ERNEST F. BURKE, DANIEL NEWMAN, )
JOHN H. “TOMMY” KERKELES, KARL )
THOMPSON, STEVE BEECH, )
)
Plaintiffs/Appellants, )
) Marshall County Chancery
) No. 9598
VS. )
) Appeal No.
) 01A01-9611-CH-00511
THE TENNESSEE WALKING HORSE )
BREEDERS’ & EXHIBITORS’ ASSOC. and )
PHIL SNODGRASS, C.L. BAIRD, SR., NEIKA )
WILLIAMS, JUDITH BURGESS, MARIETTA )
GAMBRELL, PAMELA REBAND, W. DAVID )
FILED
LANDRUM, JOYCE MORRIS, CHARLES )
May 28, 1997
CLEGHORN, CARROLL BENEDICT, )
ROBERT CHERRY, )
Cecil W. Crowson
)
Appellate Court Clerk
Defendants/Appellees. )
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
MIDDLE SECTION AT NASHVILLE
APPEAL FROM THE MARSHALL CHANCERY COURT
AT LEWISBURG, TENNESSEE
HONORABLE LEE RUSSELL, JUDGE
ROBERT G. WHEELER, JR., ESQ.
Lewis, King, Krieg, Waldrop & Catron, P.C.
P.O. Box 198615
Nashville, TN
ATTORNEY FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT
DIANE M. SEGROVES, ESQ.
Bobo, Hunt & Bobo
P.O. 169
Shelbyville, TN
ATTORNEY FOR DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
HENRY F. TODD
PRESIDING JUDGE, MIDDLE SECTION
CONCURS:
SAMUEL L. LEWIS, JUDGE
CONCURS WITH RESULTS
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
ERNEST F. BURKE, DANIEL NEWMAN, )
JOHN H. “TOMMY” KERKELES, KARL )
THOMPSON, STEVE BEECH, )
)
Plaintiffs/Appellants, )
) Marshall County Chancery
) No. 9598
VS. )
) Appeal No.
) 01A01-9611-CH-00511
THE TENNESSEE WALKING HORSE )
BREEDERS’ & EXHIBITORS’ ASSOC. and )
PHIL SNODGRASS, C.L. BAIRD, SR., NEIKA )
WILLIAMS, JUDITH BURGESS, MARIETTA )
GAMBRELL, PAMELA REBAND, W. DAVID )
LANDRUM, JOYCE MORRIS, CHARLES )
CLEGHORN, CARROLL BENEDICT, )
ROBERT CHERRY, )
)
Defendants/Appellees. )
OPINION
The captioned plaintiff’s have appealed from a summary judgment dismissing their suit
to invalidate an election of a board of directors of Tennessee Walking Breeders and Exhibitor’s
Association and all actions of the Board selected in said election.
The second amended complaint asserts the following:
1. The captioned plaintiffs are members of the captioned association. Burke,
Kerkeles and Thompson are directors of the association. Burke is an unsuccessful candidate in
the 1995 election of directors.
2. The association is a Tennessee Corporation.
3. Robert Cherry is the executive director of the association. All other defendants
are members of the executive committee of the board of directors.
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4. The by-laws of the association are exhibited to the complaint.
5. Article III of the by-laws provides for the election of directors not later than
November 1 of each year to take office at the annual December membership meeting.
6. Article III, Section 2 of the by-laws contains specific requirements for a valid
election, including the following:
In-house Election Procedures Plan
A 12-member Election Committee will be appointed by the
Executive Committee. Each Executive Committee member will
appoint one Election Committee member, however, no more
than four members from any given state will serve on the
Committee. A TWHBEA member who is a candidate in the
election may also serve on the Election Committee; however,
that member shall not serve as Chairman of the Committee nor be
allowed to count votes from his or her own state. The Executive
Committee shall appoint the Chairman of the Election Committee
from one of the 12 Election Committee appointees. The
Election Committee will then be responsible for supervising,
preparing and distributing election ballot packets and will be
solely responsible for tabulating election results in accordance
with the following procedures.
Step One: The ballot packet will include a letter explaining the
election procedure with voter instructions included, a list of all
5-year members eligible for election, a ballot card and a postage-
paid return envelope which will bear a label with the voter’s
membership number only. (Membership numbers, not names,
shall be used to verify voters’ eligibility.) Voting members shall
be instructed to seal their completed ballot, unsigned, in the enve-
lopes.
