Philip ROBERTSON and Sharon Robertson, Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,
v.
BLUE WATER OIL COMPANY, Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Docket No. 254052.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted October 11, 2005, at Lansing. Decided November 8, 2005, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication January 23, 2006.*751 Marshall Lasser, P.C. (by Marshall Lasser), Southfield, for Philip and Sharon Robertson.
Moffett & Dillon, P.C. (by Jerry A. Lascoe), Birmingham, for Blue Water Oil Company.
Before: KELLY, P.J., and METER and DAVIS, JJ.
DAVIS, J.
Defendant appeals as of right the denials of its motions for summary disposition, for directed verdict, and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. Plaintiffs cross-appeal the denials of their motion for a new trial or additur and their motion in limine. This case arose when plaintiff[1] slipped and fell on an ice-covered parking lot at defendant's gas station as he walked from the pump where he had fueled his truck to the station's convenience store. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
The circumstances surrounding this case involve an unusually severe and uniform ice storm that covered the entire area surrounding defendant's station. The sole employee on duty began receiving complaints from customers, including several truck drivers, about the "extremely icy" conditions in the parking lot at approximately 1:00 a.m. The lot was also described as "a disaster," "a mess," and "a sheet of ice." At approximately 2:00 a.m., the employee called the station manager at home and notified him that someone needed to salt the lot "before there was an accident." The station manager told her that a contractor would deal with the situation, and he went back to sleep. At 4:30 a.m., the employee called the contractor personally, but the contractor did not arrive until after plaintiff's accident and was not responsible for salting the truck service area. A police officer advised the employee at about 2:00 a.m. that the icy conditions needed to be dealt with and testified at trial that there had been freezing rain in the area between 1:00 a.m. and at least 5:40 a.m. The employee telephoned 911 when another truck driver came into the station's store to report plaintiff's accident. The station manager arrived at approximately 5:45 a.m., at which time he saw plaintiff being attended by medical personnel. He testified that he could not differentiate between ice and wet pavement at the time, and, by 7:00 a.m., he had received reports of a car and a truck sliding into protective posts. Defendant's vice president of operations arrived at approximately 6:30 a.m. and salted the truck service area personally at that time.
Plaintiff was employed as a truck driver and required by his employer to fuel his truck at the beginning of the day. In furtherance of that requirement, plaintiff was a regular customer of defendant almost every weekday. Plaintiff generally paid at the pump and then purchased a cup of coffee in the station's convenience store. On the day of the accident, plaintiff was aware that his driveway and defendant's parking lot were icy and that the roads had been salted. Before setting out, plaintiff's inspection of the windshield washer fluid in the truck caused him to *752 believe that he had enough. Later, however, spray from passing cars exhausted the fluid in the reservoir by the time he reached defendant's station. Plaintiff paid at the pump as usual and intended to purchase coffee and washer fluid from the convenience store, but slipped on the ice, fell, and sustained injuries.
There is no serious dispute that the parking lot was openly and obviously icy. Thus, plaintiff's case rested on the existence of "special aspects" taking it out of the ordinary application of the open and obvious danger doctrine. Plaintiff argued that the conditions were effectively unavoidable. Defendant argued that the conditions were avoidable because plaintiff could have gone elsewhere or refrained from purchasing washer fluid. The trial court and the jury both found the conditions effectively unavoidable, although the jury found plaintiff 30 percent at fault for his own injuries. The jury verdict awarded plaintiff $260,000 in noneconomic damages and $86,000 in economic damages, and it awarded Sharon Robertson $17,000 in noneconomic damages.
We first address defendant's argument that the trial court erred in denying its motions for summary disposition, directed verdict, and judgment notwithstanding the verdict. We review de novo these motions and view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maiden v. Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118-120, 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999); Morinelli v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co., 242 Mich.App. 255, 260-261, 617 N.W.2d 777 (2000); Smith v. Jones, 246 Mich.App. 270, 273-274, 632 N.W.2d 509 (2001). Defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding that the "special aspect" of unavoidability differentiated this case from the typical open and obvious danger case. We disagree.
Because the icy conditions here were open and obvious, defendant would have no liability in the absence of "special aspects" that "make a risk of harm unreasonable nonetheless," irrespective of the specific kind of negligence alleged. Millikin v. Walton Manor Mobile Home Park, Inc., 234 Mich.App. 490, 498, 595 N.W.2d 152 (1999), citing Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 611, 537 N.W.2d 185 (1995). "Special aspects" exist if the condition "is effectively unavoidable" or constitutes "an unreasonably high risk of severe harm." Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc., 464 Mich. 512, 518, 629 N.W.2d 384 (2001). However, the risk must be more than merely imaginable or premised on a plaintiff's own idiosyncrasies. Id., at 519, n. 2, 629 N.W.2d 384. An open and obvious accumulation of snow and ice, by itself, does not feature any "special aspects." Mann v. Shusteric Enterprises, Inc., 470 Mich. 320, 332-333, 683 N.W.2d 573 (2004). Plaintiff has not cross-appealed the trial court's conclusion that there was no unreasonably high risk of harm, so we limit our analysis to whether the condition was effectively unavoidable.
