United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
No. 09-1096
ESTATE OF ROBERTO HEVIA ET AL.,
Plaintiffs, Appellants,
v.
PORTRIO CORPORATION ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellees.
____________________
No. 09-1097
ESTATE OF ROBERTO HEVIA ET AL.,
Plaintiffs, Appellees,
v.
HERIBERTO FIGUEROA-MARRERO ET AL.,
Defendants, Appellants.
APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Jaime Pieras, Jr., U.S. District Judge]
Before
Lynch, Chief Judge,
Torruella and Selya, Circuit Judges.
Laura Beléndez-Ferrero, with whom Cristina Arenas-Solís and
Ferraiuoli Torres Marchand & Rovira, PSC were on brief, for
plaintiffs.
Adaljisa Pérez Andreu, with whom Adaljisa Pérez Andreu Law
Office PSC was on brief, for defendants Valcarce, Sotelo, and their
conjugal partnership.
Roberto O. Maldonado Nieves for defendants Figueroa-Marrero,
his wife, and their conjugal partnership.
Fernando Van Derdys, with whom Law Offices of F. Van Derdys
was on brief, for remaining defendants.
April 20, 2010
SELYA, Circuit Judge. The late Roberto Hevia-Acosta
(RHA) had a flair for architectural design. The fruits of his
labors survived him and led to a pitched legal battle that pitted
his estate and heirs against his long-time business partner. These
appeals together comprise a chapter in the anthology of that
litigation. They require us to examine an arcane corner of the
law: implied licenses to use copyrighted works.
The particular case at issue here began when RHA's estate
(the Estate) and various members of his family — namely, his three
children, Raúl Hevia-Macía, Roberto Hevia-Macía, and Vivian Hevia-
Macía, and his widow, Florinda Macía — sued an array of defendants.
The operative pleading is the second amended complaint. In it, the
plaintiffs alleged that the defendants infringed a copyright on
architectural plans created by RHA.1 The defendants denied the
plaintiffs' material allegations and counterclaimed.
The district court rejected both the copyright claim and
the counterclaims, and it entered judgment without the imposition
of any attorneys' fees or costs. Following the court's
supplementary order on a motion for reconsideration, both sides
appealed. Discerning no error or abuse of discretion, we affirm.
1
The plaintiffs also pleaded a violation of moral rights.
See P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 31, § 1401. The district court deemed that
claim preempted, and the plaintiffs have not appealed that ruling.
Consequently, we treat their action as one for copyright
infringement alone.
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I. BACKGROUND
Because the absence of liability on the copyright claim
was determined at the summary judgment stage, we rehearse the
relevant facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs. See,
e.g., Conward v. Cambridge Sch. Comm., 171 F.3d 12, 17 (1st Cir.
1999).
The main protagonists in this saga are RHA and his
quondam business partner, Francisco Valcarce (FV). Over the course
of roughly seven years, the men jointly participated in a host of
real estate ventures. To bring structure to this sprawling
enterprise, they formed three companies: Río Grande Development
Corporation (RG Development), H.V. Development Corporation, and
Jardines Mediterráneos Corporation. The partners owned equal
equity interests in each of these companies.
The two men also worked out a division of corporate
responsibilities. Under this arrangement, FV ran the business side
of the enterprise and RHA took charge of design. As a part of
RHA's duties, he devised the architectural concepts and created the
plans used in the partners' development activities.
RHA and FV also shared the financial burden of the
enterprise. As business partners, they would contribute equally to
the capital needed to fund the acquisition of developable land. In
addition, each man would personally guarantee loans made to finance
their projects.
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The project that lies at the epicenter of this case is
Río Grande Village, a planned residential community in Río Grande,
Puerto Rico. One of the partners' companies, RG Development, owned
Río Grande Village. RHA worked on the architectural plans for the
complex (the Hevia Plans). FV acknowledges that RG Development
owed RHA approximately $150,000 for his work on the plans.2
RHA created the Hevia Plans in or around 1999. At some
point thereafter, the Hevia Plans were sufficiently far advanced
for RHA to authorize José Meléndez, an engineer, to incorporate
them into his (Meléndez's) more advanced plans for the project.
In September of 2000, Meléndez signed and sealed the
proposed plans for Río Grande Village.3 They were then submitted
to a governmental agency.