Different colored return envelopes shall be provided for larger
voting states.
Step Two: The return envelope will be addressed to a post
office box reserved by TWHBEA solely for election returns.
Ballotts shall be required to be in the Election Committee post
office box by October 15. All returned ballots will be picked up
from the post office box on the day of results’ tabulation (and
not before that day), by two designated Election Committee
members. The unopened ballots will be taken directly to the
Election Committee meeting for tabulation. Any ballots found
already open at the Election Committee meeting will be
-3-
considered ineligible for counting.
Step Three: All returned envelopes will be put in numerical
order by membership number, and voters’ numbers will be cross-
checked against the list of eligible voting members. Only one
ballot per member will be allowed.
Step Four: All envelopes will be opened face-down, ballots
removed and envelopes put aside, in order that no one could later
match specific ballots to specific voters. After all envelopes are
opened and ballots removed, both envelopes and ballots will be
counted as a final cross-check. (All return envelopes shall be
kept to recount the total vote after ballots are counted.)
Members of the Election Committee will then tabulate election
results. The general membership will be allowed to observe
tabulations of results as long as there is no interference or
attempted participation in the tabulation process.
Step Five: After all results have been tabulated, and prior to
meeting adjournment, both returned envelopes and ballots will
be securely sealed in separate boxes, to be retained for safe
keeping by the election Committee Chairman. In case of a dis-
puted election, the boxes could be opened only upon the
approval of the Executive Committee and opened only in the
presence of eight or more Election Committee members.
In case of a tie between two candidates, a run-off election
shall be held between those two candidates alone.
In case of death, resignation, or residence change from state
or region from which elected, term will be terminated and the
position shall be filled by the person who was runner-up in the
previous election.
In case of the elected Board Member or his runner-up being
unable or unwilling to serve, then the vacancy will be filled at
the next regular election.
Note: Any deviation from this detailed plan will be
considered in violation of the election process, and the
election will be considered null and void.
7. ----
8. Ballots placed in the post office box on October 16, 1995, were picked up on
October 17, 1996, and mixed with ballots placed in the box on and before October 15, 1995, and
all were counted.
9. ----
-4-
10. The by-laws were violated by the unauthorized procedure.
11. The executive committee wrongfully ratified the report of the election committee.
12. The actions of the executive committee and executive director were in willful
disregard of the by-laws and a breach of fiduciary duty.
14. Burke, Kerkeles and Thompson, as directors, are entitled to sue under TCA § 48-
56-401. On October 20, 1995, Kerkeles complained to the executive director of the irregularity.
15. On October 30 and November 29, 1995, the defendants ratified the irregular
procedure.
The prayers of the amended complaint were:
1. For process
2. For a declaration of the rights of the parties pursuant to TCA 29-14-101
et seq. and a declaration that the election is void.
3. For a declaration that all actions of the board of directors and executive
committee since taking office are void.
4. For a new election.
5. For judgment against the directors and executive director for all expenses
due to this suit and a new election.
6. For costs and attorney fees.
-5-
7. For general relief.
The defendants’ answered, admitting the identity of the parties, and the by-laws but
denying the mishandling of the ballots as alleged in the complaint. The answer alleged that the
association was a not-for-profit corporation, that the complaint filed to state a claim for which
relief can be granted, and that plaintiffs lacked standing to present the claim. The answer also
asserted that the individual defendants are immunized from liability by TCA 48-58-601(c) and
that plaintiffs, Burke, Kerkeles and Thompson are estopped from maintaining the suit.
Defendants responded to an interrogatory that ballots were removed from the post office
box on October 16 and 17.
Defendants moved for summary judgment supported by the following evidence.
The deposition of the defendant Cherry states:
Q. Okay. Now, do you know whether or not the Post Office
sends any sort of billing with each day’s receipt of your Business
Reply Mail?
A. It’s my understanding from Mrs. Brandon that that is the
procedure for when we have postage due mail, yes, sir.
Q. And it’s sort of like a receipt, is it not?
A. That’s my understanding.
Q. You have already paid the postage and they show you
how much each day you have used up.
A. I don’t know.
----
Q. Okay. Where are those receipts?
A. With regard to the ballots?
Q. Yes.
A. I don’t know.
----
-6-
Q. Have you been told by anybody that those ballots picked
up on the 17th did arrive on or before the 15th.
