IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED
FEBRUARY SESSION, 2000 March 10, 2000
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
STATE OF TENNESSEE, * Appellate Court Clerk
* No. M1999-959-CCA-R3-CD
Appellee, *
* WILSON COUNTY
vs. *
* Hon. J. O. Bond, Judge
HENRY DEQUAN RHODES, *
* (First Degree Felony Murder
Appellant * Committed in the Perpetration of
* Aggravated Child Abuse)
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
Gregory D. Smith Paul G. Summers
Contract Appellate Defender Attorney General and Reporter
One Public Sq., Ste 321
Clarksville, Tn 37040 Kim R. Hepler
Assistant Attorney General
Criminal Justice Division
425 Fifth Avenue North
2d Floor, Cordell Hull Building
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Tom P. Thompson, Jr.
District Attorney General
Robert Hibbett
Asst. District Attorney General
119 College Street
Labanon, TN 37087
OPINION FILED:
AFFIRMED
David G. Hayes, Judge
OPINION
The appellant, Henry Dequan Rhodes, was indicted by a Wilson County
Grand Jury for first degree felony murder committed in the perpetration of
aggravated child abuse. Following a jury trial, he was found guilty of the indicted
offense and sentenced to life imprisonment. On appeal, he argues:
I. The evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict of felony murder;
and
II. The trial court erred in admitting certain photographs into evidence.
After review, we find no error of law requiring reversal. The judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
Background
Shortly after 2:00 a.m. on the morning of November 6, 1996, Lieutenant Ed
Denning of the Wilson County Sheriff’s Department responded to an emergency
“call” at 2104 Locust Grove Road. Arriving at the location, he discovered the
appellant, his girlfriend, Christy Yarbrough, and his brother, Deedy Rhodes. Deedy
Rhodes was holding sixteen month old Brian Yarbrough, the son of Christy
Yarbrough. The child was “limp.” Denning believed that the child was either
unconscious or deceased. Denning further noticed the odor of alcohol on the
people present, as if “there had been a party.” The appellant told Lieutenant
Denning that “he had been trying to get Ms. Yarbrough to take the baby to the
doctor, and she hadn’t done it. . . .” The baby was transported to University Medical
Center in Lebanon.
Dr. Scott Giles, the medical examiner for Wilson County and the director of
the emergency room at the University Medical Center, was on duty at the time Brian
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Yarbrough arrived at the hospital. The call preceding the victim’s arrival stated that
the ambulance team was “bringing in an approximately 18 month old child in full
cardiac arrest.” Dr. Giles met the ambulance when it arrived. He
immediately noticed that the child was covered with linear bruises on
his legs and arms as well as some larger bruises on his face. I noticed
that he had no heart activity whatsoever which is unusual in a child
that young. It takes quite an insult to stop a child’s heart. At that time,
I called the ambulance crew to call the police because the child had
probably been beaten to death.
The child was moved into the emergency room, where resuscitation was
attempted. Dr. Giles observed that the child “had hemorrhages in the retina in the
back part of his eye which is considered very good evidence that he had been
shaken or received a strong blow to the head.” “The child never established any
cardiac activity or any independent breathing.” Dr. Giles diagnosed the death as the
result of “shaking baby syndrome which is child abuse.” “The immediate cause of
death was intra cranial bleeding as a consequence of blunt force trauma to the
head.” Additionally, Dr. Giles rejected any hypothesis that the victim’s injuries and
ultimate death could have resulted from a fall or other “accident.” By visual
inspection of the victim, Dr. Giles concluded that the injuries occurred “certainly
within the last 12 to 24 hours prior to his arrival [at the hospital.]”
Dr. Charles Harlan performed the autopsy on the child. The autopsy
confirmed Dr. Giles diagnosis that “death occurred as result of blunt force trauma to
the head.” Dr. Harlan concluded that
[t]he blunt force trauma to the head includes a number of different
injuries. They include diffuse subarchnoid hemorrhage. . . .There are
multiple contusions of the left cheek. A contusion is a bruise indicating
that he received multiple blows to the left cheek. There is pulmonary
congestion and hemorrhage which is part of the reaction to the injury
to the head. There is a right subdural hematoma of 75 ccs that would
be about 15 teaspoons that’s located on the right side that is, it is in
the space between the arachnoid membrane and durameter. The
durameter . . . is the membrane which completely surrounds the brain.
