PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 08-5025
TIMOTHY LEE CLARIDY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
Richard D. Bennett, District Judge.
(1:07-cr-00244-RDB-1)
Argued: December 3, 2009
Decided: April 9, 2010
Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge,
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, and
John Preston BAILEY, Chief United States District Judge
for the Northern District of West Virginia,
sitting by designation.
Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the
opinion, in which Judge Bailey joined. Chief Judge Traxler
wrote a separate concurring opinion.
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Meghan Suzanne Skelton, OFFICE OF THE
FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Greenbelt, Maryland, for
2 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
Appellant. Michael Joseph Leotta, OFFICE OF THE
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: James Wyda, Federal Public
Defender, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Rod J. Rosen-
stein, United States Attorney, Philip S. Jackson, Assistant
United State Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
OPINION
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
Based on evidence seized during the execution of a search
warrant at a townhouse in Baltimore County, Maryland,
where Timothy Claridy resided, Claridy was convicted of
conspiracy to distribute heroin, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 846; possession with intent to distribute heroin, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 841; and possession of a firearm by a con-
victed felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The district
court sentenced Claridy to 240 months’ imprisonment.
On appeal, Claridy contends that the evidence seized under
the search warrant should have been suppressed because a
federally deputized Baltimore City police officer, participat-
ing in a joint task force, obtained the warrant from a state
court judge before an attempt was made to obtain it from a
federal magistrate judge, in violation of Federal Rule of Crim-
inal Procedure 41(b). The Rule authorizes a state judge to
issue a warrant when a federal magistrate judge is not "rea-
sonably available." Claridy also argues that an inculpating
statement that he made several hours after his arrest should be
suppressed because, he claims, it was made after an unreason-
able delay, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3501(c) and Corley v.
United States, 129 S. Ct. 1558 (2009).
While the applicability of Rule 41 to search warrants
obtained in investigations conducted jointly by federal and
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 3
state law enforcement officers has not been clearly defined in
our precedents, we conclude that, based on the circumstances
in this case, Rule 41 did not govern the search warrant chal-
lenged by Claridy. Moreover, even if Rule 41 did apply,
Claridy was not prejudiced by the claimed violation and
therefore would not have been entitled to suppression of the
evidence seized during the search. We also reject as unsup-
ported by the evidence Claridy’s argument that his inculpating
statement was made after an unreasonable delay after his
arrest. Accordingly, we affirm.
I
Based on information obtained from confidential infor-
mants and by extensive surveillance of Timothy Claridy and
Flora Jones by officers of a joint federal-state law-
enforcement task force, Baltimore City Detective Keith Glad-
stone, who was a 15-year veteran of the Baltimore City Police
Department and had been deputized federally to participate in
the joint task force, obtained a search warrant from a Mary-
land state court judge. The warrant authorized Baltimore City
and Baltimore County police to search the townhouse where
Claridy and Jones were apparently living and to seize evi-
dence relating to violations of the narcotics laws of the State
of Maryland, particularly Maryland Criminal Code, §§ 5-101
through 5-1101 and § 7-104. Detective Gladstone presented
an application for the search warrant to a Maryland District
Court judge "after hours" on May 21, 2007, and the judge
reviewed the application and signed the warrant. Gladstone
and other officers of the joint task force, including federal
agents, then executed the warrant the next day, on May 22,
2007. Claridy was present during the course of the search and
told the officers before any items were seized that heroin and
a gun were in the upstairs closet. The search resulted in recov-
ery of heroin, a small bag of marijuana, scales, a .357 Smith
and Wesson revolver, and paperwork in Claridy’s name.
The joint task force, of which Detective Gladstone was a
member, was a federally funded effort organized to operate in
4 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
a "High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area" (HIDTA), and it
included both agents of the federal Drug Enforcement Admin-
istration and local police officers from Baltimore City and
Baltimore County. During the course of its operations, the
HIDTA joint task force made hundreds of arrests relating to
suspected drug-trafficking violations, of which, Detective
Gladstone estimated, 90% resulted in state prosecutions and
10% in federal prosecutions. When the joint task force was
initially investigating Claridy and Jones, it had not been deter-
mined whether any crimes that might be uncovered would be
prosecuted in federal court or state court. At the time, the
investigation was "just [a] narcotics investigation[]."
