Filed 10/15/13 Pickett v. 99 Cents Only Stores CA2/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
SHELLEY PICKETT, B246394
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. BC473038)
v.
99 CENTS ONLY STORES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of the County of Los Angeles,
Ernest M. Hiroshige, Judge. Affirmed.
Munger, Tolles & Olson, Malcolm A. Heinicke, Katherine M. Forster, Puneet K.
Sandhu, and Esther H. Sung for Defendant and Appellant.
Lynch, Gilardi & Grummer, Arif Virji and Gary M. Ittig for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
INTRODUCTION
Defendant and appellant 99 Cents Only Stores (defendant) appeals from the trial
court’s order denying its motion to compel plaintiff and respondent Shelley Pickett
(plaintiff) to arbitrate her individual claim brought pursuant to the Private Attorney
General Act of 2004 (PAGA).1 According to defendant, notwithstanding our decision to
the contrary in Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 489 (Brown), the
Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. (FAA)) and recent United States Supreme
Court authority interpreting it, required plaintiff to arbitrate her individual PAGA claim
pursuant to the terms of her arbitration agreement and to forego pursuit of the
representative PAGA claim pleaded in her complaint.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion and in the two concurring opinions, we
affirm the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion to compel arbitration.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. PAGA Complaint
Plaintiff filed a representative action against defendant asserting a cause of action
under the PAGA for alleged Labor Code violations and a derivative request for an
injunction to prohibit future violations. Plaintiff sought penalties on behalf of herself, as
an aggrieved employee, as well as all current and former employees of defendant,2 to
1
The PAGA is codified in Labor Code sections 2698 through 2699.5. That
statutory scheme authorizes actions by aggrieved employees on their own behalf and on
behalf of current or former employees to recover civil penalties from employers for
Labor Code violations. All further statutory references are to the Labor Code unless
otherwise indicated.
2
Plaintiff emphasized that she was not seeking “class remedies or class
certification.”
2
address defendant’s alleged violations of the Labor Code, specifically defendant’s
violations of section 1198 and Wage Order 7-2001, section 14.
Plaintiff alleged that she was currently employed by defendant as a cashier who
regularly operated a cash register at a check-out counter area and that “[defendant was]
a California corporation with over two hundred (200) stores in California, including
stores in Los Angeles, California. [T]hese stores throughout California appear[ed]
generally similar in that there [was] ample space behind each counter/cashier area to
allow for a stool or seat. There [was] nothing in the layout of the stores or in the
activities performed by the employees operating the cash registers and manning the
counters which . . . preclude[ed] the use of seats. [Defendant’s] cashiers spen[t] a very
substantial portion, and in many instances most, of their working time behind these
counters.”
In addition, plaintiff alleged that “Wage Order 7-2001, which covers businesses in
the ‘mercantile industry,’ such as [defendant] states: ‘All working employees shall be
provided with suitable seats when the nature of the work reasonably permits the use of
seats.’ Id., Section 14(a). [Defendant] failed to provide its cashiers, including plaintiff,
with seats, despite the fact that the nature of cashier work reasonably permit[ed] the use
of seats.”
Plaintiff concluded that she was “an aggrieved employee, in that she was
employed by [defendant] and was not provided with a seat, in violation of Labor Code
section 1198 and Wage Order 7-2001, Section 14,” and that she was seeking on behalf of
herself and defendant’s other current and former cashiers “penalties against [defendant]
under Lab[or] Code section 2699(f),[3] plus reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs . . . .”
3
Section 2699, subdivision (f) provides in pertinent part: “(f) For all provisions of
this code except those for which a civil penalty is specifically provided, there is
established a civil penalty for a violation of these provisions, as follows: [¶] . . . [¶] (2)
If, at the time of the alleged violation, the person employs one or more employees, the
civil penalty is one hundred dollars ($100) for each aggrieved employee per pay period
for the initial violation and two hundred dollars ($200) for each aggrieved employee per
pay period for each subsequent violation. . . .”
3
B. Motion to Compel Arbitration
In response to plaintiff’s complaint, defendant filed, inter alia, a motion to compel
arbitration of plaintiff’s individual PAGA claim. Citing to the United States Supreme
Court decisions in Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp. (2010) 559 U.S.