The consistency of this membrane is such that it is consistent with
having been there for some 8 to 12 hours, most likely 8 to 10 hours
prior to the time of death, and that indicates that the point of injury
occurred some 8 to 10 hours, perhaps 8 to 12 hours prior to the time
of death. There’s also a . . .pooling of blood and soft tissue below the
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scalp on the back of the head.
There are also multiple parallel linear contusions present here and
there on the body . . . .
. . .injuries to the front of the body, which includes the contusions on
the left cheek. It includes multiple of the parallel linear contusions
which have approximate distance apart of a tenth of an inch, each of
them. . . . Of the left and right sides of the body. . . .the various
parallel linear contusions and they’re approximately seven in number.
Various parallel linear contusions and other straight line linear
contusions that are present on the right side of the head. And there
are at least four double parallel lines and then multiple single lines,
approximately four of those. . . .the left side or view of the head and
neck showing again the contusions on the cheek and at least two
groupings of parallel linear contusions. The contusion present on the
left ear lobe is probably a continuation of the parallel linear contusion
grouping that is present slightly above and behind the left ear.
It is my opinion that the multiple parallel linear contusions are caused
by the person being struck by some probably cylindrical object of
approximately the same size and shape and consistency as a coat
hanger. It could be either a coat hanger, a switch, another piece of
metal or hard plastic. . . .
...
The contusions on the face are consistent with the face being struck
by some object other than the object causing the parallel linear
contusions and this could be such things as an open hand, a fist, a
skillet, a number of different things. . . .
Lieutenant Anthony Murray, along with other law enforcement officers,
conducted a search of the residence at 2104 Locust Grove Road. During the
search, he discovered “[a] switch off a tree, or limb, small limb” “under the couch” in
the living room. Detective Lieutenant David Kennedy, the lead investigator in the
homicide of Brian Yarbrough, “took a statement” from the appellant “at 8:35 am the
morning of the 6th.” In this statement, the appellant explained that, on November 5,
1996, at approximately 2:00 or 3:00 pm, Christy Yarbrough picked him up at his
grandmother’s house and took him to the Locust Grove address. Later that
afternoon, Christy took Deedy to the store, leaving sixteen month old Brian in the
care of the nineteen year old appellant.
Brian and [the appellant] were sitting on the couch watching TV. Brian
did not have any clothes on except his diaper. [The appellant] was on
the telephone, Brian went in the kitchen and [the appellant] heard a jar
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break. Prior to Christy leaving the house Brian was misbehaving and
[the appellant] told Christy to go out and get a switch. [The appellant]
did not whip him then. [The appellant] whipped Brian after he broke
the jar in the kitchen. [The appellant] hit Brian three or four times.
After the spanking Brian sat down on the couch and watched TV. . . .
Christy and Deedy returned from the store approximately ten minutes later. They
ate and then watched television.
[The appellant] noticed Brian laying on the couch, his eyes were open
but his body was limp. [The appellant] took Brian outside to get some
fresh air because Brain didn’t seem to be breathing right. . . . [He] laid
Brian back on the couch. Brian’s body was still limp. [He] picked Brian
up and shook him to try and wake him up. [The appellant] laid Brian
back on the couch and Brian started foaming at his mouth. . . . Foam
also came out of Brian’s nose. [The appellant] then picked Brian up
and carried him to the bedroom and laid him on the bed.
At 10:35 pm on the evening of the 6th, the appellant provided a second
statement in which he admitted that he “whipped Brian with the switch several times
including hitting Brian on the face and head area.” He further admitted that, ”later
on that night [he] hit Brian in the back of the head with the palm of [his] hand. . . .”
