12-3548-cr
United States v. Burris
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or
after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and
this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this court, a
party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary
order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by
counsel.
At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, at 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on
the 15th day of October, two thousand thirteen.
Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
Chief Judge,
DENNIS JACOBS,
ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
-v- No. 12-3548-cr
COURTNEY BECKFORD, aka Mark, aka Gabriel, aka Cort, GABE
BEIZEM, SAMUEL BURRIS, aka Jackie, RAWL DAVIS, aka Roy,
KEVIN EASTON, LENNOX LAMBERT, aka Dred, MARSHA
MOTAYNE, aka Marsha Montayne, SAUL SERRANO, RON SHEALEY,
ROHAN STEWART, aka Mark, aka Pete, CARLOS DIAZ, CLEVELAND
OAKES, WILLIAM PERKINS, WAYNE WHITE,
Defendants,
MALACHI BURRIS, aka Mark,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________________________________________________
For Appellee: DOUGLAS M. PRAVDA (Susan Corkery and Karin Orenstein, on
the brief), Assistant United States Attorney, for Loretta E.
Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New
York, Brooklyn, NY
For Defendant-Appellant: LAWRENCE MARK STERN, New York, NY
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
(Irizzary, J.).
ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court be and hereby is AFFIRMED.
Defendant-Appellant Malachi Burris appeals from a January 17, 2013, amended
judgment of conviction imposed by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Irizzary, J.) following a plea of guilty to a charge of conspiracy to commit mail and
wire fraud. The district court sentenced Burris principally to twenty-four months of
incarceration, restitution in the amount of $782,718.28 plus interest, and forfeiture in the amount
of $88,590. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and
issues on appeal.
I. Loss Amount
Burris first contests the district court’s attribution to him of $569,681 in real loss, an
amount which reflects all of the loss caused by Burris and by his co-conspirators (the other
participants in a group led by Burris’s brother Samuel Burris). “[I]n order to hold a defendant
accountable for the acts of others, a district court must make two findings: 1) that the acts were
within the scope of the defendant’s agreement and 2) that they were foreseeable to the
defendant.” United States v. Studley, 47 F.3d 569, 574 (2d Cir. 1995). With respect to the first
finding, Studley holds “that the Guidelines . . . require the district court to make a particularized
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finding of the scope of the criminal activity agreed upon by the defendant.” Id. Burris contends
that (1) the district court failed to make that particularized finding and (2) there was insufficient
evidence for the district court to have found that the scope of his agreement covered all of the
criminal activity undertaken by the group. He argues that he should be responsible for only the
discrete acts that he himself took to further the conspiracy. We disagree.
In rejecting Burris’s argument that he should not be held accountable for losses caused by
his co-conspirators, the district court stated that it “agree[d] with the analysis that ha[d] been set
forth by Probation as well as the rationale discussed by the Government in its sentencing
memorandum.” App’x at 132. The “analysis that ha[d] been set forth by probation” includes
statements (1) that Burris “became involved in the offense from the start, in approximately
October 2005,” Presentencing Report (“PSR”) at 11; (2) that “[a]fter January 2008, Malachi
Burris reduced his criminal involvement, but he did not withdraw from the offense,” id.; and
(3) that “[t]he loss attributable to the defendant included not only the packages he personally
picked up, but also the loss that was reasonably foreseeable . . . since he was part of a jointly
undertaken criminal activity with his brother,” Addendum to the PSR at 2. The “rationale
discussed by the Government” includes the statement that “the defendant is responsible for the
total loss attributable to the Burris working group as these losses were the reasonably foreseeable
result of jointly undertaken activity.” July 12, 2012, Letter from the Gov’t at 6. The district
court incorporated those statements into its findings, and through those statements—and the
district court’s subsequent statement that “there was enough independent evidence from some of
the records that were maintained by apparently the record keeper . . . to indicate that Mr. Burris
was involved throughout that period of time,” App’x at 139—the district court made a
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particularized finding that the entirety of the conspiracy’s activity, from October 2005 until its
termination, was jointly undertaken by Malachi Burris. Ultimately, while it would have been
advisable for the district court to state its findings more clearly and with more particularity, the
record as a whole indicates that the district court found that all of the activity was within the
scope of Burris’s conspiratorial agreement.
Further, the district court had sufficient evidence on which to base its finding that Burris
agreed to the entire scope of the conspiracy to obtain wireless devices fraudulently. The
evidence showed that: (1) Burris picked up fraudulently obtained wireless devices from
Rudolph, a co-conspirator who was a FedEx courier, for approximately two months in 2005; (2)
Burris would call Rudolph telling her the addresses that would appear on the packages with
fraudulently obtained devices so that she would know which ones to set aside; (3) in early 2007,
Burris again picked up wireless devices from Rudolph; (4) in 2007, Rudolph introduced Burris
to FedEx courier McLean, and Burris told McLean that he would put McLean in contact with
Samuel Burris; (5) thereafter, Burris occasionally accompanied co-conspirator Courtney
Beckford to pick up packages from McLean; (6) in September, 2008, when Burris asked
Beckford whether he “got the rest of the things,” Beckford responded that he “got three,”
including a “Pearl,” and AT&T records showed that three phones, including a Blackberry Pearl,
App’x at 228, had been sent to Beckford’s address; (7) later that month, Burris traveled to
Jamaica with Beckford and Samuel Burris, and fraudulently obtained wireless devices were
discovered in the luggage of both Burris brothers, while Beckford had in his luggage a list of
email addresses, many of which had been provided to AT&T or T-Mobile customer services
representatives so that co-conspirators could receive emails with tracking information for the
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fraudulently ordered phones; (8) in October, 2008, Burris and Beckford discussed the number of
phones being ordered by Samuel Burris and Samuel Burris’s difficulty reaching one of the
FedEx couriers; (9) records discovered at Beckford’s home referred to 150 wireless devices and
referred to eight of those devices as attributable to Burris; and (10) during Burris’s plea
allocution, he admitted that he was involved in the conspiracy “during 2007 through 2009.”