After completing the search of the townhouse, however,
Detective Gladstone took Claridy to Baltimore City Central
Booking as a "federal" detainee and, the next morning, took
him to federal court pursuant to a federal criminal complaint
to make his initial appearance there. Claridy was thereafter
charged by a federal grand jury for violating federal law.
Prior to trial, Claridy filed a motion to suppress the evi-
dence obtained through the warrant based on a violation of
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(b). He contended that
suppression was warranted because Detective Gladstone had
obtained the warrant from a state judge, without having first
attempted to obtain it from a federal magistrate judge, in vio-
lation of the Rule. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b). He argued that
because the investigation was federal in nature, Rule 41
applied, and Detective Gladstone was not authorized to seek
a warrant from a state judge unless he first attempted to get
the warrant from a federal judge and found that one was not
"reasonably available." See id.
The district court denied the motion. While it accepted, for
purposes of argument, that Rule 41 applied to the issuance of
the warrant, it found that even if the Rule had been violated,
there was no evidence of a deliberate disregard for the Rule,
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 5
nor evidence of any prejudice caused to Claridy by the viola-
tion. Accordingly, it denied the motion to suppress.
Following his conviction by a jury and sentencing, Claridy
filed this appeal, challenging the denial of his motion to sup-
press. He also seeks, for the first time on appeal, suppression
of a post-arrest inculpating statement, based on his claim that
the statement was made more than six hours after his arrest.
II
Claridy summarizes his principal argument as follows:
[Detective] Gladstone, a federal law enforcement
officer, violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 by applying to
a state judge for a warrant, despite the fact that he
was conducting a federal narcotics investigation and
despite the fact that there was no indication that a
federal magistrate was unavailable, contrary to the
plain language of the Rule.1
He asserts that the search violated both Rule 41 and the
Fourth Amendment and that suppression is the appropriate
remedy.
The government argues that Rule 41 must not be inter-
preted to preclude officers of a joint task force from using
state investigatory tools. It argues:
1
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(b)(1) provides, in relevant part:
At the request of a federal law enforcement officer or an attorney
for the government: (1) a magistrate judge with authority in the
district—or if none is reasonably available, a judge of a state
court of record in the district—has authority to issue a warrant to
search for and seize a person or property located within the dis-
trict.
(Emphasis added).
6 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
The State of Maryland has authorized its state law
enforcement officers to bring search warrant applica-
tions, premised on violations of state law, to state
judges, as was done here. Overseeing and guiding
state law enforcement has traditionally been the role
of state judges. Although these task-force officers
are cross-designated as federal officers and empow-
ered to enforce federal laws in addition to state laws,
90% of their work is in the state courts. The fact that
the state of Maryland has accepted federal funds and
partnered with the federal government to fight drug
crime does not warrant the loss of state sovereignty
....
Alternatively, the government argues that any violation of
Rule 41 was "ministerial in nature, and neither prejudiced
[Claridy] nor was a product of deliberate disregard of the
Rule." See United States v. Simons, 206 F.3d 392, 403 (4th
Cir. 2000) (holding that "[n]onconstitutional violations of
Rule 41 warrant suppression only when the defendant is prej-
udiced" or when the violation is an "intentional and deliberate
disregard of a provision in the Rule").
The issue thus framed raises the question of when Rule 41
applies to search warrants obtained during the course of a
joint federal-state law-enforcement task force investigating
violations of both federal and state law.
