the
exclusion of the evidence: (1) the proposed witnesses must be parties to the suit such that
judgment may be rendered for or against them and (2) the subject matter of their testimony must
concern some "transaction with or statement by the testator.” Leffew v. Mayes, 685 S.W.2d 288,
293 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984); see Montague v. Thomason, 91 Tenn. 168, 171-72, 18 S.W. 264, 265
(1892). Testimony regarding a transaction with a decedent is rendered incompetent under the
statute when the decedent's estate or administration is a party to the lawsuit. See Haynes v.
Cumberland Builders, Inc., 546 S.W.2d 228, 230 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1976).
Each of these factors is present in the case before us. First, Ms. Johnston is a party to this
action such that judgment could be rendered for or against her. In fact, she is challenging a
5
judgment against her in this appeal. Second, the subject matter of her affidavit concerns a
transaction she purportedly had with Mr. Cowden, the decedent: it involves a statement she
claims Mr. Cowden made relating to the viability of the causes of action arising from the assault
against Ms. Johnston and relates to the existence of an employment arrangement between them.
Third, Mr. Cowden’s estate is a party to this action. Clearly, the Dead Person’s Statute excludes
Ms. Johnston’s affidavit. In the absence of her affidavit, the record contains no evidence that Mr.
Cowden owed a duty to Ms. Johnston relating to the causes of action arising from the assault, an
essential element of her legal malpractice claim. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S .W.2d 208, 215
(Tenn.1993) (the facts upon which the nonmovant relies must be admissible at trial); Horton, 971
S.W.2d at 959. Because the Dead Person’s Statute precluded the admission of Ms. Johnston’s
affidavit, no evidence was presented in opposition to the estate’s motion for summary judgment.
Absent some proof giving rise to a disputed fact about whether Ms. Johnston retained Mr.
Cowden to file a civil lawsuit for damages, summary judgment was appropriate as to that claim.
Ms. Johnston argues that the estate waived the statute’s application by presenting as an
exhibit the January 8, 1996 letter Mr. Cowden sent to her asking for additional information
before he commenced action on her behalf. She presents no authority in support of this
proposition.
While the Dead Person’s Statute is waivable, such waiver does not occur when a
document written by the decedent is admitted into evidence. The Statute may be waived when a
party seeks to admit favorable portions of the decedent’s discovery deposition but exclude
unfavorable portions. See Sherrod v. Mooneyham, No. 03A01-9810-CV-00351, 1999 WL
538214 at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 14, 1999) (Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application denied Jan. 3,
2000); cf. Ingram v. Phillips, 684 S.W.2d 954, 958-59 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984) (holding that
merely taking a discovery deposition that elicited evidence excludable under the Dead Person’s
Statute does not constitute a waiver). The restrictions of the Dead Person’s Statute may also be
waived when one opposing party calls the other as a witness to testify as to excludable evidence
or a party testifies to excludable facts without objection. See Burchett v. Stephens, 794 S.W.2d
745, 748 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990); Smith v. Bacon, No. 03A01-9409-CH-0331, 1995 WL 322155
at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 1, 1995) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed); Rose v. Stalcup,
731 S.W.2d 541, 542 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). But we have found no law which supports Ms.
Johnston’s contention that admission of a letter written by the decedent waives the Dead Person’s
Statute. The Dead Person’s Statute, by its terms, prohibits the admission of testimony by parties
as to transactions with or statements by the decedent. Mr. Cowden’s letter is not testimony, and
the record before us contains no testimony regarding this letter.
In the absence of an employment contract, Mr. Cowden was under no obligation to
initiate any legal action on Ms. Johnston’s behalf. The record supports the trial court’s
conclusion that no contractual agreement relating to the civil action existed. The letter Mr.
Cowden wrote to Ms. Johnston reflects the uncertain nature of their relationship. In the letter,
Mr. Cowden informed Ms. Johnston that he would take no action until Ms. Johnston provided
him with additional information and they discussed the matter. Because Ms. Johnston provided
6
no admissible evidence to dispute this proof that their relationship had not ripened into an
agreement that Mr. Cowden represent her in the civil lawsuit for damages against her attacker,
the trial court properly granted summary judgment to the estate on this claim.