He conceded that “[h]e didn’t mean to hit Brian that hard on the back of the head.”
At trial, the appellant testified in his own defense. He explained to the jury
that his prior statements to the police were involuntary and coerced. He denied
making any statement that he “smacked the baby with the palm of my hand . . . . I
did not do anything to harm it.” He further denied making the statement that “I didn’t
mean to hit Brian that hard on the back of his head.” Notwithstanding these
recantations, the appellant did not deny “switching” the child, in fact, he admitted
that he “told Christy to go out and get a switch” “just in case Brian misbehaved.”
Moreover, the appellant admitted that the child “appear[ed] to be all right” when he
first arrived at the house and that, after the appellant “switched” him, the child had
marks on his body. He also related that there were others in the house during the
ten hour period prior to the child’s death, including his brother, the child’s mother,
and his cousin, Walter Love.
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Based upon this evidence, the jury found the appellant guilty of first degree
felony murder.
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, the appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to
support the jury’s verdict finding the appellant guilty of first degree felony murder
committed in the perpetration of aggravated child abuse. Specifically, the appellant
asserts that his “use of a switch to spank [the victim] on the legs did not cause said
child’s death from head trauma.” He adds that, “[s]imply put, [he] ‘just can’t take the
blame for something’ he did not do.” In support of his position, the appellant argues
that “[s]everal other people had access to the child in question for the ten hour
period in which . . . the injuries . . . were inflicted.”
To support a conviction for felony murder committed during the perpetration
or attempt to perpetrate the offense of aggravated child abuse, the evidence must
show, beyond a reasonable doubt, a "killing of another committed in the perpetration
of or attempt to perpetrate any ... aggravated child abuse...." Tenn. Code Ann. §
39-13-202(a)(2) (1996 Supp.). As charged in the present case, “a person commits
the offense of aggravated child abuse . . . who commits the offense of child abuse ...
and: (1) The act of abuse results in serious bodily injury to the child." Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-15-402(a) (1996 Supp.). Child abuse is defined as follows:
Any person who knowingly, other than by accidental means, treats a
child under eighteen (18) years of age in such a manner as to inflict
injury ... commits a Class A misdemeanor; provided, that if the abused
child is six (6) years of age or less, the penalty is a Class D felony.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-401 (1996 Supp.).
There is no dispute that the sixteen month old child died as the result of blunt
force trauma to the head. The victim also had multiple bruises consistent with being
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hit with a switch. Expert testimony opined that these type of injuries were consistent
with child abuse and inconsistent with an accidental fall. The appellant conceded
that the child was in his presence during the time period the fatal blows were
inflicted and that he had hit the child with a switch. Although, at trial, the appellant
recanted his earlier statements that he hit the child in the head, it was for the jury to
evaluate the credibility of his testimony. Indeed, on appeal, it is not the prerogative
of this court to revisit questions of witness credibility, that function being solely within
the province of the trier of fact. See generally State v. Carey, 914 S.W.2d 93, 95
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Boling, 840 S.W.2d 944, 947 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1992). Rather, it is this court’s duty to affirm the conviction if the evidence viewed in
the light most favorable to the State is sufficient for any rational trier of fact to have
found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 317, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); State v. Harris,
839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 954, 113 S.Ct. 1368 (1993);
State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1086,
115 S.Ct. 743 (1995); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). Moreover, once a defendant is
convicted, the presumption of innocence is removed and is replaced with the
presumption of guilt so that on appeal the convicted defendant has the burden of
demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913,
914 (Tenn. 1982).
Although the evidence in this case is circumstantial, circumstantial evidence
alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. See State v. Buttry, 756 S.W.2d
718, 821 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988); State v. Cooper, 736 S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1987). However, if a conviction is based purely on circumstantial proof,
the facts and circumstances must be so overwhelming as to exclude any other
explanation except for the defendant’s guilt. See State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166,
175 (Tenn.1991); State v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tenn. 1987); Cooper, 736
S.W.2d at 129. “It must establish such a certainty of guilt of the accused as to
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convince the mind beyond a reasonable doubt that the [appellant] is the one who
committed the crime.” Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d at 896. When reviewing circumstantial
evidence, this court must remember that the jury decides the weight to be given to
circumstantial evidence and that “[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence,
and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent
with innocence are questions primarily for the jury.” Marable v. State, 203 Tenn.