A. I was told.
Q. By whom?
A. By a clerk at the Post Office whose name is Robert.
Q. Do you know his last name?
A. No, sir, I don’t.
----
A. Mr. Brewer picked up ballots on Monday morning, that
he was told by Tim, another Post Office employee, I believe he
said his name was Tim. Tim told Mr. Brewer, according to
Robert, that those ballots that he was picking up on Monday
morning did not include any ballots that had come in on Saturday
or Sunday, because of the book work, the postage due book work
that they had to do, and that Tim asked Mr. Brewer to come back
on Tuesday morning and he would have those ballots worked up.
Q. That was on Monday that he was told that?
A. Yes, sir, that’s my understanding from Robert.
----
A. He told me that the ballots that Mr.Brewer and whomever
picked up on Monday, that Tim had informed Mr. Brewer that
there were no Saturday or Sunday ballots in that group of ballots
that he picked up on Monday morning, that he should come back
on Tuesday morning and give him a chance to do his book work
and he would have those ballots ready for him.
Q. Okay. Did you speak with him with regard to what was
picked up on Tuesday morning?
A. With Robert?
Q. Yes.
A. Yes, sir. I believe, Mr. Wheeler, in that conversation
Robert volunteered that the ballots that were picked up on
Tuesday morning included the ballots that came in on Friday --
I’m sorry, on Saturday, Sunday and Monday.
----
Q. Where in the bylaws does it provide for an exception to
the 15th falling on a Sunday?
A. It does not.
-7-
----
Q. Okay. Let me ask you this. In the minutes, let me
jump back a little bit, in the minutes of the October 30, 1995
meeting, are there full and complete minutes with regard to
the discussion on the election process?
A. I’m not sure what you mean by full and complete.
It’s not a verbatim transcript.
Q. But whatever discussion was had would be written
down in the minutes, whatever discussion was had with regard
to the objection to the election procedures?
A. The objection to the election procedure?
Q. Well, the issue came up by October 30th, did it not, that
there was some disagreement over picking up ballots on the 17th?
A. At that October 30th meeting, I read Mr. Brewer’s report
to the Executive Committee. I told the Executive Committee about
Mr. Kerkeles’ phone call and our discussion just as I have told you.
And I also told the Executive Committee at that time that I felt
responsible for whatever problem was out there because I had
made the suggestion to Mr. Brewer to give an extra day on the
ballots and he had done that.
The deposition of Robert Brewer states:
Q. Did you pick up ballots in 1994 on Monday?
A. Yes. I was there I know on the afternoon pickup.
Q. All right. Did you go yourself to the Post Office on Monday,
October 16, 1995 to pick up ballots?
A. Yes.
Q. Who went with you?
A. I believe that it was Nolan Benton and Bob Tanner.
Q. Okay. And what time did you go?
A. Right around 8:30, 8:40 when somebody else got here to go
with me.
----
Q. Okay. Let me ask you this. Like 1994, then did you go back
in the afternoon of Monday of ‘95?
A. No.
-8-
----
Q. Why?
A. I was told that I’d have to make a pickup on Tuesday
morning.
Q. And who told you that?
A. Mr. Cherry.
Q. What did he say?
A. He just said since it was a holiday I need to make another
pickup on Tuesday morning.
Q. Since what was a holiday?
A. Since Sunday was the 15th.
Q. And did you understand that to be a directive from him to go
pick them up on Tuesday?
A. That’s what he told me to do.
----
Q. So it doesn’t make any difference if ballots were received in
the Post Office on the 16th, you think they were properly included in
all the ballots?
A. Yes.
Q. Because the 15th fell on a Sunday?
A. Correct.
Q. All right.
A. Now, there were other ballots that came in later than that.
Q. Were they counted?
A. No.
Q. All right. Did you pick up ballots -- did you on Wednesday
go over and pick up ballots?
A. No. They were delivered here later.
Q. By what authority do you rely to say that ballots received
in the Post Office on Monday the 16th should be counted?
A. Nothing other than the fact that it’s just like your income
tax or your electric bill or water bill or anything else that is due on
that day, or the practice here that if Stallion reports or anything are
-9-
received a day late because of a holiday, that they’re allowed and
counted.
The memorandum supporting the motion for summary judgment asserted the following
grounds:
1. Failure to state a claim.
2. Lack of standing because none of the plaintiffs was eligible for election in the
subject election ( an eligible candidate was later added as a plaintiff).