662 and AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 1740 (AT&T),
defendant argued that under the FAA, the trial court was required to enforce the
arbitration clause in plaintiff’s employment agreement4—which required arbitration of
plaintiff’s individual claims and was silent concerning representative claims—strictly
according to its terms. According to defendant, because the arbitration agreement did not
mention arbitration of representative claims, such as plaintiff’s representative PAGA
claim, it implicitly provided for arbitration of individual claims only. Although
defendant acknowledged the majority holding in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489 that
PAGA claims are outside the principles of the FAA and the Supreme Court decisions
applying it, defendant asserted that Brown was wrongly decided as contrary to AT&T,
supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 and several federal district court decisions5 that have followed
AT&T and rejected the holding in Brown.
4
In pertinent part, the arbitration clause in plaintiff’s employment agreement
provided: “The Company and the undersigned Employee hereby agree that any dispute
with any party . . . that may arise from or in connection with Employee’s employment
with the Company or the termination of Employee’s employment with the Company must
be submitted for resolution by mandatory, binding arbitration.”
5
In addition to citing several federal district court cases that rejected the reasoning
of the majority opinion in Brown, defendant also cited to the Court of Appeal’s decision
in Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 949 (review
granted Sept. 19, 2012, S204032), notwithstanding that the California Supreme Court had
granted review of that decision and it was therefore not citable as precedent. (California
Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e)(1).) Our Supreme Court defined the issues for review in
Iskanian as follows: “Petition for review after the Court of Appeal affirmed an order
granting a motion to compel arbitration and dismissing class claims. This case presents
the following issues: (1) Did AT&T[, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740], impliedly overrule Gentry
v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443 with respect to contractual class action waivers
in the context of non-waivable labor law rights? (2) Does the high court’s decision
4
Plaintiff opposed the motion arguing, inter alia, that principles of stare decisis
required the trial court to follow the majority decision in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th
489 and deny the motion to compel arbitration. According to plaintiff, because the
California Supreme Court denied the defendant’s petition for review in Brown and
granted the plaintiff’s petition for review in Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles,
LLC, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th 949, Brown was the only binding precedent on the issue
and it fully supported the denial of the motion.
C. Hearing on Petition to Compel Arbitration
Prior to the hearing on defendant’s petition to compel individual arbitration, the
trial court issued a tentative ruling denying the motion. Following oral argument on the
motion, the trial court entered the tentative ruling as its final order on the motion. In
pertinent part, that order provided as follows: “Plaintiff’s complaint alleges a sole cause
of action for civil penalties and attorney fees under the [PAGA]. In its motion,
Defendant moves to compel ‘Plaintiff to arbitrate her claims on an individual basis.’ In
other words, Defendant ‘seeks arbitration of Plaintiff’s individual claims only.’ . . . [¶]
Thus, Defendant has not moved to compel arbitration of Plaintiff’s representative or class
claims. A plaintiff may not bring a PAGA claim as an individual claim, but rather only
‘as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies.’ (Reyes v. Macy’s,
Inc. (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1123-24; see also Brown[, supra,] 197 Cal.App.4th
489, 501-502.) ‘Because the PAGA claim is not an individual claim, it was not within
the scope of Defendant’s request that individual claims be submitted to arbitration . . . .’
(Reyes, supra, at 1123-24.) [¶] Assuming Plaintiff could bring an individual PAGA
claim, then the motion must be denied under Brown, supra. The Court cannot compel
arbitration of Plaintiff’s representative claims pursuant to Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v.
AnimalFeeds International Corp.[, supra, 559 U.S. 662]. Thus, as Defendant essentially
concedes by arguing that the ‘Court is not required to follow Brown,’ the Brown decision
permit arbitration agreements to override the statutory right to bring representative claims
under the [PAGA]? (3) Did defendant waive its right to compel arbitration?”
5
compels a finding that the arbitration agreement is unenforceable as against public policy
or unconscionable insofar as it applies to Plaintiff’s sole PAGA claim. The Iskanian case
cited by Defendant has no precedential authority as review has been granted by the
California Supreme Court. . . . [¶] The motion to compel Plaintiff’s individual claims is
denied.”