440, 313 S.W.2d 451, 456-57 (1958).
In the case sub judice, the evidence points unerringly to the appellant. A jury
is not compelled to believe a defendant’s version of the events surrounding a
homicide, even if uncontradicted. Moreover, the jury could reasonably infer that the
appellant inflicted the fatal blows based upon his access to the child, his admitted
beating of the child with a switch, and his statement that “[he] didn’t mean to hit
Brian that hard on the back of the head.” These facts and the inconsistencies in the
appellant’s accounts of the events would permit a rational juror to infer beyond a
reasonable doubt that the appellant committed the offense of felony murder during
the perpetration of aggravated child abuse. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at
317, 99 S.Ct. at 2789; Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). This issue is without merit.
II. Admissibility of Photographs of the Victim
In his final issue, the appellant contends that the trial court erred in allowing
“gory and unduly prejudicial photographs” of the victim to be shown to the jury.
Specifically, the appellant, relying on Gladson v. State, 577 S.W.2d 686 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1978), argues that, since the appellant did not dispute and was willing to
stipulate as to the victim’s cause of death, admission of the autopsy photographs of
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the victim’s internal organs are inadmissible.1
We do not find Gladson controlling in the case sub judice. In Gladson, the
State argued that the photographs of the autopsy established the cause of death.
Defense counsel offered to stipulate that the victim died as a result of injuries
received in an altercation between the victim and the defendant. A panel of this
court held that photographs of the victim’s cranial bones and brain inadmissible in
light of the defendant’s stipulation. In the present case, although he now concedes
the cause of death, at trial, the appellant never offered to stipulate the cause of
death. Thus, this court is not bound by the result in Gladson.
Tennessee court’s follow a policy of liberality in the admission of photographs
in both civil and criminal cases. State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978)
(citations omitted). Accordingly, “the admissibility of photographs lies within the
discretion of the trial court” whose ruling “will not be overturned on appeal except
upon a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.” Id. Notwithstanding, a photograph
must be found relevant to an issue that the jury must decide before it may be
admitted into evidence. See State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 102 (Tenn. 1998), cert.
denied, –U.S.–, 119 S.Ct. 1467 (1999); State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 758
(Tenn. Crim. App.), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 1993) (citation omitted); see also
Tenn. R. Evid. 401. Additionally, the probative value of the photograph must
outweigh any unfair prejudicial effect that it may have upon the trier of fact. Vann,
976 S.W.2d at 103 (emphasis added); Braden, 867 S.W.2d at 758; see also Tenn.
R. Evid. 403. In this respect, we note that photographs of a murder victim are
prejudicial by their very nature. However, prejudicial evidence is not per se
excluded; indeed, if this were true, all evidence of a crime would be excluded at trial.
1
We note that, although the appellant failed to object to the introduction of these
photographs during the trial, the trial court did rule on their admissibility. Moreover, the appellant
failed to raise this issue in his written motion for new trial. Notwithstanding this omission, at the
hearing on the motion, couns el orally amended the motion to include this issue. The trial court
agreed to hear the issue and, at the conclusion of the hearing, ruled upon the admissibility of the
photog raphs. A ccordin gly, we proc eed to re view the iss ue.
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Rather, what is excluded is evidence which is “unfairly prejudicial,” in other words,
that evidence which has “an undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper
basis, commonly, though not necessarily an emotional one.” See Vann, 976
S.W.2d at 103 (citations omitted).
Of the thirty-nine photographs of the victim tendered for introduction at trial,
the trial court only permitted introduction of seven photographs. Three of the seven
are autopsy photographs specifically depicting the injury sustained to the victim’s
cranial area. Other portions of the victim’s body are not visible in these
photographs. The remaining four photographs depict the numerous bruises inflicted
upon the victim’s body, specifically, the left side of the body, the right side of the
body, the right side of the victim’s head, and the left side of the victim’s head.