Defendant argues that the condition was effectively avoidable because plaintiff could have gone to a different service station to make his purchases of fuel, coffee, and windshield washer fluid. However, one of the characteristics of the icy condition is that it was brought about by an unusually severe and uniform ice storm covering the entire area. Plaintiff patronized defendant's station almost every weekday pursuant to his employer's directions to fuel his truck first thing in the morning, and he intended to purchase wiper fluid because he was out of fluid and the weather was bad. The record contains no evidence that there existed any available alternatives. Even if there were, the scope of the inquiry is limited to "the *753 objective nature of the condition of the premises at issue." Lugo, supra at 523-524, 629 N.W.2d 384. See also Bragan ex rel Bragan v. Symanzik, 263 Mich.App. 324, 331-332, 687 N.W.2d 881 (2004). Therefore, the only inquiry is whether the condition was effectively unavoidable on the premises. Here, there was clearly no alternative, ice-free path from the gasoline pumps to the service station, a fact of which defendant had been made aware several hours previously. The ice was effectively unavoidable.
Defendant argues that the ice was avoidable because plaintiff was not "effectively trapped." Joyce v. Rubin, 249 Mich.App. 231, 242, 642 N.W.2d 360 (2002). However, reliance on Joyce is misplaced for a number of reasons. Although we discussed the possibility that the plaintiff in Joyce could have gone to the premises on a different day, our holding was based on the plaintiff's own testimony that she was aware and, indeed, had made use, of an available alternative route. Id. at 242-243, 642 N.W.2d 360. In any event, a reasonable trier of fact could rationally find that plaintiff was "effectively trapped" because it would have been sufficiently unsafe, given the weather conditions, to drive away from the premises without windshield washer fluid.
Finally, and more significantly, plaintiff was a paying customer who was on defendant's premises for defendant's commercial purposes, and thus he was an invitee of defendant. See Stitt v. Holland Abundant Life Fellowship, 462 Mich. 591, 596-598, 603-604, 614 N.W.2d 88 (2000). As our Supreme Court noted, "invitee status necessarily turns on the existence of an `invitation.'" Id. at 597-598, 614 N.W.2d 88. Defendant's contention that plaintiff should have gone elsewhere is simply inconsistent with defendant's purpose in operating its gas station. The logical consequence of defendant's argument would be the irrational conclusion that a business owner who invites customers onto its premises would never have any liability to those customers for hazardous conditions as long as the customers even technically had the option of declining the invitation. Although we did not discuss the issue at the time, it is clear in retrospect that the plaintiff in Joyce, a former live-in caregiver who was at the time merely removing her personal belongings from the defendant's private residence, was a licensee to whom a lesser duty was owed. See Joyce, supra at 233, 642 N.W.2d 360; Stitt, supra at 596, 614 N.W.2d 88.
Even if the record showed that plaintiff was aware of a realistic, safe alternative location to purchase his fuel, coffee, and windshield washer fluid, where defendant has invited the public, and by extension plaintiff, onto its premises for commercial purposes, we decline to absolve defendant of its duty of care on that basis. To do so would be disingenuous. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court appropriately denied defendant's motions.
We then turn to plaintiff's cross-appeal. We first address plaintiff's allegation that the trial court erred in denying his motion for additur or a new trial on the asserted ground that the jury's award of economic damages was irrational and unsupported by the evidence. We agree.
We review a denial of a motion for additur or a new trial for an abuse of discretion. Hill v. Sacka, 256 Mich.App 443, 460, 666 N.W.2d 282 (2003). When reviewing for additur, the appropriate inquiry is whether the evidence supports the jury's award. Setterington v. Pontiac Gen. Hosp., 223 Mich.App. 594, 608, 568 N.W.2d 93 (1997). We will not overturn a verdict if there is an interpretation of the evidence that provides a logical explanation for the jury's findings. Bean v. Directions *754 Unlimited, Inc., 462 Mich. 24, 31, 609 N.W.2d 567 (2000).
The trial court ruled as a matter of law that plaintiff's reasonable and necessary medical expenses were $120,256.07, so the parties did not present any evidence to the jury about medical expenses. However, plaintiff presented evidence of lost wages and benefits, whereas defendant presented evidence that plaintiff was disabled because of unrelated medical conditions. The trial court instructed the jury to consider the amount of reasonable and necessary medical care, treatment, and services, as well as loss of earning capacity. However, the jury returned a verdict of only $86,000 for economic loss. We are unable to deduce any logical reason for this other than jury confusion, because this sum closely resembles the amount plaintiff claimed to have lost in wages and benefits, implying that the jury ignored the established sum of medical expenses. The evidence does not support the jury's award. We are loath to engage in fact-finding here, so we vacate that portion of the jury award relating to economic damages and remand for a trial limited to that issue.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred in refusing to grant additur or a new trial regarding Sharon Robertson's award of $17,000 for noneconomic loss. We disagree. Plaintiff merely presents a list of factors that were given to and considered by the jury. The evidence rationally supports the award.