RHA and his wife, Florinda Macía, were the grantors of
Fideicomiso Hevia-Macía (the Trust), a trust established under
Puerto Rico law. Their children, Raúl, Roberto, and Vivian, were
the principal beneficiaries. On January 11, 2003, RHA donated to
the Trust all his shares and interests in the three companies that
he and FV had formed. Two days later, RHA died.
2
The second amended complaint does not contain a claim for
this indebtedness.
3
Meléndez was a fully licensed engineer. RHA, though
experienced in drafting architectural plans, was not licensed as
either an architect or an engineer.
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On December 31, 2003, the Trust sold the stock to FV for
$4,000,000. FV became, with this purchase, the sole shareholder of
all three companies, including RG Development. The purchase-and-
sale agreement (the Agreement) between the Trust and FV does not
mention the Hevia Plans. It does, however, purpose to convey to FV
"every interest" that the Trust may have in each of the companies.
After the consummation of this transaction, RG
Development sold the land that had been earmarked for the Río
Grande Village project to two entities, Portrio Corporation and MDY
Corporation. These entities were sister corporations: FV and three
of his offspring, including José Valcarce, were the shareholders
of each.
To assist in developing the project, Portrio and MDY
retained specialists to prepare plans, obtain permits, and manage
construction. In this regard, they contracted with Diseñadores
Asociados, Corp., whose president, Carlos Iván de León, hired
Heriberto Figueroa-Marrero (Figueroa) to work on the plans for Río
Grande Village. Portrio, MDY, and their agents ultimately used the
Hevia Plans for the development of two residential complexes on the
Río Grande Village site.
During the period between RHA's death and the Trust's
sale of the stock, some communications took place among RHA's
heirs, on the one hand, and José Valcarce and De León, on the other
hand. Between February and June of 2003, De León requested
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permission from Raúl Hevia-Macía to use the Hevia Plans. On June
17, Raúl signed a document granting De León authority to make use
of plans prepared by RHA for any commercial or business purpose.
In October, however, Roberto Hevia-Macía wrote separate letters to
De León and José Valcarce, in which he stated that he owned the
architectural plans being used in the construction of certain
residential projects. In the same time frame, he wrote a letter
making similar claims to the Administration of Regulations and
Permits of Puerto Rico.
Later that month, Raúl sent a letter to De León in which
he referred to his brother's withdrawal of permission to use the
plans and stated that such permission would pertain only to
projects authorized by the Estate. Raúl's earlier letter had been
sent without that imprimatur.
On February 20, 2004, the plaintiffs filed three separate
actions in the Puerto Rico Superior Court against the three
companies that RHA and FV formed and some of the instant
defendants. They alleged that these companies owed RHA money for
loans extended and services rendered. There is no information in
the record as to the outcome of these three cases.
We fast-forward to March 30, 2007, when the plaintiffs
submitted a copyright application for the Hevia Plans. See 17
U.S.C. § 409. In their application, they claimed that the Hevia
Plans were created by RHA in 2001, as an original work.
-7-
Two other facts are worth noting. First, the plaintiffs
acknowledge that the plans were intended by their creator for the
construction of Río Grande Village. Second, it is undisputed that
the plans, with De León's modifications, were devoted to
construction at the location that had been intended all along as
the site of Río Grande Village.
II. TRAVEL OF THE CASE
On May 1, 2007, the plaintiffs commenced this federal
court suit, alleging copyright infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 501. In
their second amended complaint, filed on July 18, 2007, they named
as defendants (excluding persons and firms either not served or
voluntarily dismissed): FV, his wife, their conjugal partnership,
Portrio, MDY, José Valcarce, his wife, their conjugal partnership,
Figueroa, his wife, and their conjugal partnership. The defendants
answered and counterclaimed for damages, alleging that the
plaintiffs' action was both frivolous and maliciously prosecuted.
In due season, the plaintiffs and defendants filed cross-
motions for summary judgment with respect to the copyright claim.
The district court denied the plaintiffs' motion and granted the
motions of some defendants. Estate of Hevia-Acosta v. Portrio
Corp., No. 07-1363, slip op. at 27 (D.P.R. July 29, 2008). In its
rescript, the court opined that the plaintiffs' claim lacked merit
because, as matters of undisputed fact, (i) RHA had granted an
implied nonexclusive license to RG Development authorizing a limited
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use of the Hevia Plans, and (ii) FV had acquired the right to use
this license when he purchased the remaining shares in RG
Development from the Trust. Id. at 16. At the same time, the
court, acting sua sponte, dismissed the defendants' counterclaims
with prejudice. Id. at 27. The court then entered judgment in
favor of all the defendants on the copyright claim, and entered
judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the counterclaims. The
judgment was entered without awarding either attorneys' fees or
costs to any party.
