Filed 10/17/13 P. v. Rodriguez CA5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, F064383
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. F11905911)
v. OPINION
LARRY FRANK RODRIGUEZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
THE COURT*
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. John F. Vogt,
Judge.
Francine R. Tone, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez, Marcia A.
Fay, and Kari Ricci Mueller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
* Before Kane, Acting P.J., Detjen, J., and Franson, J.
INTRODUCTION
Appellant, Larry Frank Rodriguez, contends his conviction must be reversed
because the trial court permitted the prosecutor to commit constitutional error, trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the error, and the trial court erroneously
gave the flight instruction. We find any error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and
affirm the judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
On January 10, 2012, the prosecutor filed a first amended information alleging that
appellant committed assault by means likely to cause great bodily injury (Pen. Code,
§ 245, subd. (a)(1)).1 It was further alleged that appellant inflicted great bodily injury on
the victim (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). The jury convicted appellant of assault by means likely
to cause great bodily injury but did not find the great bodily injury enhancement to be
true. The court sentenced appellant to the midterm of three years. Appellant was
awarded custody credits of 126 days and conduct credits of 126 days for total credits of
252 days.
Michael Cline testified at trial that on October 12, 2011, he was living over a
department store in downtown Fresno. Cline was working on a computer in the common
kitchen area with his friend, Dan Briam. Cline was on the phone with Michael, a
computer repairman assisting Cline with the computer repair. There were a number of
people in the hall making noise, so Cline shut the kitchen door to better hear Michael. A
few seconds later, appellant slammed the door open and said, “How dare you shut this
door.”
Cline told appellant that he closed the kitchen door because he was on an
important phone call and there was too much noise. Cline explained that anyone was
1 Unless otherwise noted, all statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
welcome to come into the kitchen. Appellant replied that he did not care about
appellant’s phone call and he wanted the door to stay open. When appellant left the
kitchen, Cline closed the door again. A few seconds later, appellant slammed the door
open again and said to Cline, “How dare you.” When Cline explained why he needed the
door closed, appellant very forcibly pushed Cline up against the table. Cline had seen
appellant drinking alcoholic beverages. Appellant was stumbling around and Cline
smelled alcohol on appellant’s breath. Cline believed appellant was intoxicated.
After pushing Cline against the table, appellant hit Cline in the head with a plate
on the left temple behind his eye. The blow was hard enough that Cline nearly fell down
and the plate broke into several pieces. Cline began to fight and wrestle with appellant.
Appellant went back to his room after the fight. Blood was gushing from the wound on
Cline’s head. Cline’s wound required eight stitches. Appellant had threatened Cline
three or four times in the past for “different things.”
Briam testified that Cline closed the kitchen door to call his friend, appellant
slammed the door open, and yelled at Cline for closing the door. According to Briam,
Cline told appellant that he was trying to make a phone call, appellant left, and Cline
closed the door a second time. Appellant threw the door open, yelled at Cline, and Cline
again explained that he was trying to make a phone call. Appellant entered the kitchen a
third time. Cline told appellant he was making a phone call and would open the door
when he was finished. Appellant then shoved Cline into the table. Cline got into
appellant’s face and yelled. Appellant hit Cline with a plate and Cline punched appellant.
Briam got another resident to break up the fight. Cline had a gash on his forehead and
Briam called 911. Prior to the arrival of the police, appellant was going in and out of his
room. Appellant’s demeanor was belligerent.
Fresno Police Officers Derek Avila and Scott Reese were dispatched to the
residence just before 10:00 p.m. Avila and Reese found Cline in the common kitchen
3
area standing over a sink and bleeding profusely. Avila considered Cline’s injury to be a
serious wound. There was a significant amount of blood in the kitchen. Cline told Avila
where appellant lived and told Avila appellant was in his room.
Avila knocked on appellant’s door several times, announced who he was, and
asked appellant to come to the door. Avila was concerned about officer safety because he
heard a male voice inside the room and did not know if the man was armed. Appellant
replied that he was not going to come to the door and that the officers needed a warrant.2
After 10 to 15 minutes of trying to persuade appellant to come to the door, Reese kicked
in the door and appellant was arrested. Appellant had some blood on the palms of his
hands. Appellant was belligerent, uncooperative, had watery eyes, his speech was
slurred, he was unsteady on his feet, and had a strong odor of alcohol on his breath.
CONSTITUTIONAL ERROR
Appellant contends that admission of his refusal to leave his room without a
warrant violates the privilege to be free from comment upon the assertion of a
constitutional right. Respondent concurs with appellant that it was error for the court to
permit appellant’s comment to the police into evidence but argues that the error was
forfeited and was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We agree with respondent that
any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
2 During a pretrial conference, the prosecutor announced that she was seeking to
introduce appellant’s statement that he was not coming to the door and the officers
needed a warrant. The court noted its concern that even if this was an imperfect assertion
of a Fourth Amendment right, the evidence could not be used against appellant. The
court stated that there was no other way to have the information conveyed to the jury and
the jury was entitled to hear this information. Defense counsel agreed with the court.
The court found that appellant’s statement did not rise to the same level as invoking the
right against self-incrimination and the statement was not, in itself, incriminating. The
court concluded the jury could hear the statement. The prosecutor referred to appellant’s
statement in her closing argument to the jury.
