Filed 10/18/13 P. v. Chandler CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E056395
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF10002075)
MICHAEL EDWARD CHANDLER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Albert J. Wojcik, Judge.
Affirmed.
Gary V. Crooks, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and A. Natasha Cortina and
Ronald A. Jakob, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
A jury found defendant Michael Edward Chandler guilty of sodomy by force or
fear (Pen. Code, § 286, subd. (c)(2)) and simple assault (Pen. Code, § 240). It rejected
charges of assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)), robbery (Pen.
Code, § 211), and making a criminal threat (Pen. Code, § 422). It also rejected
allegations that he used a deadly weapon in the commission of the sodomy. (Pen. Code,
§§ 667.61, subd. (e)(4), 12022, subd. (b)(1).)
As a result, defendant was sentenced to a total of six years in prison, plus the usual
fines, fees, and conditions.
Defendant now contends:
1. In light of the fact that the jury rejected the charges of assault with a deadly
weapon, making a criminal threat, and robbery, and also rejected the deadly weapon use
enhancement, there was insufficient evidence of force or fear to support the sodomy and
simple assault convictions.
2. The trial court erred by prohibiting defendant‟s expert witness from testifying
that the victim had a chronic anal fissure.
We find no error. Hence, we will affirm.
2
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Victim Jane Doe1 worked as a prostitute. She advertised on Craigslist. As of May
2010, she was working out of the Extended Stay Hotel in Temecula. Her room was on
the first floor, near the front desk.
On May 15, 2010, around 8:00 or 9:00 p.m., a man phoned her and identified
himself as “Jeff.” She quoted him her prices. He arranged to meet her. He mentioned
that he was driving from Riverside.
“Jeff” arrived at the hotel around 10:00 p.m. Doe let him in a side door and took
him back to her room. At trial, she identified him as defendant.
Defendant paid Doe $180 for one hour. She put the money inside a dresser. They
did not discuss what particular sex acts she would perform. However, if defendant had
asked for anal sex, she would have refused. She had never had anal sex.
Doe started by giving defendant a “[h]and job.” He tried to kiss her breasts, but
she stopped him; he seemed “irritated.” Next, she put a condom on him and gave him
oral sex. He asked to orally copulate her, but again she refused. Then they had sexual
intercourse, in the missionary position, then with Doe on top, and then from the rear, with
Doe on her hands and knees.
1 The trial court ordered that the victim be referred to by this fictitious name.
(Pen. Code, § 293.5.)
3
Defendant “was taking a long time,” so Doe “asked him what position does he
think he is going to be able to come in . . . .” Defendant responded that he was going to
get some warming lubricant out of his pants, which were on the other bed.
When defendant came back, he was holding a box cutter. Doe started to get up,
but he pushed her back down. She said, “Oh, my God, what are you doing? What are
you doing? Please don‟t hurt me.”
Defendant ordered Doe to turn around and look at the headboard. She tried to
push him away. He told her that the box cutter was sharp and would cut her.
Nevertheless, she tried to grab it. There was a “struggl[e],” in which Doe got two cuts on
her right ring finger.
After getting cut, she complied with defendant‟s orders. She got on her hands and
knees and faced the headboard. Defendant knelt behind her. She saw him take off the
condom. He proceeded to sodomize her. She told him it hurt.
Defendant threatened to cut her if she moved. At some point, he “trailed” the box
cutter down her spine, to demonstrate how he could cut her.2 He also threatened to cut
her face. Doe wept and said no, “[o]ver and over again the whole time it was happening.”
However, defendant continued to sodomize her for 10 or 15 minutes, until he ejaculated.
2 Doe was inconsistent about whether this took place before or during the
sodomy.
4
Defendant wiped his penis with the sheets. He told Doe to keep looking at the
headboard. Instead, she ran out the door and into the hallway, naked and screaming,
“Help.” Defendant chased her and dragged her back into the room by her hair. A clerk at
the hotel reception desk heard Doe scream and called 911.
Defendant slammed Doe up against a refrigerator, held a fist up to her face, and
threatened to “sock” her. As he was getting dressed, and while holding the box cutter, he
said, “You never know when I‟m gonna be outside.” He threatened to come back and kill
her. He took his $180 out of the dresser and left. Doe then realized that her cell phone
was missing.