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s order denying
defendant’s motion to compel individual arbitration.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
“In reviewing an order denying a motion to compel arbitration, we review the trial
court’s factual determinations under the substantial evidence standard, and we review
issues of law de novo. (Robertson v. Health Net of California, Inc. (2005) 132
Cal.App.4th 1419, 1425 [34 Cal.Rptr.3d 547].)” (Duick v. Toyota Motor Sales. U.S.A.,
Inc. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 1316, 1320.) “The trial court’s resolution of disputed facts
will be upheld if supported by substantial evidence, but if there is no disputed extrinsic
evidence, the trial court’s decision on the arbitrability determination is reviewed de novo.
(Rowe v. Exline (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1276, 1283 [63 Cal.Rptr.3d 787]; Nyulassy v.
Lockheed Martin Corp. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1267, 1277 [16 Cal.Rptr.3d 296].)” (Suh
v. Superior Court (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1504, 1511.) In this case, there are no
disputed issues of fact. Therefore, the issue here is one of law that we review de novo.
B. Analysis
The trial court denied defendant’s motion to compel individual arbitration on two
alternative grounds: (1) because, as the court held in Reyes v. Macy’s, Inc., supra, 202
Cal.App.4th at pages 1123-1124, a plaintiff employee may not bring an individual PAGA
claim, there were no individual claims pleaded in the complaint that were subject to
arbitration; or (2) assuming plaintiff could bring an individual claim under the PAGA, the
6
arbitration agreement was unenforceable as against public policy under Brown, supra,
197 Cal.App.4th 489.
As to the trial court’s first ground for denying the motion—no individual claims
under the PAGA—it is unnecessary to determine whether the trial court was correct,
because even assuming plaintiff could bring an individual claim under the PAGA, the
trial court was bound as a matter of law to follow the majority decision in Brown, supra,
197 Cal.App.4th 489 (see Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450,
455), which held that an arbitration agreement that would impede an aggrieved employee
from pursuing a representative action under the PAGA, as an agent for the state’s labor
enforcement agencies, is unenforceable as against public policy.
In Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489, the majority began its analysis of the
PAGA issue with a discussion of the decision in Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc.
(2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1277 (Franco I).6 In that case, the Court of Appeal determined,
inter alia, that the express waiver of PAGA representative claims in the arbitration clause
before it was unconscionable, relying on the California Supreme Court’s decision in
Gentry v. Superior Court, supra, 42 Cal.4th 443. According to the court in Franco,
efforts to “nullify the PAGA and preclude [the plaintiff] from seeking civil penalties on
behalf of other current and former employees, that is, performing the core function of a
private attorney general . . . impedes Gentry’s goal of ‘comprehensive[ly] enforce[ing]’ a
statutory scheme through imposition of “‘statutory sanctions’” and ‘fines.’ [Citations.]
[And] the prohibition of private attorneys general is invalid.” (Franco, supra, 171
Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.)
As for the effect of the Supreme Court’s decision in AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740
on the PAGA issue, the majority in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489, explained that
6
It should be noted that the same court that issued the opinion in Franco I, supra,
171 Cal.App.4th 1277 published a second opinion in a subsequent appeal in the same
case—Franco v. Arakelian Enterprises, Inc. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 314 (Franco II). On
February 13, 2013, the California Supreme Court, in Case No. S207760, granted review
in Franco II, pending disposition of a related issue in Iskanian v. Arakelian Enterprises,
Inc., S204032.
7
the “United States Supreme Court in AT&T, supra, 563 U.S. __ [131 S.Ct. 1740] did not
specifically address whether California state law applicable to waivers of statutory
representative actions—which actions are a means to enforce state labor laws for the
benefit of the public—was preempted by the FAA. We recognize that the United States
Supreme Court has held that the FAA preempts certain California statutory dispute
resolution mechanisms (see Preston v. Ferrer (2008) 552 U.S. 346 [169 L.Ed.2d 917,
128 S.Ct. 978] [FAA preempts California Talent Agencies Act (§§ 1700.44, subd. (a),
1700.45) granting the Labor Commissioner exclusive jurisdiction to decide issue that
parties agreed to arbitrate and imposing prerequisites to enforcement of arbitration
agreement that are not applicable to contracts generally]; Perry v. Thomas, [(1987)] 482
U.S. 483 [FAA preempted former § 229 that provides action for collection of wages may
be maintained “without regard to the existence of any private agreement to arbitrate”];
Southland Corp. v. Keating (1984) 465 U.S. 1 [79 L.Ed.2d 1, 104 S.Ct. 852] [provisions
of California’s Franchise Investment Law (Corp. Code, § 31512) that require judicial
consideration of claims is preempted by the FAA]) and that class actions, unless agreed
to, may impermissibly interfere with arbitration provided for by the FAA. (AT&T, supra,
563, U.S. at pp. __, __ [131 S.Ct. at pp. 1750-1752].) [¶] But United States Supreme
Court authority does not address a statute such as the PAGA, which is a mechanism by
which the state itself can enforce state labor laws, because the employee suing under the
PAGA ‘does so as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies.’