3. Plaintiffs were estopped by failure to pursue remedies within the association.
4. Immunity of officials of a not-for-profit corporation. Although asserted in the
answer, no evidence of this fact is cited or found. However, the parties have stipulated to this
Court that the Association is a not-for-profit corporation.
5. The “breach of fiduciary duty” count is not brought on behalf of the association.
6. No “justiciable controversy” for a declaratory judgment.
The Trial Judge filed a memorandum opinion stating:
There is a policy against substituting the judgment of a court
for the judgment of a corporate board or employee. This policy
is reflected both in the business judgment rule and also in the
immunity granted to directors and officers of non-profit corpora-
tions for decisions made which are not willful, wanton, or gross
negligence. To some extent this hands-off policy is that upon
which the Defendants rely in their argument that the Plaintiffs are
estopped from challenging an election which they did not challenge
in the corporate decision making process. It is similar to the argu-
ment for dismissing court actions where a challenging party has
not exhausted his or her administrative remedies. The policy is the
same in both situations: courts should not be making nonlegal
decisions when there exist bodies better suited to make those
decisions.
-10-
In the case sub judice, the Bylaws cannot be applied as written
in a year in which the deadline date falls on a Sunday with absolute
certainty that all and only ballots received at the Post office on or
before the deadline date are counted. The ballots were to be
counted if they were received at the Post Office by October 15.
Unfortunately it was impossible to determine which ballots were
received on Sunday. It is undisputed that the Post Office received
mail on Sundays, but that they did not process mail there on Sun-
days. If the corporation had only counted ballots placed in their
box on or before October 14, a Saturday, then they theoretically
would have been omitting ballots which were in fact received at
the Post Office on October 15, the deadline date.
The Executive Committee therefore faced a situation in which
the Bylaws could not be applied strictly as written because they
could not ascertain what ballots were in the Post Office on
October 15. The Executive Committee opted for a course of
action reasonably calculated to comply substantially with the
Bylaws. There is absolutely no proof in this record that anyone
on the Executive Committee had any motivation to affect the
outcome of the election, to favor any candidate or to scuttle any
candidate, or to do anything other than get the most accurate
possible count of ballots received at the Post Office by October
15. There is no proof that anyone knew, or knows today, how
the outcome of the election was or would be altered by including
ballots picked up on Monday or Tuesday. Even if the approach
was not the most prudent and was not expressly approved by the
Bylaws, it was not forbidden by the Bylaws and in fact was
consistent with the corporation’s prior procedure as to deadlines,
including ballot deadlines. It should be remembered that a post-
mark is placed on an envelope when it is mailed by a Post Office
and not when it is received in a Post Office.
This trial court exercises its discretion not to render a
declaratory judgment on the validity of an election to the board
of a nonprofit corporation where the duly responsible sub-
division of the corporation determines how best to conduct an
election which is impossible to conduct with absolute precision
under the terms of the Bylaws and under the circumstances of a
Sunday deadline date. It is particularly inappropriate to entertain
a declaratory judgment action when the complaining parties did
not raise the issue before the Executive Committee, the full
Board or the membership at their meetings and when all three
bodies approved the election results.
This is likewise an inappropriate case for a derivative action
under Tennessee Code Annotated § 45-56-401 or Rule 23.06 of
the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. There are no facts
alleged which constitute a breach of fiduciary duty. The interest
of the corporation were not compromised, and the Bylaws were
not violated. There is no willful, wanton, or gross negligence,
so the immunity provided by the Tennessee Code Annotated
§ 48-58-601(c) applies here as well, at least as to the individual
defendants. This is not a situation in which the assets of the
corporation are allegedly being wasted or the Executive
Committee is intentionally attempting to affect the outcome of
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corporate elections. When the Board and membership of the
corporation ratified the Executive Committee’s solution to the
counting dilemma, they acted on behalf of the entire corporation
or someone on its behalf cannot be heard now to complain about
a counting process which the entire corporate membership has
previously approved. At the very least, the Plaintiff’s should be
estopped from challenging a counting process which they could
have but did not challenge before the Board and the membership.
It is undisputed that the corporation relied on the validity of the
election and that the elected Board has acted on behalf of the
corporation since their election. To void the election would put
at risk every single action taken by the Board since the election.
It would also establish a precedent of having a court review
every internal decision made by the corporation.
