IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
FEBRUARY 1998 SESSION
FILED
April 29, 1998
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, )
) C.C.A. NO. 02C01-9704-CC-00157
Appellee, )
) WEAKLEY COUNTY
VS. )
) HON. WILLIAM B. ACREE,
FREDERICK OTTITUS EDWARDS, ) JUDGE
)
Appellant. ) (Sale of cocaine - four counts)
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
JOHN E. HERBISON JOHN KNOX WALKUP
2016 Eighth Ave., South Attorney General & Reporter
Nashville, TN 37204
(On Appeal) RUTH A. THOMPSON
Counsel for the State
JOSEPH P. ATNIP 425 Fifth Ave., North
Public Defender Cordell Hull Bldg., Second Fl.
P.O. Box 734 Nashville, TN 37243-0493
Dresden, TN 38225
(At Trial) THOMAS A. THOMAS
District Attorney General
JIM CANNON
Asst. District Attorney General
P.O. Box 218
Union City, TN 38261
OPINION FILED:____________________
AFFIRMED IN PART;
REVERSED AND DISMISSED IN PART
JOHN H. PEAY,
Judge
OPINION
A Weakley County jury convicted the defendant of four counts of sale of
less than 0.5 grams of cocaine. The trial court sentenced him to serve six years on each
conviction and ordered the sentences to run concurrently. The defendant was also fined
two thousand dollars ($2000). In this appeal as of right, the defendant challenges the
sufficiency of the evidence for one of his convictions, the uncorroborated accomplice
testimony, and the length of his sentences. After a review of the record and applicable
law, we reverse and dismiss one of the defendant’s convictions for selling cocaine, but
affirm his remaining convictions and the sentences ordered for each of those convictions.
The defendant’s convictions stemmed from an undercover operation
involving the Drug Task Force of Weakley County. Nathan Jackson, who had been
previously arrested on drug charges, agreed to act as an undercover agent for the task
force rather than face the consequences of his arrest. Danny Harris, an officer with the
task force, testified that Jackson had been paid for each of the “buys” he made. Harris
further explained that Jackson had been provided marked money with which to buy the
drugs and that Jackson had been wearing a wire transmitter during the transactions.
Harris testified that Jackson had made four buys in May 1996 that related
to the defendant. He testified that on May 10, he had given Jackson forty dollars ($40)
and that Jackson had gone to the Roxborough area in Martin. Harris explained that
Jackson had not been looking for anyone in particular from whom to buy drugs.
However, when Jackson returned to the meeting place, Jackson told Harris that the drugs
had been purchased from “Fred.” The defendant’s name is Frederick Edwards. Harris
later showed Jackson a photo display of four men, including the defendant. Jackson
identified the defendant as the man who had sold him the cocaine. He further testified
that he had seen the defendant prior to the May transactions.
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On May 13, 1996, Jackson was given sixty dollars ($60.00) and he again
went to the Roxborough area. Harris testified that Jackson had run into Joe Easley and
Easley had made contact with a third person for the drugs. Harris further testified that
he had been in the area where Jackson had been buying the drugs and that shortly after
the transaction, he had seen Easley riding in a white Cadillac with another man, who he
thought was the defendant. David Blurton, an officer with Harris on that day, testified that
he had definitely recognized Joe Easley and that he had later identified the defendant
after looking at a photograph of him. A check of the car’s license plate revealed that it
belonged to a man named Chet Graves. Harris testified that Jackson had been familiar
with Graves previously and would not have confused Graves with the defendant.
On May 17, 1996, Jackson again went to the Roxborough area with sixty
dollars ($60). Through the transmitter, Harris heard Jackson holler to Fred, “What’s goin’
on, man?” Nothing else was heard on the transmitter and Harris later met Jackson at the
meeting place where Jackson produced the rock cocaine.
On May 19, 1996, Jackson again found Joe Easley. This time, Easley took
Jackson to Puckett Plaza where Jackson ultimately purchased the cocaine. In the
indictment related to this date, the defendant was charged with selling the cocaine to Joe
Easley, not Jackson. Easley was then charged with delivering the cocaine to Jackson.
Jackson testified that with the exception of this transaction, the cocaine was purchased
directly from the defendant.
The defendant testified that he had not sold any drugs to Jackson. He
could not specifically identify his whereabouts on those days but said he must have been
“around his house” because he was under house arrest on unrelated matters. The
defendant lives with his mother in Puckett Plaza. The defendant further testified that Joe
Easley and Chet Graves are his cousins. However, he testified he would not have been
3
in Graves’ car at any time because he and Graves do not get along. The defendant’s
mother testified that the defendant is generally called “Frederick” rather than “Fred” but
that she had heard some people call him “Fred.”
The defendant now argues that the evidence is insufficient to convict him
of the May 19, 1996, sale of cocaine to Joe Easley. He also argues that the evidence is
insufficient to sustain “some or all convictions in that [he] has been convicted on the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice.” We will address the accomplice issue first.