The defendants moved to alter or amend the judgment.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e). The district court granted this motion in
part, modifying its dismissal of the counterclaims to operate
without prejudice. That ruling is not challenged here. In all
other respects, it denied the motion to alter or amend. This
included, but was not limited to, a denial of the defendants'
request that attorneys' fees and costs be assessed against the
plaintiffs. These timely appeals ensued.
III. ANALYSIS
On appeal, the plaintiffs challenge the district court's
disposition of the cross-motions for summary judgment. By means of
their cross-appeal, the defendants challenge the court's refusal to
award attorneys' fees and costs against the plaintiffs. We address
these claims of error sequentially.
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A. The Copyright Claim.
We review orders granting or denying summary judgment de
novo, considering the record and all reasonable inferences therefrom
in the light most favorable to the non-moving parties. See Houlton
Citizens' Coal. v. Town of Houlton, 175 F.3d 178, 183-84 (1st Cir.
1999). Where, as here, a district court rules simultaneously on
cross-motions for summary judgment, it must view each motion,
separately, through this prism. See Blackie v. Maine, 75 F.3d 716,
721 (1st Cir. 1996). A district court may enter summary judgment
only if the record, read in this manner, reveals that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Houlton Citizens'
Coal., 175 F.3d at 184; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
The plaintiffs argue that the record fails to show, with
the requisite conclusiveness, that RHA granted an implied
nonexclusive license to RG Development. Their fallback position is
that, if such a license was granted, the record fails to establish
that the license remained in force, that FV acquired the right to
use it, or that his use was within the license's scope. For ease
in exposition, we separate the components of this argument.
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1. The License.4 It is a bedrock principle that
copyright ownership can be transferred by operation of law (as may
occur in, say, a probate or bankruptcy proceeding) or by a writing
signed by the copyright owner. See 17 U.S.C. § 204; John G.
Danielson, Inc. v. Winchester-Conant Props., Inc., 322 F.3d 26, 40
(1st Cir. 2003). Short of a transfer of ownership, a nonexclusive
right to use a copyright may be granted by the copyright owner.
This may occur by the granting of a written license. See, e.g.,
Jacobsen v. Katzer, 535 F.3d 1373, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2008). It also
may occur without any particular formality, as by conduct
manifesting the owner's intent. See Danielson, 322 F.3d at 40.
This kind of implied license is, by definition, of limited scope;
it "simply permits the use of a copyrighted work in a particular
manner." I.A.E., Inc. v. Shaver, 74 F.3d 768, 775 (7th Cir. 1996).
Uses of a copyrighted work that stay within the bounds of an implied
license do not infringe the copyright. Danielson, 322 F.3d at 40.
We do not mean to suggest that implied licenses are an
everyday occurrence in copyright matters. The opposite is true:
implied licenses are found only in narrow circumstances. Id. When,
as in this case, an implied license is asserted as a defense to
4
For purposes of our analysis we assume without deciding that
RHA had a valid and copyrightable interest in and to the Hevia
Plans, and that his interest passed to the Estate by operation of
law upon RHA's death.
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infringement, the burden of proving its existence rests on the
proponent. Id.
"The touchstone for finding an implied license . . . is
intent." Id. We ask whether "the totality of the parties' conduct
indicates an intent to grant such permission." 3 Melville B. Nimmer
& David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright § 10.03[A][7], at 10-42 (2000).
The test most commonly used in determining if an implied license
exists with respect to most kinds of works asks whether the licensee
requested the work, whether the creator made and delivered that
work, and whether the creator intended that the licensee would copy
and make use of the work. Nelson-Salabes, Inc. v. Morningside Dev.,
LLC, 284 F.3d 505, 514 (4th Cir. 2002).
We previously have noted that, in cases involving whether
an architect has by conduct granted an implied license, courts
"quickly pass over the 'request' and 'delivery' issues to focus on
manifestations of the architects' intent that plans may be used on
a project without their involvement." Danielson, 322 F.3d at 41.