We have addressed the issue on a limited basis in several
prior cases. See United States v. Williams, 977 F.2d 866, 869-
70 (4th Cir. 1992); United States v. Smith, 914 F.2d 565, 569
(4th Cir. 1990); United States v. Johnson, 451 F.2d 1321,
1322 (4th Cir. 1971). But in each case we concluded simply
that the arguments advanced by counsel for the appellants
were unsupported by the evidence and never articulated affir-
matively the requirements for finding when Rule 41 applies
in a joint federal-state law-enforcement investigation of viola-
tions of both federal and state law. In Johnson, the appellants
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 7
argued that Rule 41 applied because federal officers "partici-
pated" in the search. Johnson, 451 F.2d at 1322. Without
articulating when Rule 41 applies, we rejected the appellants’
argument, concluding that the evidence showed that "federal
agents were present simply as observers and that they did not
participate in the search." Id.
In Smith, the appellants again argued that Rule 41 applied
to a warrant obtained during the course of joint investigation
because "(1) Drug Enforcement Administration agent was
present at the motel during the search and (2) after the search,
the matter became largely a federal prosecution." Smith, 914
F.2d at 569. Again we rejected the argument, stating, "[T]here
is no evidence that [the state police officer] applied for the
warrant at the direction or urging of a federal officer. . . .
Although a DEA agent was present during the search and
requested the motel manager to phone Smith and lure him
from his room, this in itself is insufficient to render the search
a federal one." Smith, 914 F.2d at 569. Again we did not artic-
ulate affirmatively the basis for when Rule 41 applies to war-
rants obtained during the course of an investigation conducted
jointly by federal and state officers.
Finally, in Williams, the appellants argued that Rule 41
applied to a warrant obtained from a state (county) magistrate
during the course of a federal-state investigation because the
participating state officers "had initially intended to prosecute
appellants federally." Williams, 977 F.2d at 869. We again
rejected the argument, noting that Rule 41 can only apply
when "the warrant application was made ‘at the direction or
urging of a federal officers,’" and there was no evidence to
support that claim. 977 F.2d at 870 (quoting Smith, 914 F.2d
at 569 (concluding that "there is no evidence that [the state
officer] applied for the warrant at the direction or urging of
a federal officer")). Other than to reiterate that Rule 41
requires that the application for the warrant be made by a fed-
eral officer, we did not otherwise articulate any standards for
determining whether Rule 41 or state law would apply in
8 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
obtaining search warrants during a joint federal-state investi-
gation. Our holding was to conclude simply that appellants’
argument was not supported by the evidence. See id. at 870
(holding that "the record here reveals no evidence suggesting
that the warrant obtained by Detective Nido was issued in
response to a directive or urging from [federal] Agent Ken-
nedy, the only federal agent who accompanied the [state] offi-
cers during their arrest of appellants and search of the
apartment"); id. (finding that there was also no showing that
the state officers "initially intended to prosecute the case fed-
erally," as argued by the appellant).
Thus, we have in our earlier cases recognized, at most, that
Rule 41 requires at least that a federal law enforcement offi-
cer, or someone at his direction or urging, apply for a warrant
covered by the Rule. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b). But we have
not gone further to state the standard for when Rule 41 applies
in obtaining search warrants during the course of a joint
federal-state law-enforcement investigation into violations of
both federal and state law or to state from where the standard
is to be derived.
We begin in this case by noting that the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure, including Rule 41, govern "criminal pro-
ceedings" in the United States courts and, "[w]hen a rule so
states," proceedings before state and local judicial officers.
Fed. R. Crim. P. 1(a) (emphasis added). Rule 41(b) is such a
rule, authorizing state judges to issue search warrants if a fed-
eral magistrate judge is not "reasonably available." See also
Fed. R. Crim. P. 3 (authorizing state judges to administer
oaths for the issuance of a criminal complaint); Fed. R. Crim.
P. 4(b)(1)(C), (c)(4)(A) (authorizing return of arrest warrants
to state judges); Fed. R. Crim. P. 5(c)(1)(B) (authorizing state
judges to conduct initial appearances after arrests). When a
state judge acts under the authority of a federal rule, the "pro-
ceeding" is a federal proceeding. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 1(a)(2).