If in fact the individual members of the Executive Committee
are immune from suit, then the derivative action would become
an action of the corporation against the corporation to challenge
an action approved by the entire corporation acting through its
assembled membership at its membership meeting. Ordinarily a
derivative suit would be brought on behalf of the many to pre-
vent the few from acting for their own benefit and against the
interest of the many. In the case sub judice, a few are attempting
on behalf of the many to have a judge substitute his judgment for
the judgment of the many, here the entire membership. This is
not the purpose of Tennessee Code Annotated § 45-56-401 or
of Rule 23.06. The membership of the corporation is entitled to
decide for themselves whether to allow a subdivision to conduct
an election vote count in a certain manner when circumstances
render an exact count impossible. The Plaintiffs should focus
their energies on amending the Bylaws to anticipate such a
situation.
The undisputed facts in this case require that this trial exercise
its discretion not to entertain this declaratory judgment action.
On the undisputed facts, it is held as a matter of law that a
derivative suit on behalf of the corporation will not lie on these
facts, and that even if it would, it should be barred by the
doctrine of estoppel.
On appeal, plaintiffs present the following issues:
I.
Whether or not the by-laws of the Tennessee Walking Horse
Breeders’ and Exhibitors’ Association constitute a contract
between it and its membership sufficient to justify an action
for declaratory judgment for the purpose of determining the
rights of the parties.
-12-
II.
Whether this is an appropriate derivative action by the members
of a non-profit association and whether the actions of the execu-
tive committee in ratifying an illegal election constitutes an ultra-
vires act for which they can be held personally liable.
III.
Whether there are material issues of fact in dispute in this case
sufficient to require a trial on the merits thereby rendering
inappropriate the trial court’s dismissal on a motion for
summary judgment.
IV.
Whether the trial court erred in refusing to release, pursuant to
a request to produce, a tape recording of the November 29,
1995 conference call of members of the executive committee
on grounds that the recording constitutes privileged communi-
cations and work product, and that no part of it, even a
redacted version eliminating all comments by and questions to
the association’s lawyers could be reviewed by the plaintiffs.
I.
DECLARATORY JUDGMENT
TCA § 29-14-103 provides in pertinent part as follows:
Any person interested under a deed, will, written contract, or
other writings, constituting a contract, or whose rights, status,
or other legal relations are affected by a statute, municipal
ordinance, contract or franchise, may have determined any
question of construction or validity arising under the instru-
ment, statute, ordinance, contract, or franchise and obtain a
declaration of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder.
Prerequisites to the right to a declaratory judgment are substantial present interest and
standing to present it. In Knapp v. Golden Cross, 121 Tenn. 212, 118 S.W.390 (1908), the
corporation “members” of a fraternal benefit each of whom held a “Benefit Certificate” sued to
enjoin a merger with another similar corporation in violation of the corporate charter. Citing
-13-
authorities upholding the rights of dissenting stockholders, the Supreme Court upheld the right
of the dissenting certificate holders to sue for violation of the charter. The cited authority is
distinguishable from the present case in which the plaintiffs allege no property interest, such as
a stock certificate or benefit certificate. According to the complaint only one plaintiff has any
real interest in the controversy, and that is an opportunity to be elected to an honorary office in
a corporation in which the complaint does not allege that he holds financial interest. There is no
allegation in the complaint that any plaintiff suffered any property loss as a result of the facts
alleged.
Plaintiffs insist, without citation of authority, that, as members and directors, they have
an “interest” in the proper conduct of the affairs of the association. This is naturally true, but
such an interest is not the substantial property interest required to sustain an action for
declaratory judgment.
It is true, as insisted by plaintiffs, that the difficulties of the postal authorities in
processing the ballots were not shown by competent evidence; but this infirmity is immaterial
to the failure of the complaint to allege facts to sustain the right of the plaintiffs to maintain a suit
for declaratory judgment.
Moreover, the decision of the Trial Judge not to entertain the suit for declaratory
judgment is supported by the undisputed evidence that the questioned procedure was approved
by the executive committee without protest by any plaintiff at the meeting. An informal
discussion with the executive director is not an adequate substitute for a formal written protest
to the executive committee, or oral presentation at the meeting which approved the election.
Tennessee courts should construe the declaratory judgments statutes broadly. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 29-14-113; Cummings v. Beeler, 223 S.W.2d 913, 917 (1949). However, ultimately
decisions concerning whether to grant or deny a declaratory judgment are left to the trial court’s
-14-
discretion. East Sevier County Utility District v. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co., 570 S.W.2d 850,
852 (Tenn. 1978); Wunderlich v. Fortas, 776 S.W.2d 953, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). The
exercise of this discretion depends on the unique facts of each case. Tennessee Farmers Mutual
Insurance Co. v. Hammond, 290 S.W.2d 860, 862 (1956).