With an intensity that varies with the facts of the particular case,
courts have deemed it useful to consider a number of factors,
including
(1) whether the parties were engaged in a
short-term discrete transaction as opposed to
an ongoing relationship; (2) whether the
creator utilized written contracts . . .
providing that copyrighted materials could
only be used with the creator's future
involvement or express permission; and (3)
whether the creator's conduct during the
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creation or delivery of the copyrighted
material indicated that use of the material
without the creator's involvement or consent
was permissible.
Id. (quoting Nelson-Salabes, 284 F.3d at 516). This list is not
exhaustive and, in the last analysis, the copyright owner's intent
is the touchstone for determining whether such an implied license
has been granted. Id. at 40.
In this case, the evidence that RHA granted to RG
Development an implied nonexclusive license to use the Hevia Plans
to develop Río Grande Village is compelling. The undisputed facts
and all three Nelson-Salabes factors point in this direction.
At first blush, the initial Nelson-Salabes factor might
seem to cut the other way. After all, RHA's seven-year partnership
with FV, which encompassed his work on Río Grande Village,
constitutes an ongoing relationship — and courts sometimes treat the
existence of an ongoing relationship as a factor weighing against
the implication of a license. See, e.g., id. at 41; Foad Consulting
Group v. Musil Govan Azzalino, 270 F.3d 821, 828-32 (9th Cir. 2001);
I.A.E., Inc., 74 F.3d at 776-77. The plaintiffs invite us to draw
a similar inference here.
A closer look at the facts impels us to decline the
invitation. The cases underlying the plaintiffs' position all
involve the arms-length negotiation of a particular transaction,
resulting in a relationship between an architect and a person who
subsequently claims to have acquired an implied license. See, e.g.,
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Danielson, 322 F.3d at 41. That framework does not fit this case,
in which the protagonists were partners, and the architect was not
an independent contractor simpliciter but an owner of the entity
that allegedly received the implied license. In a scenario in which
the architect is an owner, an ongoing relationship can cut in favor
of a finding that an implied license exists. This case fits that
mold.
The evidence makes it pellucid that the relationship
among RHA, FV, and RG Development had a single overarching goal: the
development of Río Grande Village. RG Development was owned one-
half by RHA and one-half by FV. Thus, both men stood to gain from
the seamless completion and eventual success of the project. To
this end, each man made a valuable contribution: RHA contributed his
architectural talents (which yielded the copyrighted work) and FV
contributed his financial and managerial expertise (which made the
numbers work).
RHA's intentions about the granting of a license must be
viewed against this entrepreneurial backdrop. Because the very
essence of RHA's ongoing relationship with FV and RG Development was
founded on the successful consummation of the project (which
necessitated RG Development's use of the Hevia Plans), that
relationship weighs in favor of finding an intent on RHA's part to
grant a license to RG Development.
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We need not linger long over the second Nelson-Salabes
factor. The plaintiffs concede that there is no evidence of an
agreement limiting the use of the Hevia Plans to instances in which
RHA either gave express permission or remained personally involved
in the work. Thus, this factor favors a finding of an implied
license. See Nelson-Salabes, 284 F.3d at 516.
The third Nelson-Salabes factor also tilts toward finding
an implied license. The evidence as to how the defendants came to
have the plans reinforces the notion that RHA intended to grant a
license. In contrast with the scenario in Danielson, the plans did
not come from a third party but, rather, went directly from RHA to
the other principal and the engineer working with the two
principals.5
Above and beyond these three factors, RHA's overall
course of conduct speaks directly and unequivocally to his intent
that the Hevia Plans be used to develop Río Grande Village. He
created the plans for that very purpose; and, as far back as 2000,
gave permission to an engineer, Meléndez, to incorporate them into
Meléndez's more elaborate blueprints for the project. The inference
is inescapable that RHA expected all along that Meléndez's work
5
If it is true, as the plaintiffs assert, that FV (who
managed RG Development) gave Portrio and MDY access to the Hevia
Plans, then it stands to reason that he already had them in his
possession.
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product would serve as the basis for obtaining the permits needed
to move forward with the proposed development.
What happened next confirms RHA's manifest intent. In
September of 2000, the completed blueprints, which incorporated the
Hevia Plans, were signed and sealed, and they were then submitted
to the appropriate governmental agency. RHA must have anticipated
that filing. It was made by Río Grande Village, and RHA was not
only a principal of the company but also the person in charge of
project design. These actions, taken in conjunction with the three
Nelson-Salabes factors, conclusively establish that RHA intended the
Hevia Plans to be used for the development of Río Grande Village.