Starting a little after 4:00 a.m., a trained sexual assault nurse examined Doe. She
observed the cuts to Doe‟s right hand. Upon examining Doe‟s anus, she also observed
lacerations at the 12 o‟clock position and the 6 o‟clock position, as well as some redness
at the 9 o‟clock position. The laceration at 6 o‟clock was bleeding slightly.
The nurse described these injuries as “significant,” though not “severe.” In her
opinion, they were indicative of anal sex. However, she could not say whether the anal
sex was consensual or nonconsensual.
The police located defendant through people who had been phoned from the
number that “Jeff” had used to phone Doe. DNA from sperm cells found in Doe‟s anus
matched defendant‟s DNA.
5
In a search pursuant to a warrant, the police found a “razor on a piece of wood,”
which was either a box cutter or a paint scraper, in a toolbox in defendant‟s truck. Doe
testified that it “looked like” defendant‟s box cutter.3 In a photo lineup, she identified
defendant.
The only witness for the defense was Dr. Felice Gersh, a gynecologist and general
practitioner. She testified that Doe‟s anal injuries were “superficial.” Based on
photographs, she could make out only a single “abnormality” — “a little groove-like cut”
at 6 o‟clock, which could have been caused by consensual or nonconsensual anal sex or
even by chronic constipation. She also testified that the cuts to Doe‟s right hand had
curved segments as well as jagged segments and thus could not have been made by a box
cutter or a paint scraper.
II
THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE OF FORCE
Defendant contends that, because the jury rejected the charges of assault with a
deadly weapon, making a criminal threat, and robbery, and also rejected the deadly
weapon use enhancement, there was insufficient evidence of force or fear to support the
sodomy and simple assault convictions.
This confuses two wholly distinct issues — insufficiency of the evidence and
inconsistency of the verdicts.
3 Doe had told the police that the handle of the box cutter was either
burgundy or brown. Apparently the box cutter in defendant‟s truck was neither.
6
“„“[R]eview of the sufficiency of the evidence . . . should not be confused with the
problems caused by inconsistent verdicts. Sufficiency-of-the-evidence review involves
assessment by the courts of whether the evidence adduced at trial could support any
rational determination of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citations.] This review
should be independent of the jury‟s determination that evidence on another count was
insufficient . . . .”‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Superior Court (Sparks) (2010) 48 Cal.4th 1,
13.)
“A jury in a criminal case may return inconsistent verdicts. [Citations.]” (People
v. Williams (2001) 25 Cal.4th 441, 449.) “As a general rule, inherently inconsistent
verdicts are allowed to stand. [Citations.] For example, „if an acquittal of one count is
factually irreconcilable with a conviction on another, or if a not true finding of an
enhancement allegation is inconsistent with a conviction of the substantive offense, effect
is given to both.‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 600.) “[T]he fact
that a guilty verdict on one count is inconsistent with an acquittal verdict on another no
longer compels reversal if there is substantial evidence to support the conviction.
[Citation.]” (People v. Pahl (1991) 226 Cal.App.3d 1651, 1657.)
Here, for purposes of the sodomy conviction, there was ample evidence of force or
fear. Defendant threatened the victim with a box cutter. When she grabbed for it, it cut
her. During the act, he threatened to cut her if she moved. The fact that the jury rejected
other counts and allegations that were based on the use of a box cutter is simply
irrelevant.
7
We also note that there was ample evidence of simple assault, regardless of
whether defendant used a deadly weapon or made a criminal threat. Assault requires “an
act likely to result in a touching, however slight, of another in a harmful or offensive
manner. [Citation.]” (People v. Wyatt (2012) 55 Cal.4th 694, 702.) There was evidence
that, when the victim tried to get up, defendant pushed her down. When she ran out of
the room and screamed, defendant dragged her back in by her hair. He slammed her up
against a refrigerator, held a fist up to her face, and threatened to punch her. The jury‟s
rejection of the other counts was not inconsistent with this evidence.
We therefore conclude that both convictions are supported by substantial evidence.
III
LIMITING THE TESTIMONY OF DEFENDANT‟S EXPERT
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by limiting the testimony of his expert
witness.
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
Before Dr. Gersh testified, the prosecutor objected to her opinion regarding the
cuts on Doe‟s hand. The trial court therefore had her testify at a hearing pursuant to
Evidence Code section 402 (section 402).