(Arias [v. Superior Court (2009)] 46 Cal.4th [969,] 986.) And, even if a PAGA claim is
subject to arbitration, it would not have the attributes of a class action that the AT&T case
said conflicted with arbitration, such as class certification, notices, and opt-outs. Until
the United States Supreme Court rules otherwise, we continue to follow what we believe
to be California law.” (Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at pp. 502-503.)
Based on the foregoing reasoning, the majority in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th
489 concluded that the “recent decision of the United States Supreme Court in
AT&T[, supra,] 131 S.Ct. 1740, holding that California decisional law invalidating class
action waivers in consumer arbitration agreements is preempted by the [FAA], does not
8
apply to representative actions under the PAGA, and thus the trial court correctly ruled
that the waiver of [the] plaintiff’s right to pursue a representative action under the PAGA
was not enforceable under California law.” (Id. at p. 494.)
Defendant argues that under the FAA, the arbitration agreement should be read to
waive implicitly representative PAGA claims because it requires arbitration of plaintiff’s
individual PAGA claim only and is silent as to representative claims. (See Stolt-Neilson
S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp., supra, 559 U.S. at pp. 681-684 [holding that it
would be inconsistent with the FAA to impose class arbitration proceedings on parties
who had entered arbitration agreements that were silent on the issue of classwide
arbitration].) By, in effect, prohibiting plaintiff from pursuing her representative PAGA
claim, the agreement here—as the agreement in Brown, supra, 197 Cal.App.4th 489,
which explicitly waived representative PAGA claims—runs afoul of the public policy
underlying the PAGA. Thus, under Brown, the arbitration agreement was, as the trial
court correctly concluded, unenforceable.
As noted, AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 concerned FAA preemption of state law
that would preclude arbitration in class actions. It did not deal with a statute such as
PAGA that is a unique representative action which is, in effect, a law enforcement
proceeding to protect the public. The same distinction applies to the United States
Supreme Court decision in American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant (2013) __
U.S. __, 133 S.Ct. 2304.
One federal court has noted, “The California Court of Appeal, in Brown,
comprehensively and persuasively discussed the reasons why class action waivers
contained in arbitration agreements may not be used to divest plaintiffs of their right to
bring representative actions under PAGA.” (Plows v. Rockwell Collins, Inc. (C.D. Cal.
2011) 812 F.Supp.2d 1063, 1070; see also Gonzalez v. Millard Mall Services, Inc. (S.D.
Cal. 2012) 281 F.R.D. 455, 469; Cunningham v. Leslie’s Poolmart, Inc. (C.D. Cal. 2013)
[2013 U.S. DIST. LEXIS 90256].) That reasoning should apply a fortiorari to an
arbitration clause compelling a plaintiff employee to arbitrate her individual claim under
PAGA and thereby precluding her pursuit of a representative PAGA claim.
9
Defendant asserts that plaintiff has not established the unconscionability of the
agreement in question. The issue, however, is not one of unconscionability, but rather
whether an agreement to arbitrate can eviscerate a state statute allowing a private citizen
to act as a private attorney general to protect the public. Any such agreement is contrary
to the public policy underlying the state statute and, as such, unenforceable.
Contrary to defendant’s assertion, the trial court, in ruling on the motion to compel
arbitration, did not have the discretion to ignore our holding in Brown, supra, 197
Cal.App.4th 489—i.e., AT&T, supra, 131 S.Ct. 1740 does not apply to representative
PAGA claims—and instead follow the rulings in certain federal district court cases that
have rejected the majority holding in Brown. As noted, under the doctrine of stare
decisis, the trial court was bound to follow the majority holding in Brown, regardless of
whether certain federal trial courts have declined to follow that decision. (Auto Equity
Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d at p. 455; Foley v. Interactive Data Corp.