That ends this aspect of our inquiry. Because there is
no significantly probative evidence to contradict this manifest
intent, there is no trialworthy issue as to the existence of the
implied license. Consequently, the district court did not err in
concluding that RHA granted RG Development an implied license to use
the Hevia Plans to develop Río Grande Village.
2. Revocation. The plaintiffs attempt to confess and
avoid. They contend that even if an implied license did exist, the
Estate revoked it. This contention lacks merit.
The argument for revocation relies on letters from
Roberto Hevia-Macía and Raúl Hevia-Macía, respectively. But none
of the letters purports to prohibit the defendants from using the
Hevia Plans to develop Río Grande Village. At most, the letters
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represent an effort to prohibit De León and José Valcarce from using
the Hevia Plans for a different development — the Arco Baleno
project. To prove this point, we parse the correspondence.
We start with the letter from Roberto Hevia-Macía to De
León under date of October 12, 2003. By its terms, this letter was
sent "to confirm" a telephone conversation about the Arco Baleno
project, in which Roberto complained that the Hevia Plans were
"being submitted to build" 32 units at Arco Baleno. With the stage
set in this manner, the letter warns that "in no way are you or
anybody else authorized to use . . . the blueprints that were used
to build the project[] of . . . Río Grande Village."
Roberto's next letter, under date of October 14, 2003, is
addressed to José Valcarce. It states that "[i]t has come to my
attention that you are hiring some professionals to use my
blueprints, which are being submitted to build a 32 unit project
[known as Arco Baleno]." This letter contains a prohibition similar
to that contained in the October 12 letter.
Read in their proper context, these letters purpose to
forbid the use of the Hevia Plans for the Arco Baleno project, not
for Río Grande Village.
Roberto's letter of October 14, 2003, to the Regulations
and Permits Administration of Puerto Rico, solidifies this
interpretation. That letter — a copy of which was sent to José
Valcarce — states:
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I wish to inform you that the [Arco Baleno]
project is being submitted with blueprints
whose design belongs to me and which have been
used without my permission.
The blueprints have been used before in my
projects of . . . Río Grande Village and many
others under my supervision, but at this time
they want to violate my copyrights.
This language unmistakably draws a distinction between the
(permissible) use of the plans for Río Grande Village and their
(unauthorized) use for Arco Baleno.
The next letter is from Raúl Hevia-Macía to De León under
date of October 28, 2003. It characterizes the October 12 letter
as "forbidding any use of the blueprints in the project known as
Arco Baleno," and notes that the Estate forbids any use of the
blueprints "without prior authorization."
The last letter is from Roberto Hevia-Macía to José
Valcarce under date of January 23, 2004. It proclaims that the
recipient "ha[s] not been authorized to use . . . the design of the
project[] . . . of Río Grande Village" for a different project.
For purposes of their revocation argument, the plaintiffs
are bound by the text of the letters that they generated. None of
these letters were sent either to FV or to RG Development. In any
event, they cannot plausibly be interpreted as revoking an implied
license granted to RG Development for use in constructing Río Grande
Village. The revocation argument is, therefore, futile.
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3. Control and Scope. We turn next to the plaintiffs'
assertion that the district court erred in concluding that, as
matters of undisputed fact, (i) FV acquired the right to use the
Hevia Plans through his purchase of the outstanding shares in RG
Development; and (ii) thereafter acted within the scope of the
license. At the outset, this inquiry requires us to consider the
Agreement and the transaction that it memorialized.
The parties to the Agreement are FV and the Trust. The
relevant provision of the Agreement declares that the parties "have
reached an agreement through which the Trust sells to [FV] every
interest it has in the Corporations" for the price of $4,000,000.
"Corporations" is a defined term that encompasses RG Development.
Plainly, the overall effect of the transaction is to make
FV the sole owner of the three affected companies, including RG
Development. That company enjoyed an implied nonexclusive license
to use the Hevia Plans for the purpose of developing Río Grande
Village, and that implied license was granted long before the
execution of the Agreement. See supra Part III(A)(1). The
acquisition of RHA's shares, combined with FV's role as the chief
executive officer of the company, make it difficult to imagine who,
other than FV, would be entitled to exercise the license. It
follows that FV controlled the license on behalf of RG Development.