It is true that in Tennessee a defendant cannot be convicted on the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. Sherrill v. State, 204 Tenn. 427, 321 S.W.2d
811, 814 (1959). An accomplice is defined as “a person who knowingly, voluntarily, and
with common intent with the principal offender, unites in the commission of a crime.”
Clapp v. State, 94 Tenn. 186, 30 S.W. 214, 216 (1895). To corroborate the testimony
of an accomplice, “there should be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the
accomplice’s evidence, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference, not only that a crime
has been committed, but also that the defendant is implicated in it.” Clapp, 30 S.W. at
216. This corroboration must consist of some fact or circumstance which affects the
identity of the defendant.
The defendant’s contention that his convictions cannot stand because there
was no corroboration of accomplice testimony is without merit. First, the record shows
no indication that the defendant made a special request to have the jury charged on the
accomplice issue. The jury instructions make no reference to Jackson acting as an
accomplice. Thus, the defendant’s failure to make such a request constitutes a waiver
of the issue. State v. Foster, S.W.2d 846, 848 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). Second, even
if the defendant had requested such an instruction, he still would not prevail on this issue.
Nathan Jackson was employed as a paid informant at the time these offenses were
4
committed. Thus, he cannot be said to have knowingly, voluntarily, and with common
intent engaged in the commission of the crimes. Jackson was being used as an
informant and was cooperating with the police, thus he could not have been operating
with a common intent with the defendant. See Halquist v. State, 489 S.W.2d 88, 94
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1972), overruled on other grounds, 598 S.W.2d 209 (Tenn. 1980).
Because Jackson was not an accomplice, his testimony does not need corroboration.
State v. Steve Edward Houston, No. 01C01-9606-CC-00280, Giles County (Tenn. Crim.
App. filed June 26, 1997, at Nashville); State v. Preston Bernard Crowder and Cynthia
Diane Southall, No. 01C01-9304-CR-00143, Davidson County (Tenn. Crim. App. filed
March 14, 1995, at Nashville). Therefore, this issue is without merit.
We now turn to the defendant’s contention that regardless of the
accomplice issue, the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for the May 19,
1996, transaction. As noted above, this conviction related to the sale of cocaine to Joe
Easley, not Jackson. A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the proof has the burden
of illustrating to this Court why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned
by the trier of fact in his or her case. This Court will not disturb a verdict of guilt for lack
of sufficient evidence unless the facts contained in the record and any inferences which
may be drawn from the facts are insufficient, as a matter of law, for a rational trier of fact
to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d
913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).
When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, we
must review the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution in determining
whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). We do not reweigh or re-evaluate the evidence and are required to
afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the proof contained in the record as well
5
as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v.
Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to
be given to the evidence, as well as factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved
by the trier of fact, not this Court. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835. A guilty verdict
rendered by the jury and approved by the trial judge accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State, and a presumption of guilt replaces the presumption of
innocence. State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).
The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he
was involved in a transaction with Easley that involved cocaine. He further contends that
the evidence failed to show that he was in fact the person that supplied Joe Easley with
the cocaine that was ultimately delivered to the informant, Jackson. We have no trouble
concluding that the evidence did demonstrate that an amount of cocaine was purchased
by Jackson on May 19, 1996. Testimony from a TBI special agent forensic scientist
confirmed that the purchase contained 0.3 grams of cocaine base. However, we have
more difficulty concluding that the evidence demonstrates that the defendant was the
seller.
At trial, Jackson was less than clear when he explained the transaction that
occurred on May 19, 1996. Jackson testified that he had bought the cocaine from the
defendant on all occasions except the last when Joe Easley made the transaction
between Jackson and the seller. Jackson does not identify the defendant as the seller.
The only other testimony regarding this transaction came from Officer Harris. Harris
testified that on this day he had been listening to the transmission from the wireless
transmitter worn by Jackson. He testified that Easley and Jackson had gone to Puckett
Plaza, a housing complex where the defendant resides. He said that from the transmitter
6
he had heard Joe Easley holler for the defendant. However, he did not hear the
defendant’s name being called and did not explain how he had known that Easley had
been calling for the defendant.
From this evidence, we cannot allow the conviction to stand. Jackson could
not identify the defendant as the seller in this transaction. He only assumed that the
defendant had supplied Joe Easley with the cocaine. Likewise, Harris did not see the
defendant provide the drugs to Easley, nor did Harris testify that he heard the defendant’s
voice over the transmitter or that even the defendant’s name was used. From this
minimum amount of evidence, we cannot conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant sold the cocaine to Easley. Therefore, we dismiss his conviction for the May
19, 1996, transaction. The remaining convictions, however, are affirmed.
As his final issue, the defendant argues that his sentences are excessive.
He was sentenced as a Range I standard offender to six years on each conviction, the
top of his applicable range for a Class C felony. The defendant argues that the trial court
erred when it refused to apply a requested mitigating factor. He contends that the fact
that his conduct neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury should have been
used to mitigate his sentence. T.C.A. § 40-35-113(1).