(1988) 47 Cal.3d 654, 690, fn. 28 [state “[t]rial courts are of course bound by the
decisions of the Court of Appeal”].)
Notwithstanding defendant’s suggestion that we should defer any decision in this
case until after the California Supreme Court decides Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los
Angeles, LLC, supra, 206 Cal.App.4th 949, we have determined that we should resolve
this appeal on the merits. Unless our Supreme Court grants review in this case, plaintiff’s
case should not be suspended for an indefinite period of time.
DISPOSITION
The order denying defendant’s motion to compel arbitration of plaintiff’s
individual PAGA claim is affirmed. Plaintiff is awarded costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
MOSK, J.
10
I concur in the judgment. In my view the outcome of this case is controlled by the
decision in EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc. (2002) 534 U.S. 279, 293-298 (EEOC). In
EEOC, the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission (the commission) pursued a
discrimination claim on behalf of an aggrieved former employee. The former employee
signed an arbitration agreement with the defendant, Waffle House, Inc. The United
States Supreme Court refused to enforce the arbitration agreement because the
commission was not a signatory to it. (Id. at pp. 293-295.)
Here, the gravamen of the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (the
act) cause of action is a claim on behalf of the State of California (the state). (Arias v.
Superior Court (2009) 46 Cal.4th 969, 986; Thurman v. Bayshore Transit Management,
Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 1112, 1125.) Seventy-five percent of the penalties are paid
to the state. The act has as its purpose the enforcement of the state’s labor laws. As in
EEOC, the state is not a signatory to the arbitration agreement. Hence, the Federal
Arbitration Act does not require the claims for penalties payable to the state be arbitrated.
Other than the potential payments to plaintiff discussed below, the essence of the
complaint is the enforcement of the state’s labor laws and payment to it.
Defendant did not request to arbitrate the issue of the percent of penalties to be
paid to plaintiff, Shelley Pickett, under Labor Code sections 2699, subdivisions (g)(1)
and (i). In addition, there was no effort by defendant in the trial court to arbitrate the
potential amount of attorney fees payable to plaintiff. (Lab. Code, § 2699, subd. (g)(1).)
If these matters are arbitrable, this would necessarily involve a severance of issues which
is sometimes part of the arbitral process. (Daniels v. Sunrise Senior Living, Inc. (2013)
212 Cal.App.4th 674, 687; Laswell v. AG Seal Beach, LLC (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1399,
1409.) At oral argument, defense counsel agreed defendant was not seeking to parse out
individual issues but asserted the entirety of the dispute must be arbitrated. (Such makes
excellent litigation sense--no fiscal purpose would be served by arbitration of narrow
issues concerning plaintiff’s former employment status, attorney fees and a percentage of
penalties.) The issue of potential severance of issues concerning the rights of plaintiff to
attorney fees and a portion of the penalties has been forfeited. (Pearson Dental Supplies,
Inc. v. Superior Court (2010) 48 Cal.4th 665, 681; Moncharsh v. Heily & Blase (1992) 3
Cal.4th 1, 30-31; Tutti Mangia Italian Grill, Inc. v. American Textile Maintenance Co.
(2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 733, 740; Brown v. Ralphs Grocery Co. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th
489, 498, fn. 4; Jones v. Jacobson (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1, 19, fn. 12; Countrywide
Financial Corp. v. Bundy (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 234, 264; see Doers v. Golden Gate
Bridge etc. Dist. (1979) 23 Cal.3d 180, 184, fn. 1.) Finally, for the foregoing reasons, it
is unnecessary to address any other issues concerning the Federal Arbitration Act.
TURNER, P. J.
2
I respectfully concur. There was only one cause of action filed pursuant to the
Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA). Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration of that
claim took the position that plaintiff was “compelled to arbitrate individually.” However,
there is no “individual” claim in a PAGA action. (Reyes v. Macy’s Inc. (2011) 202
Cal.App.4th 1119, 1123; Machado v. M.A.T. & Sons Landscape, Inc. (E.D.Cal., July 23,
2009, No. 2:09-cv-00459 JAM JFM) 2009 U.S.Dist. Lexis 63414, p. *6; see also Lab.
Code, § 2699, subd. (a) [PAGA action is to be brought by “employee on behalf of
himself or herself and other current or former employees”].) Defendant could not compel
arbitration of a non-existent claim.
KUMAR, J.*