In light of our decision to vacate the jury's award of economic loss and remand for a new trial on that issue, we see no need to address plaintiff's remaining issues. We do not retain jurisdiction.
METER, J., concurred.
KELLY, P.J. (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent. I would conclude that the trial court erred in denying defendant's motions for summary disposition, directed verdict, and judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the icy condition of the premises was not "effectively unavoidable." Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc., 464 Mich. 512, 518, 629 N.W.2d 384 (2001). Accordingly, I would reverse.
I. Applicable Law
"Generally, a premises possessor owes a duty of care to an invitee to exercise reasonable care to protect the invitee from an unreasonable risk of harm caused by a dangerous condition on the land." Mann v. Shusteric Enterprises, Inc., 470 Mich. 320, 328, 683 N.W.2d 573 (2004). This duty does not encompass a duty to protect an invitee from known or "open and obvious" dangers unless the premises possessor should anticipate the harm despite the invitee's knowledge of the condition. Lugo, supra at 516, 629 N.W.2d 384. The invitor has a duty to take reasonable precautions to protect invitees from an open and obvious danger only "if special aspects of a condition make even an open and obvious risk unreasonably dangerous...." Id. at 517, 629 N.W.2d 384.
This Court has repeatedly recognized that the risks of falling on snow or ice are open and obvious. Corey v. Davenport College of Business (On Remand), 251 Mich.App. 1, 5, 649 N.W.2d 392 (2002); Joyce v. Rubin, 249 Mich.App. 231, 239-240, 642 N.W.2d 360 (2002). Thus, defendant did not have a duty to protect plaintiff from the dangers associated with the ice-covered lot unless there were special aspects of the condition. Special aspects may impose a duty to warn or protect against even an open and obvious condition when evidence creates a genuine issue of material fact whether the condition is "effectively unavoidable" or when special aspects *755 of the condition create "an unreasonably high risk of severe harm." Lugo, supra at 518, 629 N.W.2d 384. "[O]nly those special aspects that give rise to a uniquely high likelihood of harm or severity of harm if the risk is not avoided will serve to remove that condition from the open and obvious danger doctrine." Id. at 519, 629 N.W.2d 384.
We apply an objective analysis to determine whether evidence of special aspects exists. Our Supreme Court explained in Mann, supra at 328-329, 683 N.W.2d 573:
To determine whether a condition is "open and obvious," or whether there are "special aspects" that render even an "open and obvious" condition "unreasonably dangerous," the fact-finder must utilize an objective standard, i.e., a reasonably prudent person standard. That is, in a premises liability action, the fact-finder must consider the "condition of the premises," not the condition of the plaintiff. [Citations omitted.]
Generally, a special aspect is one that is unusual in character, location, or surrounding conditions. See Bertrand v. Alan Ford, Inc., 449 Mich. 606, 614-617, 537 N.W.2d 185 (1995). When considering whether a condition has a special aspect, "it is important to maintain the proper perspective, which is to consider the risk posed by the condition a priori, that is, before the incident involved in a particular case." Lugo, supra at 518 n. 2, 629 N.W.2d 384. An open and obvious accumulation of snow and ice, by itself, does not feature any special aspects. See Mann, supra at 332-333, 683 N.W.2d 573.
II. Analysis
As noted by the majority, there is no serious dispute that the parking lot was openly and obviously icy. Yet the majority concludes that the conditions were "effectively unavoidable." I disagree.
Plaintiff erroneously analogizes his fall on the ice with the Lugo decision's example of a special aspect that involved "a commercial building with only one exit for the general public where the floor is covered with standing water. While the condition is open and obvious, a customer wishing to exit the store must leave the store through the water." Id. at 518, 629 N.W.2d 384. In the Lugo example, the potential plaintiff was required to confront an unexpected risk. In other words, the plaintiff was already in the fictitious defendant's building and had no alternative but to walk through the water in order to have access to the exit. This example in Lugo differs markedly from the facts of this case.
Here, plaintiff was not required to confront an unexpected risk, nor was he "effectively trapped." Plaintiff could have gone to a different service station to make his purchases of fuel, coffee, and windshield washer fluid. Although the majority contends that there was no evidence that any available alternatives existed, the record reveals otherwise. Plaintiff testified that he was aware of other 24-hour service stations around the interstate, some of which were truck stops. Nothing prevented plaintiff from shopping at any of these other stations. Nor was there anything about defendant's premises that forced him to cross the icy premises to reach defendant's store. Plaintiff's desire or need to purchase coffee and washer fluid, compelling as it may have been in plaintiff's opinion, does not affect the legal duties defendant owed to plaintiff. To conclude otherwise impermissibly shifts the focus from an examination of the premises to an examination of the personal circumstances of plaintiff. Plaintiff admitted he was aware of the icy conditions and chose to traverse the area. Under these circumstances, the icy condition of the *756 parking lot was not "effectively unavoidable."
Because plaintiff did not establish a special aspect of the icy lot sufficient to remove it from the application of the open and obvious doctrine, I would reverse.
NOTES
[1] Sharon Robertson's claim was derivative for loss of consortium. For clarity, we will use the singular "plaintiff" to refer to Phillip Robertson.