On direct, Dr. Gersh testified about her qualifications and about the cuts on Doe‟s
hand. On cross-examination, however, the prosecutor asked, “[W]hat ultimately is your
expert opinion about the [victim‟s] injuries?” Dr. Gersh responded that the victim had “a
chronic anal fissure which has been exacerbated by anal intercourse.” The fissure was at
8
the 6 o‟clock position. She added that she could not tell whether the anal intercourse was
consensual or nonconsensual.
The prosecutor then objected to Dr. Gersh‟s testimony in its entirety on the ground
that she was unqualified. The trial court ruled that she was qualified. On its own motion,
however, it ruled that she could not testify that “she detects prior anal intercourse . . . .”
Dr. Gersh, however, had not offered any such opinion. Thus, defense counsel
responded: “I think there is assumptions being made about the fact that there was a
chronic anal fissure. And she can be questioned about that. Just because there is a
chronic anal fissure — Dr. Gersh can‟t testify that that means that [the victim] has
engaged in anal intercourse before.”4 The trial court replied, “So I‟m not going to let her
testify to that. So that solves that problem.”
Defense counsel argued, once again, that the trial court was incorrectly assuming
that the fissure meant that the victim had engaged in anal intercourse before. He offered
to have Dr. Gersh testify that the fissure could have been caused by constipation. In
response, the trial court asked why the fissure was relevant. Defense counsel answered,
“Because it‟s there.”
4 The People characterize this as an offer of proof that the chronic anal
fissure was a sign that the victim had engaged in anal intercourse before. We read it as
the exact opposite — defense counsel was arguing that testimony about the chronic anal
fissure should be admissible because it did not mean that the victim had engaged in anal
intercourse before.
9
The trial court ruled that Dr. Gersh could not testify about the chronic anal fissure.
It explained that the jury might leap from the word “chronic” to the conclusion that the
victim had engaged in anal intercourse repeatedly.
When Dr. Gersh was before the jury, she testified that the only “abnormality”
visible in photos of the victim‟s anus was “a little groove-like cut” at the 6 o‟clock
position, which could be due to either anal sex or chronic constipation.
B. Analysis.
1. Forfeiture.
In the proceedings below, defense counsel never explained why the fissure was
relevant. When asked, he argued that it was relevant just “[b]ecause it‟s there.” Thus, he
forfeited any error in excluding the evidence. (Evid. Code, § 354, subd. (a); People v.
Mendoza (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1056, 1093.)
2. Merits.
In this appeal, defendant is not much clearer about why the fissure was relevant.
First, he argues that it was relevant to show that Doe‟s anal injuries were not due to
sodomy. Not so. At the section 402 hearing, Dr. Gersh admitted that sodomy did occur
and that it exacerbated the fissure.
Moreover, Dr. Gersh ultimately did testify about the fissure, although she referred
to it as a “groove-like cut.” She testified that it was the victim‟s only visible
“abnormality,” and that it could have been caused by constipation. Thus, in substance
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(and contrary to her testimony at the section 402 hearing), she did testify that the victim‟s
injuries were not necessarily due to sodomy.
Defendant also argues that the evidence was relevant to show that the penetration
was not “against Jane Doe‟s will.” Again, not so. At the section 402 hearing and at trial,
Dr. Gersh admitted that there was no way to tell whether the anal intercourse was
consensual or nonconsensual.
Defendant may be arguing that the evidence was relevant to show that the
penetration was not forceful. However, as already discussed, there was ample evidence
that the sodomy was accomplished by force or fear without regard to whether the
penetration itself was forceful. Thus, the trial court could reasonably conclude that the
evidence had minimal probative value on this issue. Moreover, the trial court could
reasonably conclude that the evidence — and especially the word “chronic” — was likely
to confuse the jury. Thus, even assuming the evidence was marginally relevant to prove
the degree of force used, the trial court had discretion to exclude it under Evidence Code
section 352. And finally, once again, Dr. Gersh did ultimately testify that the victim‟s
only visible “abnormality” could have been caused by constipation. Thus, the jury was
aware that, in her opinion, there was no physical evidence of any penetration, forceful or
otherwise.
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IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI
J.
We concur:
McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON
J.
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