Despite the arguments made to us in this case, and indeed
in the other earlier cases cited, urging us to focus almost
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 9
entirely on the character of the investigation in which the
search warrant was obtained, see Williams, 977 F.2d at 870;
Smith, 914 F.2d at 569; Johnson, 451 F.2d at 1322, the trig-
gering condition for application of Rule 41 is not a finding
that the investigation was federal in nature but a determina-
tion that the proceeding was a federal proceeding. Criminal
investigations are not "proceedings" in United States courts or
state courts, subject to court rules, but rather a function of the
law enforcement officers in the Executive Branch. To be sure,
investigations are typically designed to lead to proceedings
through the prosecution of suspects, and officers frequently
initiate proceedings to aid their investigations, by, for exam-
ple, going to court to obtain a wiretap, a search warrant, or an
arrest warrant. Nonetheless, Rule 41’s application must hinge
on whether the proceeding, as distinct from the investigation,
was federal.
This is not to say that when federal agents conduct an
investigation into violations of federal law and then proceed
to apply for a search warrant in aid of that investigation, the
question of whether the investigation was federal in nature
does not map nicely onto the question of what body of law
governs the issuance of the warrant. See Williams, 977 F.2d
at 869-70; Smith, 914 F.2d at 569. Indeed, it does. The same
is true of the situation where state officers conduct an investi-
gation into violations of state law, applying for search war-
rants in aid of the investigation.
When, however, federal and state agencies cooperate and
form a joint law-enforcement effort, investigating violations
of both federal and state law, an application for a search war-
rant cannot categorically be deemed a "proceeding" governed
by the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, based simply on
the role that federal law-enforcement officers played in the
investigation. See, e.g., Smith, 914 F.2d at 569 (observing that
mere involvement of federal officers in the execution of the
search warrants does not trigger application of Rule 41). Such
an investigation is conducted on behalf of both sovereigns,
10 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
and its object is to reveal evidence of crime—be it federal
crime or state crime.
Moreover, there is nothing in the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure that suggests that in a joint federal-state law-
enforcement investigation, all search warrants must be
obtained under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(b).
Stated differently, nothing in the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure suggests that a joint task force cannot use either
federal or state investigatory tools governed, respectively, by
federal or state law. See United States v. Sellers, 483 F.2d 37,
43 (5th Cir. 1973). Restricting warrants issued under state law
to the requirements of Rule 41 in every joint investigation
would "place officers acting jointly on the horns of a dilemma
in deciding whether to charge state or federal crimes. Such
officials should be free to make a considered choice based on
the best available information and unencumbered by merely
technical procedural rules." Id. at 44. We recognize, of
course, that the decision with respect to the court in which
charges are to be brought is often made by the Office of the
United States Attorney and the state prosecutor, not the inves-
tigating officer.
Thus, the question of what law governs the application for
a warrant cannot be resolved solely on the basis of the investi-
gation’s character, but instead turns on the nature of the judi-
cial proceeding undertaken during the course of the
investigation, such as a proceeding initiated by the application
for a search warrant. Therefore, when a member of a joint
task force initiates a proceeding in state court to obtain a
search warrant in furtherance of the joint investigation, it is
not only relevant to understand the role of federal officers in
obtaining the warrant and conducting the search, but it is also
necessary to review the details of the proceeding itself to
determine what law the warrant will serve and the scope of
the warrant. Search warrants obtained during a joint federal-
state investigation may be authorized by Federal Rule 41(b)
or by state law and may serve to uncover violations of federal
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 11
law as well as state law. See Sellers, 483 F.2d at 43 (recogniz-
ing that Rule 41(b)’s authorization of state courts to issue
warrants is "in addition to the state-vested power of those
courts" to issue warrants (second emphasis added)).
In this case, the evidence shows that the HIDTA joint task
force was an ongoing cooperative effort of the federal Drug
Enforcement Agency and the Baltimore City and Baltimore
County police, organized to conduct investigations into drug
and gun violations of both federal and state law, and its inves-
tigations indeed led to both federal and state prosecutions,
determined on the basis of the facts uncovered.