Whether Mr. Cowden was retained to represent Ms. Johnston on the victim compensation
claim presents a more problematic question regarding the propriety of summary judgment on the
basis of lack of an employment relationship. Mr. Cowden’s letter indicates that Ms. Johnston
was to provide him with further information, and nothing in her response to the motion
demonstrates that she provided such information. However, the letter from Christine Carlton to
Ms. Johnston’s present lawyer, while clearly supporting a finding that no employment
relationship was created regarding the civil action, raises the issue of whether Mr. Cowden felt
he had been retained to file the victim compensation claim. Because the estate offered this letter
in support of its motion for summary judgment, we believe it is estopped from arguing that the
letter is not evidence which can be relied upon in deciding the motion. Viewing that letter and
reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to Ms. Johnston, we are not
convinced that a reasonable person could only conclude that no employment relationship existed
regarding the victim compensation claim.
However, even if the trial court’s conclusion that Ms. Johnston never retained Mr.
Cowden does not apply equally to both claims she intended to pursue involving the assault,
summary judgment on the victim compensation claim was nevertheless appropriate. As stated
previously, one of the elements of legal malpractice is damages resulting from the attorney’s
neglect. See Sammons, 653 S.W.2d at 744. Ms. Johnston bore the burden of presenting sufficient
evidence to raise an issue of disputed fact on that element. See Stanley, 757 S.W.2d at 330. This
she failed to do. As the estate’s motion specifically stated, “[T]he plaintiff’s opportunity to file a
petition under the Victim’s Compensation Act still exists and therefore, the alleged inaction of
Mr. Cowden did not harm the plaintiff.”
The estate’s position is based upon language of the statute. Although the Criminal
Injuries Compensation Act includes a one year statute of limitation for filing claims thereunder, it
also contains the following language: “upon good cause shown, the time period for filing such
claim may be extended either before or after the expiration of the filing period.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 29-13-108(a). There is no indication in the record that Ms. Johnston attempted to utilize
this provision and file a late claim. She has not shown that her claim was or would have been
rejected as untimely. According to Ms. Carlton, Mr. Cowden pointed out the “for good cause”
language in the statute, offered to provide an affidavit to establish the “good cause,” and sent Ms.
Johnston’s file on these matters to Ms. Carlton. Apparently, neither Ms. Carlton nor any other
attorney attempted to file such a claim. In the absence of a showing that she lost her right to file a
claim because of Mr. Cowden's failure to file a claim within one year, Ms. Johnston cannot show
the essential element of damage.
Ms. Johnston’s affidavit in response to the motion for summary judgment addresses
primarily the civil lawsuit against her attacker and only mentions in passing a potential judgment
7
from the State of Tennessee. The affidavit nowhere responds to the allegation that she could
show no harm regarding any failure on the part of Mr. Cowden to file a claim with the criminal
injuries compensation fund.3
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. This case is remanded for any
further proceedings which may be necessary. Costs of this appeal are taxed to Ms. Johnston, for
which execution may issue if necessary.
3
In her written response to the estate’s motion for summary judgment, Ms. Johnston stated:
It should also be pointed out that there is clearly no guarantee that a late-filed claim
would have been honored by the Victim’s Compensation authorities. It is clear,
however, from a reading of the entire record that the very minor statutory amount that
might have been paid by a Victim’s Compensation claim was only secondary to the
personal injury lawsuit that is at the heart of this litigation. The Court can take
judicial knowledge that the Victim’s Compensation statute is not an exclusive
remedy, and provides only very nominal recovery under some circumstances.
This statement, of course, is merely argument and not evidence, but indicates the lack of
importance Ms. Johnston placed on the claim under the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act. As the
statement indicates, however, the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act contains various conditions,
exceptions, and limitations regarding eligibility for payment. See Tenn. Code Ann. Ann. § 29-13-
106. We also note that to succeed in showing damage, Ms. Johnston would have to demonstrate
that she was entitled to payment under the Act.
8