4
Criminal defendants have a privilege to be free from comment on the exercise of a
constitutional right. (People v. Wood (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 803, 807-810 (Wood)
[error to admit defendant’s comment to investigators that they knew better than to enter
his property]; People v. Keener (1983) 148 Cal.App.3d 73, 78-79 [error to admit
evidence that the defendant refused to leave his apartment even though police had a right
to enter without a warrant].) In Griffin v. California (1965) 380 U.S. 609 (Griffin), the
Supreme Court found it impermissible for the prosecutor to comment on the defendant’s
exercise of his Fifth Amendment right not to testify at trial.
Constitutional violations, however, are subject to the harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt standard of appellate review set forth in Chapman v. California (1967)
386 U.S. 18 (Chapman). In Wood, the defendant was accused of animal abuse and would
not allow officers access to a field. (Wood, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at pp. 805-807.)
Although the Wood court found the trial court erred in permitting testimony that
implicated the defendant’s guilt based on his assertion of Fifth Amendment constitutional
right not to testify against himself, Wood found that under the Chapman standard of
review any error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In Wood, the challenged
evidence also would have been admissible as impeachment evidence. (Wood, supra, at
pp. 809-810.)
Here, there is no issue concerning appellant’s identity or the essential facts of the
assault he committed on Cline. Cline’s and Briam’s accounts of events varied in small
details, but were consistent on important details. Appellant presented no evidence to
refute Cline’s and Briam’s testimony. The observations of the officers corroborated
important details of what occurred, including for instance, that appellant appeared to be
intoxicated and had blood on his hands. Given the strength of the prosecution’s case, we
find that any error in referring to appellant’s assertion of the need for a warrant to be
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt under the Chapman standard of review.
5
Respondent argues that defense counsel’s failure to object to constitutional error
like Griffin error, is subject to forfeiture for appellate review. (See People v. Cornwell
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 50, 91.) Appellant meets this challenge by contending that his counsel
was ineffective for failing to make the objection.3 Even if trial counsel did not have a
strong tactical reason for failing to make an objection, to prevail on an assertion of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the record must affirmatively demonstrate a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s alleged unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.4 Appellant must show prejudice. As we have
already discussed, appellant failed to do so beyond a reasonable doubt.
FLIGHT INSTRUCTION
Appellant further contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury on flight.5
Appellant argues that after the assault, he went back to his own room and was seen in and
out of the hallway prior to the officers’ arrival. During the prosecutor’s rebuttal
3 Appellant challenges the effectiveness of his trial counsel for failing to object to
the introduction of this testimony. The defendant has the burden of proving ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel,
the defendant must establish not only deficient performance, which is performance below
an objective standard of reasonableness, but also prejudice. Prejudice must be
affirmatively proved. The record must affirmatively demonstrate a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342, 389.) Attorneys are
not expected to engage in tactics or to file motions that are futile. (Id. at p. 390; also see
People v. Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 166.)
4 We granted appellant’s request to take judicial notice of the record of appellant’s
petition for a writ of habeas corpus to this court in case No. F066881.
5 The court instructed the jury that “if the defendant fled immediately after the
crime was committed or after he was accused of committing the crime that conduct may
show that he was aware of his guilt. If you conclude that the defendant fled or tried to
flee, it is up to you to decide the meaning and importance of that conduct. However,
evidence that the defendant fled cannot prove guilt by itself.”
6
argument, she mentioned both that appellant told officers he was not coming out and they
needed a warrant.
The flight instruction is appropriate if the evidence shows a defendant left the
scene of the crime under circumstances suggesting his or her movement was motivated
by consciousness of guilt. (People v. Roybal (1998) 19 Cal.4th 481, 517.) Mere return to
familiar environs from the scene of a crime does not warrant an inference of
consciousness of guilt. Flight may be shown if a defendant left the immediate area of a
crime to avoid being observed or arrested. Flight can occur even where the defendant left
the victim’s apartment after killing her but did not leave the building where the defendant
was overheard saying he needed to “get the hell out of here,” had packed his belongings,
and pled with his roommate for a ride out of town. (People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th
1005, 1055 (Bradford).)
Appellant retreated to his own room after the incident and was seen walking in and
out of his room, until the officers arrived. Although this is not as strong as the evidence
of flight in Bradford, appellant refused entry into his room for some 10 to 15 minutes.
The prosecutor was entitled to argue that under these facts, appellant was trying to evade
arrest and the flight instruction was properly given.6
We agree with respondent that the jury was permitted under the instruction to
weigh the evidence and determine for itself whether appellant fled the scene. More
importantly, even where a flight instruction is inappropriately given, the error is harmless
where the evidence against the defendant is overwhelming and there is no reasonable
probability that a more favorable result to the defendant would have occurred in absence
of the instruction. (People v. Clem (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 337, 344-345 (Clem) [finding
6 We agree with appellant that the prosecutor should not have referred to appellant’s
statement that officers should obtain a warrant, but we found this error to be harmless
under the Chapman standard of review.
7
flight instruction error harmless under the standard of review set forth in People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836]; People v. Crandell (1988) 46 Cal.3d 833, 870 [citing
Clem with approval].) We find the error here, if any, harmless under the Chapman
standard of review.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
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