The record shows that during the course of the investiga-
tion by this joint task force, Detective Gladstone made an
application to a Maryland state judge for a search warrant,
presenting probable cause to believe that Claridy and Jones
were violating Maryland state narcotics laws. The state judge
issued the warrant, directing "[a]ny Police Officer of Balti-
more City/Baltimore County . . . to search" the townhouse for
evidence of violations of Maryland’s narcotics law and "to
seize" relevant evidence found there. The warrant directed the
state officer to file a return after execution of the warrant with
the state judge who had signed the warrant. Because the war-
rant alleged violations of state law, the state judge’s authority
to issue the warrant and supervise its return was conferred by
Maryland law—see Md. Code Ann. Crim. Proc. § 1-203; Md.
R. 4-601—and the authority of Detective Gladstone to exe-
cute the warrant came from his position as a "Police Officer
of Baltimore City." Even though he was also deputized as a
federal officer for purposes of participating in the joint task
force, the warrant was directed to a police officer of Balti-
more City or Baltimore County.
While state law might well authorize a judicial officer to
issue a warrant to a federal officer to execute, making closer
the question of whether the federal officer requested the war-
rant under Rule 41(b), in this case that argument is foreclosed
12 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
because the state judicial officer issued the warrant to a Balti-
more City police officer for execution. Even if the warrant
was directed more generally to any authorized officer, the fact
that it commanded a search for evidence of a state-law viola-
tion would indicate that the warrant proceeding was a state
proceeding, not one under Federal Rule 41(b).
In this case, we readily conclude that the application for the
search warrant initiated a state proceeding governed by state
law and that it was not a federal proceeding governed by Rule
41(b).
This is indicated further by the fact that the state judge
commanded Detective Gladstone to make his return to the
state judge, not to a federal magistrate judge, as he would
have done under Rule 41. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(f)(1)(D).
Moreover, there is no evidence that the return was then for-
warded to the Clerk in the federal court, as would have been
done had the proceeding been conducted under Rule 41. See
Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(i).
Our conclusion that this was a state warrant proceeding
governed by state law is consistent with the notion that Mary-
land confers authority to issue warrants independent of the
authority conferred by Rule 41(b). See Sellers, 483 F.2d at 43.
Because we conclude that the legal authorization for the
search warrant in this case was Maryland law, not Rule 41(b),
we reject Claridy’s argument that the evidence should be sup-
pressed because its issuance did not comply with the require-
ments of Rule 41(b).
Alternatively, if we were to assume, for purposes of discus-
sion, that Rule 41(b) was applicable—presumably based on
the facts deemed important by Claridy that the task force
included federal officers and was federally funded and that
the prosecution was ultimately under federal law—we would
still reject his argument because the purported violations of
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 13
Rule 41(b) were nonconstitutional2 and nonprejudicial. See
Simons, 206 F.3d at 403. Nor is there any evidence that the
purported violations were an intentional and deliberate effort
to disregard or circumvent Rule 41. See id. Thus, even the
violation claimed by Claridy would not justify suppression of
the evidence seized under the warrant.
III
Claridy also claims, for the first time on appeal, that a state-
ment he made during the execution of the search warrant—
that "he had a gun and some heroin, a hundred grams of her-
oin upstairs in the closet"—should be suppressed because it
was made in violation of the McNabb-Mallory rule, as modi-
fied by 18 U.S.C. § 3501.
Section 3501 provides, in relevant part:
In any criminal prosecution by the United States
. . . , a confession made or given by a person who is
a defendant therein, while such person was under
arrest or other detention in the custody of any law-
enforcement officer . . . , shall not be inadmissible
solely because of delay in bringing such person
before a magistrate judge . . . if such confession is
found by the trial judge to have been made voluntar-
ily and if the weight to be given the confession is left
2
For the first time on appeal, Claridy seeks to argue that the warrant was
not in fact supported by probable cause and therefore that suppression
should result because of a constitutional violation. If the record showed
that he simply failed to make this argument in the district court, we could
find the issue "forfeited" and consider review of it under the plain-error
standard of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(b). But in this case,
Claridy explicitly waived any objection to probable cause before the dis-
trict court, admitting that the warrant was supported by probable cause.