Judge Russell chose not to entertain an action for declaratory judgment. In Southern Fire
& Cas. Co. v. Cooper, the Court stated that the trial court’s discretion to render a declaratory
judgment is “very wide” and “the action of the trial court in refusing a declaration should not be
disturbed by this, an Appellate Court, unless the refusal be arbitrary.” 292 S.W.2d 177 (Tenn.
1956) Citing Nicholson v. Cummings, 217 S.W.2d 942 (Tenn. 1949).
In Southern Railway Company v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, the Court
stated:
This Court has repeatedly held in numerous cases since the enactment
of the Act (The Declaratory Judgments Act) that where the Court does
not arbitrarily act in refusing to entertain such a suit but exercises a
sound discretion, neither entertaining nor denying the suit, that then the
appellate court will not disturb such a finding.
----
[O]n appeal where the chancellor has exercised the proper discretion
this discretion will not be disturbed. What is meant by saying that the
trial court has exercised a proper discretion? We think that it means
a sound discretion, exercised, not arbitrarily or wilfully, but with regard
to what is right and equitable under the circumstances of the law, and
directed by the Chancellor’s reason and conscience to a just result.
352 S.W.2d 217, 219 (Tenn. 1961).
The primary purpose of the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act is the construction of
definitely stated rights, status, and other legal relations commonly expressed in written
instruments. Standard Ace, Ins. Co. v. Carvin, 400 S.W.2d 235, 236 (Tenn. 1966). Tennessee
courts will only grant declaratory relief to parties who have a real interest in the litigation,
Memphis Publishing Co. v. City of Memphis, 513 S.W.2d 511, 512 (Tenn. 1974), and when the
-15-
case involves present rights that have occurred under presently existing facts. West v. Carr, 370
S.W.2d 469 (Tenn. 1963).
In the present case the action of the executive committee has the benefit of presumed
good faith and reasonable grounds which are not negatived by any evidence.
II.
DERIVATIVE ACTION
Plaintiffs insist that their derivative action on behalf of the corporation should not have
been dismissed.
In respect to for-profit corporations, Tennessee authorities recognize and follow the
“business judgment rule.” Chism v. Mid-South Milling Co., Tenn. 1988, 762 S.W.2d 552;
Wallace v. Lincoln Savings Bank, 89 Tenn. 630, 15 S.W. 448 (1891); Lewis v. Boyd, Tenn. App.
1992, 838 S.W.2d 215; French v. Appalachian Electric Cooperative, Tenn. App. 1978, 580 S.W.
565; Range v. Tenn. Burley Tobacco Growers Association, 41 Tenn. App. 667, 298 S.W.2d 545
(1955). Cert.. Den. 355 U.S. 813, 78 S.Ct. 11, 22 Ed.2d 30 (1958).
Tennessee statutes, rules and authorities also recognize the necessity of a written demand
to the directors to take corrective action before instituting a stockholder’s derivative suit. TCA
48-17-401(b), TRCP 23.06. Akin v. Mackie, 203 Tenn. 113, 310 S.W.2d 164 (1958), Boyd v.
Sims, 87 Tenn. 771, 11 S.W. 948 (1889).
The foregoing rules for ordinary corporations apply with even greater effect in regard to
not-for-profit corporations in which there are no stockholders holding a property interest to suffer
loss as a result of corporate action.
-16-
In Hadden v. City of Gatlinburg, Tenn. 1988, 746 S.W.2d 687, the plaintiffs were
stockholders in a corporation which operated a restaurant which lost business because of
construction operations of the defendant. Plaintiff/stockholders obtained a judgment for
damages. The Supreme Court reversed and dismissed, holding that the stockholders could not
maintain an action for damages sustained by their corporation. The same rule applies with even
greater force where the plaintiffs allege no property right in the association.
Plaintiffs assert that members of a non-for-profit corporation have a right to bring a
derivative action, citing TCA 48-56-401. However, that statute contains the following provision:
(c) A complaint in a proceeding brought in the right of a
corporation must be verified and allege with particularity
the demand made, if any, to obtain action by the directors
and either why the plaintiffs could not obtain the action or
why they did not made the demand. If a demand for action
was made and the corporation’s investigation of the demand
is in progress when the proceeding is filed, the court may
stay the suit until the investigation is completed.