When a defendant complains of his or her sentence, we must conduct a de
novo review with a presumption of correctness. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d). The burden of
showing that the sentence is improper is upon the appealing party. T.C.A.
§ 40-35-401(d) Sentencing Commission Comments. This presumption, however, “is
conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the
sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823
S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
7
A portion of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1989, codified at T.C.A.
§ 40-35-210, established a number of specific procedures to be followed in sentencing.
This section mandates the court’s consideration of the following:
(1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the
sentencing hearing; (2) [t]he presentence report; (3) [t]he
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) [t]he nature and characteristics of the criminal
conduct involved; (5) [e]vidence and information offered by
the parties on the enhancement and mitigating factors in
§§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114; and (6) [a]ny statement the
defendant wishes to make in his own behalf about sentencing.
T.C.A. § 40-35-210.
In addition, this section provides that the minimum sentence within the range
is the presumptive sentence. If there are enhancing and mitigating factors, the court must
start at the minimum sentence in the range and enhance the sentence as appropriate for
the enhancement factors and then reduce the sentence within the range as appropriate
for the mitigating factors. If there are no mitigating factors, the court may set the sentence
above the minimum in that range but still within the range. The weight to be given each
factor is left to the discretion of the trial judge. State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
The Act further provides that “[w]henever the court imposes a sentence, it
shall place on the record either orally or in writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors
it found, if any, as well as findings of fact as required by § 40-35-209.” T.C.A.
§ 40-35-210(f) (emphasis added). Because of the importance of enhancing and mitigating
factors under the sentencing guidelines, even the absence of these factors must be
recorded if none are found. T.C.A. § 40-35-210 comment. These findings by the trial
judge must be recorded in order to allow an adequate review on appeal.
8
The defendant argues that the trial court erred when it rejected the
application of mitigation factor number one, that his conduct neither caused nor
threatened serious bodily injury. The trial court simply stated that the factor did not apply
and did not offer any further explanation. The defendant now argues that the “net effect
of [his] conduct [was] that the cocaine was removed from the stream of commerce.” He
further argues that “to contend that [his] conduct with regard to this uningested cocaine
caused or threatened injury of any kind, let alone the serious bodily injury referenced in
§ 40-35-113(1), is unmitigated nonsense.”
Many times this Court has addressed mitigation factor one in connection
with drug cases. However, different results have been produced. See, e.g., State v. Keel,
882 S.W.2d 410 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)(finding factor one not applicable in drug offense
cases); State v. Tyrone Clay, No. 02C01-9608-CC-00261, Lake County (Tenn. Crim. App.
filed Aug. 18, 1997, at Jackson)(applying factor one to defendant convicted of three
counts of sale of cocaine); State v. George E. Martin, Jr., No. 02C01-9512-CC-00389,
Madison County (Tenn. Crim App. filed Aug. 18, 1997, at Jackson)(rejecting application
of factor where defendant convicted of possession with intent to sell cocaine); State v.
William K. Wilson, No. 02C01-9608-CC-00272, Decatur County (Tenn. Crim. App. filed
Aug. 5, 1997, at Jackson)(concluding factor one not available for defendant convicted of
offense involving a serious drug such as cocaine or crank); State v. Troy Carney and
James Andrew Slaughter, Jr., No. 01C01-9412-CR-00425, Davidson County (Tenn. Crim.
App. filed Feb. 23, 1996, at Nashville)(applying factor one to defendant Slaughter when
he had been convicted of conspiracy and four counts of selling drugs). In this case, we
conclude that even if factor one had been applied, it would have been entitled to little
weight and would not have affected the length of the defendant’s sentences. See State
v. Charlie Marshall Floyd, No. 02C01-9611-CC-00434, Obion County (Tenn. Crim. App.
filed Sept. 19, 1997, at Jackson)(finding weight to be given this factor would be negligible);
State v. Hoyt Edward Carroll, No. 03CO1-9607-CC-00254, Hawkins County (Tenn. Crim.
9
App. filed Aug. 12, 1997, at Knoxville)(finding factor one entitled to little weight in cases
involving drugs). Three enhancement factors were clearly shown.1 A maximum sentence
of six years is entirely appropriate for this defendant. We find no abuse of discretion on
behalf of the trial court.
In conclusion, we reverse and dismiss the defendant’s conviction for the May
19, 1996, transaction. However, we affirm his remaining convictions and the sentences
ordered for each of those convictions
_______________________________
JOHN H. PEAY, Judge
CONCUR:
______________________________
JOSEPH B. JONES, Judge
______________________________
THOMAS T. WOODALL, Judge
1
The following enhancement factors from T.C.A. § 40-35-114 were applied: the defendant has a
previous history of criminal convictions in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range
(1); that the defendant has a previous history of unwillingness to comply with the conditions of a
sentence involving release in the community (8); and that the instant offense was committed while the
defendant was on release status from a previous felony (13). The record clearly supports the
application of these factors, and the defendant does not argue that any of the factors were inappropriate.
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