Burris argues that many of these events could be construed as innocent. But we do not
think that the district court clearly erred in inferring that Burris had agreed to the full scope of
the conspiracy. See United States v. Iodice, 525 F.3d 179, 185 (2d Cir. 2008) (“Where there are
two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly
erroneous.”) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, while Burris examines
each of the incidents separately and attempts to explain away each one, the district court was
correct to “view all the evidence as pieces of a unified whole.” United States v. Nusraty, 867
F.2d 759, 764 (2d Cir. 1989). We affirm the district court’s finding that Burris agreed to the
entire scope of the conspiracy.
II. Minor Role Adjustment
Burris next contends that the district court improperly denied him a minor role
adjustment. This adjustment “applies to a defendant . . . who is less culpable than most other
participants, but whose role could not be described as minimal.” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines §
3B1.2(b) cmt. n.5. While “this circuit has not always been consistent in describing the standard
of review for role adjustments,” United States v. Labbe, 588 F.3d 139, 145 n.2 (2d Cir. 2009)
(brackets omitted), we need not decide that issue here because our conclusion would be the same
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under any level of deference. See United States v. Conde-Falon, 420 F. App’x 56, 58 n.1 (2d
Cir. 2011). The district court did not err in denying Burris the minor role adjustment.
“The culpability of a defendant courier must depend necessarily on such factors as the
nature of the defendant’s relationship to other participants, the importance of the defendant’s
actions to the success of the venture, and the defendant’s awareness of the nature and scope of
the criminal enterprise.” United States v. Garcia, 920 F.2d 153, 155 (2d Cir. 1990) (per curiam).
Here, there is evidence demonstrating that Burris was close to and trusted by the head of the
Burris group (his brother, Samuel) as well as Beckford (the other runner). The runners were
important because they served as a connection between Samuel and the FedEx drivers. And
Burris’s conversations with Beckford and delivery of at least three fraudulent cellphones to
Jamaica indicate that he was aware of the nature and full scope of the criminal enterprise.
Burris argues that it was unfair that he was denied a minor role adjustment when the
district court found that each of the FedEx drivers played a minor role. But Burris overlooks the
fact that he played a specialized role because he could be trusted as an intermediary between
Samuel Burris and the drivers. Burris also minimizes his own knowledge about and
participation in the conspiracy. See United States v. Shonubi,, 998 F.2d 84, 90 (2d Cir. 1993)
(“A sentencing court is not bound to accept defendant’s self-serving characterizations of his role
in an offense.”).
III. Interest on Restitution
Next, Burris contends that the district court abused its discretion when it ordered Burris
to pay interest on the restitution award. Burris argues “that [the district court’s] discretion was
abused in this case where the appellant clearly does not have the capacity to pay the interest, let
alone the principle.” Brief for Defendant-Appellant Burris at 33-34.
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To the extent that Burris contends that the district court is required to waive interest on a
restitution payment where the defendant cannot pay, he is incorrect. Under the Mandatory
Victims Restitution Act, if a district court “determines that the defendant does not have the
ability to pay interest under this subsection, the court may waive the requirement for interest.”
18 U.S.C. § 3612(f)(3)(A) (emphasis added); see also United States v. Echols, 508 F. App’x 266,
267 (4th Cir. 2013); United States v. Spencer Tnd Dang, 492 F. App’x 730, 731 (9th Cir. 2012);
United States v. Bagdy, 535 F. App’x 695, 697-98 (3d Cir. 2009). And to the extent that Burris
argues that the district court abused its discretion because of the particular circumstances
presented by this case, we disagree. Burris’s liability is joint and several with the liability of
numerous other defendants. Those co-conspirators will also be making payments to decrease the
joint restitution and interest, and the district court is not obligated to waive interest solely
because Burris is unable to pay the total amount.
IV. Excessive Fines Clause
Finally, Burris contends that the district court’s restitution and forfeiture orders violate
the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment. To the extent that Burris contends that
restitution and forfeiture orders were improperly based on losses caused by his co-conspirators,
we disagree for the reasons described above. To the extent that Burris contends that these
assessments violate the Eighth Amendment for some other reason, his argument is insufficiently
briefed to warrant our review. See Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 112 n.4 (2d Cir. 2000)
(“This single, conclusory, one-sentence argument is insufficient to preserve any issue for
appellate review.”); Norton v. Sam’s Club, 145 F.3d 114, 117 (2d Cir. 1998) (“Issues not
sufficiently argued in briefs are considered waived and normally will not be addressed on
appeal.”).
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V. Conclusion
We have considered Burris’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.
For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
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