As heretofore discussed, the complaint in the present case does not comply with the quoted
statute.
In Bourne v. Williams, Tenn. App. 1981, 633 S.W.2d 469, two members of a not-for-
profit corporation were permitted to maintain a suit against the directors and executive
committee for wasting corporate assets and using corporate assets for personal gain. No such
misconduct is alleged in the present case.
In Hannenwald v. Fairfield Communities, Inc., Tenn. App. 1983, 651 S.W.2d 222,
members of a community club brought an action to enforce an agreement by a real estate
developer with a not-for-profit corporation of which plaintiffs were members to pay the dues of
plaintiffs to the not-for-profit corporation. Inasmuch as the plaintiffs benefitted financially from
the performance of the agreement, this Court held that plaintiffs had a right to bring a derivative
-17-
action on behalf of their not-for-profit corporation to force the developer to pay sums due the
not-for-profit corporation which would inure to the benefit of plaintiffs.
In the present case, the complaint contains no averment that the relief sought will result
in a financial benefit to the corporation or to them.
Plaintiffs concede that the individual defendants are immunized by TCA § 48-58-601
against all conduct except that which is wilful, wanton or gross negligence. The complaint fails
to allege any action by any of the individuals which would amount to wilful, wanton, or gross
negligence.
III.
DISCOVERY OF TAPE RECORDING
On March 25, 1996, plaintiffs filed a request for production for inspection and copying
of a tape recording of a telephone conference of the executive committee on November 29, 1995,
pertaining to the ratification of the subject election.
On April 9, 1996, plaintiffs filed a motion to compel said discovery.
Defendants responded that the contents of the tape were irrelevant and would not lead
to the discovery of admissible evidence. Defendants also pled the privilege of confidential
communications of clients to attorney and work product, and requested a protective order.
The Trial Court (acting through a judge sitting by interchange) entered a protective order
reading as follows:
This Court is called upon to sit by interchange for the
limited purpose of reviewing certain materials which plaintiff’s
have requested to discover and determine if the materials are
beyond the scope of discovery. Specifically, the Court has
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reviewed a tape and transcript of a meeting. Since no
evidentiary hearing was conducted in this matter, in making its
decision the Court has assumed that the participants in the
above mentioned meeting were parties or attorney’s for
parties in the above captioned lawsuit. If this be the case, the
Court finds that the majority of the conversation of the partici-
pants are beyond the scope of discovery.
As noted above, no evidentiary hearing has been conducted
on this motion. However, the Court can glean from the trans-
script submitted as well as the court file that certain individuals
filed suit on November 29, 1995 against the Tennessee Walk-
ing Horse Breeder’s and Exhibitor’s Association and others. A
conference call was arranged involving several individuals (the
pleadings refer to these persons as the Executive Committee of
the TWHBEA and their attorneys). It is noted that two of the
participants are the present attorney’s of record for the defen-
dants.
The contents of the conversations had in this conference
call may be generally categorized in one of the below listed
groups:
I. A discussion of the contents of the lawsuit.
II. A discussion of the parties involved in the lawsuit.
III. A discussion of the merits and ramifications of the
lawsuit.
IV. A discussion of procedural strategies and legal theories.
V. A discussion of the impact of the lawsuit as it relates to
current practices and procedures of the Association.
Each of the discussions listed above were predicated upon
questions posed to the attorneys’ seeking the attorney’s mental
impressions, conclusions and advice.
Defendant’s contend the conversations between the
individuals participating in the conference call and the
attorneys are protected by the so-called attorney-client
privilege. TCA § 23-3-105 provides:
Privileged communications. - No attorney,
solicitor or counselor shall be permitted, in
giving testimony against a client, or person who
consulted him professionally, to disclose any
communication made to him as such by such
person, during the pendency of the suit, before
or afterwards, to his injury . . . .