That control was, of course, limited by the scope of the
license. See I.A.E., Inc., 74 F.3d at 775. So viewed, the relevant
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question reduces to whether FV, acting for the license holder,
observed those limits.
The limits are easily described. As explained above, RHA
intended to restrict the license to use the Hevia Plans to the
creation of Río Grande Village. The defendants' use of the Hevia
Plans comported with this circumscription: the uncontested facts
show that the plans were used only at the intended location and for
the intended purpose. The only conclusion that we can draw is that
FV acted within the scope of the implied nonexclusive license (and,
thus, did not infringe the plaintiffs' copyright).
In an effort to blunt the force of this reasoning, the
plaintiffs note that FV did not use the Hevia Plans himself but,
rather, enlisted Portrio and MDY to complete the actual work. In
our view, this enlistment of third parties does not transmogrify a
non-infringing use into an infringing use.
To begin, the work undertaken by Portrio, MDY, and their
agents is within the scope of RG Development's implied license
because it was limited to the development of Río Grande Village.
There is no evidence that RHA intended to restrict RG Development's
ability to engage outside contractors to accomplish the goal of
completing Río Grande Village. Furthermore, given RHA's equity
interest in RG Development, such a restriction would seem counter-
intuitive. Indeed, it would contradict the very reason for granting
the license in the first place.
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When, as in this case, there is no indication that a
license-granting copyright owner has restricted the licensee's
ability to use third parties in implementing the license, the
license is generally construed to allow such delegation. See, e.g.,
Automation by Design, Inc. v. Raybestos Prods. Co., 463 F.3d 749,
756-58 (7th Cir. 2006) (holding that copyright licensee acted within
the scope of nontransferable license to a manual for a machine when
it hired a third party to use the manual to build the machine on the
licensee's behalf); see also Raymond T. Nimmer & Jeff Dodd, Modern
Licensing Law § 6:19 (2009).
The plaintiffs muster two other arguments. First, they
asseverate that the Trust could not have transferred the right to
use the Hevia Plans to FV because the Estate, not the Trust, owned
the not-yet-copyrighted work. This asseveration conflates the
transfer of copyright ownership with the transfer of shares in a
company that holds a license to use a copyrighted work.
Assuming, without deciding, that the Estate owned the
not-yet-copyrighted work, see supra note 4, the Trust indisputably
owned the RG Development stock formerly owned by RHA. Thus, the
Trust had the right to sell those shares (and with them, control
over the assets of RG Development, including the implied license).
The Trust did exactly that.
Second, the plaintiffs suggest that RG Development had no
right to transfer its nonexclusive license to third parties like
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Portrio and MDY. This suggestion rests on an incorrect premise: RG
Development did not purport to transfer its license to Portrio or
MDY. Although RG Development sold the land upon which the project
was to be built, there is no evidence that this sale included the
license. Nor can such a transfer be inferred from the fact that
Portrio and MDY performed the work required to develop the project,
using the Hevia Plans. See Automation by Design, 463 F.3d at 758
("Allowing one's agent or contractor to use [copyrighted] designs
for one's own benefit is not a transfer [of copyright ownership].").
This ends our discussion of the copyright claim. We
conclude that the court below did not err in granting summary
judgment for the defendants on that claim.
B. Attorneys' Fees and Costs.
In their cross-appeal, the defendants make no claim for
fees based either on a statute or a contractual provision.6 Rather,
they argue that the district court should have affirmatively
exercised its inherent power to assess attorneys' fees and costs
against the plaintiffs. This argument is unavailing.
1. Attorneys' Fees. In the absence of a fee-shifting
statute or contractual provision, civil litigants in the federal
courts ordinarily are responsible to pay the fees of their own
counsel. Alyeska Pipeline Serv. Co. v. Wilderness Soc'y, 421 U.S.
6
Although the Copyright Act contains a fee-shifting
provision, see 17 U.S.C. § 505, the defendants do not invoke it.
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240, 247 (1975); Gay Officers Action League v. Puerto Rico, 247 F.3d
288, 293 (1st Cir. 2001). But this rule, like every general rule,
admits of exceptions. One such exception implicates the inherent
power of a federal district court to award attorneys' fees against
a litigant who has acted in bad faith. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc.,
501 U.S. 32, 45 (1991); Jones v. Winnepesaukee Realty, 990 F.2d 1,
4 (1st Cir. 1993).