These four photographs were taken prior to the autopsy.
Upon review, we find the photographs relevant and lacking danger of unfair
prejudice. Although we concede that the photographs are not pleasant to view, we
also acknowledge, as did the trial court, that murder, by its very nature, is not
pleasant. Indeed, in child abuse cases, particularly those resulting in the death of
the child, it is not uncommon for medical testimony to play a central role in
establishing the relationship between the injuries received and whether they were
occasioned by accidental or non-accidental means. We conclude that the
photographs in this case accurately depict the nature and the extent of the victim’s
injuries. Dr. Harlan explained to the court that the photographs of the autopsy were
necessary to describe the actual extent of the fatal injuries and to be able to convey
to laymen the complex medical testimony as to the manner and cause of death;
one shows the subdural hematoma on the convex of the brain, and the
other shows it on the under side after the brain has been removed to
show the extent completely around the brain on the right side. The
other of these shows the subgaleal hematoma which is present on the
back of the head, showing its size, shape and character.
See, e.g., State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 542 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Smith,
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868 S.W.2d 561, 576 (Tenn. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 960, 115 S.Ct. 417
(1994) (photographs used to illustrate witnesses’ testimony admissible for this
purpose). But see State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63 (Tenn. 1985), cert. denied, 475
U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1240 (1986) (where medical testimony adequately describes
the degree of the injury, gruesome or graphic photographs should not be admitted).
Additionally, the photographs of the victim’s bruised body prior to the autopsy were
relevant to establish the underlying offense of aggravated child abuse and were
probative to explaining the nature of the injuries inflicted upon the victim which could
not accurately be relayed verbally. Clearly, the photographs are relevant to
establishing (1) the cause of death and (2) the underlying offense of aggravated
child abuse.
Moreover, we conclude that the photographs were not especially gruesome
or shocking in nature so as to preclude their admission. Although any photograph
depicting the autopsy of a child would be inherently prejudicial in a criminal case, the
photographs in the present case were more probative regarding the medical
testimony of the victim’s injuries than prejudicial. See, e.g., State v. Terrence L.
Davis, No. 02C01-9511-CR-00343 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Jun. 2, 1997),
perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. Aug. 31, 1998) (photographs of child victim’s
autopsy admissible to show severity of injuries); State v. James Dubose, No.
01C01-9405-CC-00160 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Aug. 25, 1995), aff’d on
other grounds, 953 S.W.2d 649 (Tenn. 1997) (photograph of internal organs of child
victim is probative in understanding testimony of medical examiner); compare State
v. Collins, 986 S.W.2d 13, 21 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (color photographs of
bruised, bloodied, nude infant victim prejudicial where medical testimony
undisputed); State v. Cynthia Roberson and Rhodney Roberson, No. 02C01-9503-
CC-00059 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Dec. 28, 1995) (introduction of autopsy
photograph of child abuse victim did not depict injury resulting in death thus more
prejudicial than probative). As such, we cannot conclude that introduction of these
11
photographs had a tendency to suggest a decision on an improper or unfair basis.
The photographs were necessary to explain to the jury the cause of death to the
child, i.e., the result of a blow to a child’s head, and that the injuries were not
accidental. Though the photographs may be characterized as gruesome, they are
relevant and are not so “unfairly prejudicial” as to bar their admission. We cannot
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting these photographs.
See Tenn. R. Evid. 403; State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185 (Tenn. 1992), cert.
denied, 510 U.S. 1064, 114 S.Ct. 740 (1994); Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 947. This
issue is without merit.
For the reasons stated herein, we find no error of law requiring reversal.
Accordingly, we affirm the appellant’s judgment of conviction for first degree murder.
____________________________________
DAVID G. HAYES, Judge
CONCUR:
___________________________________
JERRY L. SMITH, Judge
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___________________________________
NORMA MCGEE OGLE, Judge
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