The above statute does not exclude all communications
between an attorney and his client. Humphreys, Hutcherson
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& Mosley v. Donovan, M.D., Tenn. 1983, 568 F.Supp. 161,
aff’d. 6th Cir. 1985, 755 F.2d 1211. The privilege applies
only to the extent that the attorney’s communications to a
client were specifically based upon a client’s confidential
communication or would otherwise, if disclosed, directly or
indirectly reveal the substance or tenor of a confidential
communication. See in re Sealed Case, 737 F.2d 94,
101-02 (D.C. Cir. 1984). The privilege does not extend to
communications from an attorney to a client when they
contain advice solely based upon public information rather
than confidential information. See Congoleum Indust., Inc.
v. G.A.F. Corp., 49 F.R.D. 82, 85-86 (E.D. Pa. 1969),
aff’d, 478 F.2d 1398 (3d Cir. 1973). Further, if the advice
rendered by the attorney was clearly not intended to relate
to client confidentiality, such as advice regarding the
setting of a court date, it is not privileged. See United
States v. Gray, 876 F.2d 1411 (9th Cir. 1989); United
States v. Innella, 821 F.2d 1566 (11th Cir. 1987).
Advice given on general questions of law, when no facts
are or need be disclosed or inferred which would implicate
the client, would not ordinarily be covered by the privilege.
Jackson v. State, 293 S.W. 539, 540 (1927).
Some of the conversations of the parties may fall into the
above recognized exceptions and are not excluded from dis-
covery by T.C.A. § 23-3-105. However, the Court need
not analyze each conversation in the context of the above
and other recognized exceptions to the privilege. The Court
is of the opinion that all conversations with the exception
of the vote taken after the discussion of the lawsuit are
subject to the work product rule.
The Tennessee work product rule is found in Rule
26.02(3), Tenn. R. Civ. Proc., the relevant portion of which
provides:
TRIAL PREPARATION: MATERIALS.
Subject to the provisions of subdivision (4) of
this rule, a party may otherwise discoverable
under subdivision (1) of this rule and prepared
in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for
another party or by or for that other party’s
representative (including his attorney, consul-
tant, surety, indemnifier, insurer, or agent) only
upon a showing that the party seeking discovery
has substantial need of the materials in the pre-
paration of his case and that he is unable without
undue hardship to obtain the substantial equiva-
lent of the materials by other means. In ordering
ordering discovery of such materials when the
required showing has been made, the court shall
protect against disclosure of the mental
impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal
theories of an attorney or other representative
of a party concerning the litigation.
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The work product doctrine is designed to prevent one party
from discovering materials prepared in anticipation of litigation
by the other party’s attorney; the rule thereby prohibits the party
from learning of the adversary’s mental impressions, conclusions,
and legal theories of the case. Memphis Publishing Co. v. The
The Commercial Appeal, 871 S.W.2d 681 (S.Ct. 1994); Hickman
v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385, 51 L.Ed.2d 451 (1947).
While not a privilege itself, it was intended to augment the
traditionally narrow attorney-client privilege. F. James, Civil
Procedure § 6.9, at 204 (1965). See also D. Paine, Tennessee
Law of Evidence § 96. As such it does not provide an absolute
shield from discovery; rather it is qualified and can be overcome
upon a proper showing. Southeastern Fleet Leasing, Inc. v.
Gentry, 416 S.W.2d 773, 778 (1967). A party seeking to dis-
cover the work product of the adversary party or his Attorney
must show good cause for the discovery supported by proper
affidavit. Medic Ambulance Service, Inc. v. McAdams, 216
Tenn. 304, 392 S.W.2d 103 (1965).
Those portions of the conversations of the participants in the
transcript reviewed by this Court not protected by the attorney-
client privilege pertained to the mental impressions, conclusions,
and legal theories of the case by the participating attorneys.
Plaintiff’s have failed to show good cause for the discovery
supported by proper affidavit. Accordingly, a Protective Order
baring their discovery is hereby Ordered.
The Clerk shall keep the tape and transcript under seal for
appropriate appellant review.
Plaintiffs fail to sustain their allegation of error in the foregoing order with which this
Court fully concurs. There is no showing of which parts of the record of the conference should
be unsealed and considered on appeal.
IV.
DISCRETIONARY COSTS
Plaintiffs only argument on this subject is that the matter of discretionary costs should
have been reserved until the conclusion of the trial upon the merits. No reversible error is shown
in the actions of the Trial Judge.
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The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are taxed against the
appellants, jointly and severally and their surety. The cause is remanded to the Trial Court for
any necessary further proceedings.
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
_________________________________
HENRY F. TODD
PRESIDING JUDGE, MIDDLE SECTION
CONCURS:
_________________________________
SAMUEL L. LEWIS, JUDGE
CONCURS WITH RESULTS:
__________________________________
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE
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Burke v. The TN. Walking Horse Breeders
Combined Opinion