Espousing this doctrine, the defendants asked the district
court to award them attorneys' fees. The court demurred. The
defendants now appeal, asserting that the district court abused its
discretion by failing to order such an impost. The defendants
stress that the plaintiffs filed a total of four separate lawsuits
arising out of a single nucleus of operative facts. More
importantly, the plaintiffs, as the defendants see it, commenced the
instant action without a sound basis in law or fact.
We can be brief. Although, in theory, the bringing of
multiple lawsuits in rapid-fire succession against a defendant or
group of defendants could well be relevant to a claim of bad faith,
the district court did not abuse its discretion in this case by
deciding not to award fees against the plaintiffs. After all, the
complaints in the cases filed in the local court (which were
proffered before the district court) did not concern the copyright
dispute in any way.
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This narrows the focus of our inquiry to the copyright
infringement claim asserted in the case at hand. As to that claim,
the primary defense was that RHA, through his actions, had impliedly
granted a nonexclusive license that shielded the defendants from
infringement liability. Although this defense carried the day, the
case law teaches that an implied license is found only in narrow
circumstances. See Danielson, 322 F.3d at 40. Given the facts of
record, the plaintiffs hardly can be faulted for putting the
defendants to their proof on this issue. That being so, it would be
quixotic for us to infer bad faith from the mere fact that the
plaintiffs chose to sue and lost. See, e.g., Roselló-González v.
Acevedo-Vila, 483 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2007); Herman v. Cent. States,
S.E. & S.W. Areas Pension Fund, 423 F.3d 684, 695-96 (7th Cir.
2005).
In all events, district courts have broad discretion in
determining when and whether to exercise inherent powers,
particularly with respect to fee-shifting on account of a party's
supposed bad faith. See Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45-46; Jones, 990 F.2d
at 4. There is simply no principled way that we can hold, on this
chiaroscuro record, that the district court abused its discretion in
refusing to assess attorneys' fees against the plaintiffs.
2. Costs. The defendants sought costs as well as
attorneys' fees. The district court did not oblige. We discern no
abuse of discretion in this ruling.
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While there is a general presumption favoring the recovery
of court costs by prevailing parties, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1);
In re San Juan Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire Litig., 994 F.2d 956, 962 (1st
Cir. 1993), both sides prevailed here; the defendants prevailed on
the copyright infringement claim, but the plaintiffs prevailed on the
counterclaims (which asserted, in substance, abuse of process on
account of frivolousness). Just as the plaintiffs failed to prove
infringement, the defendants failed to prove frivolousness — and the
fact that the district court dismissed the counterclaims without
prejudice does not alter the fact that the counterclaims were
dismissed.
In situations in which one party prevails on some claims
and the other party prevails on other claims, the litigants are
commonly ordered to bear their own costs. See, e.g., Kropp v.
Ziebarth, 601 F.2d 1348, 1358 n.27 (8th Cir. 1979); Srybnik v.
Epstein, 230 F.2d 683, 686 (2d Cir. 1956). In most instances, this
is a sensible practice. And although the district court surely could
have awarded costs to the defendants notwithstanding the dismissal
of the counterclaims, the fact that the defendants' pursuit of the
counterclaims was unsuccessful buttresses the case for upholding the
denial of costs.
At any rate, the presumption favoring an award of costs to
a prevailing party is weaker in cases involving close questions.
Thus, a district court ordinarily does not abuse its discretion by
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denying court costs to a prevailing party in such a case. See, e.g.,
B. Fernández & Hnos., Inc. v. Kellogg, Inc., 516 F.3d 18, 28 (1st
Cir. 2008). As discussed above, a finding of an implied license is
rare and, on the facts of this case, such a finding required careful
application of a myriad of relevant factors. Viewing the case
against this backdrop, we hold that the district court did not abuse
its discretion in not awarding costs to the defendants.7
IV. CONCLUSION
We need go no further. For the reasons elucidated above,
we leave the parties exactly where we found them.
Affirmed. All parties shall bear their own costs.
7
To be sure, a district court normally should state its
reasons for denying costs. See In re San Juan Dupont Plaza, 994
F.2d at 963. Although the court below did not offer an explicit
rationale for denying costs, it did offer reasons for denying
attorneys' fees. Those reasons apply with equal force to the
question of costs. Where, as here, the reasons for denying costs
are sufficiently clear, the absence of a specific explanation is
not fatal. See id.
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