When a claim of constitutional error has been waived, it is not reviewable
on appeal. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-33 (1993).
Accordingly, we do not address the constitutional argument.
14 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
to the jury and if such confession was made or given
by such person within six hours immediately follow-
ing his arrest or other detention: Provided, That the
time limitation contained in this subsection shall not
apply in any case in which the delay in bringing such
person before such magistrate judge or other officer
beyond such six-hour period is found by the trial
judge to be reasonable considering the means of
transportation and the distance to be traveled to the
nearest available such magistrate judge or other offi-
cer.
18 U.S.C. § 3501(c) (first emphasis added). The Supreme
Court recently applied § 3501(c), holding that statements
made by an arrestee more than six hours after arrest and
before the defendant’s presentment to a magistrate judge may
be suppressed if the court determines that the delay in present-
ment was "unreasonable or unnecessary under the McNabb-
Mallory cases." Corley v. United States, 129 S. Ct. 1558,
1571 (2009). The McNabb-Mallory cases, in turn, held that
even voluntary confessions made prior to an arrestee being
presented to the magistrate judge should be suppressed if pre-
sentment was unreasonably delayed. See McNabb v. United
States, 318 U.S. 332, 345 (1943); Mallory v. United States,
354 U.S. 449, 455 (1957). In short, a confession must be sup-
pressed if (1) it was made prior to the arrestee’s presentment
to a magistrate judge; (2) the presentment to a magistrate
judge was unreasonably or unnecessarily delayed; and (3) the
confession was made more than six hours after the arrest or
detention. See Corley, 129 S. Ct. at 1571.
Claridy contends that his statement, made after the search
began—which was at about 2:00 p.m. on May 22, 2007—and
before 6:36 p.m., when he was booked at Baltimore City Cen-
tral Booking, should be suppressed because the statement was
made more than six hours after his arrest. He argues that
because he was arrested at about 11:00 a.m., a statement made
between 2:00 p.m. and 6:36 p.m. could be more than six hours
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 15
after his arrest. Accordingly, he requests that the statement be
suppressed or, alternatively, that the issue be remanded to the
district court for factfinding.
Claridy did not preserve this issue in the district court.
Therefore, we review his argument under the plain-error stan-
dard. Under Rule 52(b), for a court of appeals to correct an
error not raised in the district court, "there must be (1) ‘error,’
(2) that is ‘plain,’ and (3) that ‘affect[s] substantial rights.’"
Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67 (1997) (quot-
ing Olano, 507 U.S. at 732). Plain error review is discretion-
ary, however, and a court of appeals should exercise its
discretion to notice a forfeited error only if the error "‘seri-
ously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.’" Id. at 467 (quoting Olano, 507 U.S. at
732). The burden of demonstrating the requirements of plain
error falls on Claridy. See Olano, 507 U.S. at 734-35.
In this case, Claridy has failed to carry his burden. First, he
is unable to demonstrate that the statement he seeks to sup-
press was made more than six hours after his arrest. The evi-
dence shows that Claridy was arrested at 11:00 a.m. and
thereafter taken to the townhouse where he lived at approxi-
mately 2:00 p.m. He made the statement during the course of
the search of the townhouse that followed, but probably early
on. As Detective Gladstone testified, "So upon making entry,
[Claridy] was secured on the first floor and we began . . . exe-
cuting the search warrant and Mr. Claridy related to Agent
Malone that he had a gun and some heroin, a hundred grams
of heroin upstairs in the closet." At that point in the search,
no items had yet been recovered. After the statement, the offi-
cers recovered the handgun and heroin where Claridy had told
them they were located, and the officers also recovered scales,
marijuana, and paperwork in Claridy’s name. After complet-
ing the search of the townhouse, the officers then took Claridy
to two other addresses that were searched before they drove
him to Baltimore City Central Booking, where he was booked
at 6:36 p.m. In light of this sequence, Claridy simply cannot
16 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
demonstrate that he made his statement after 5:00 p.m. (six
hours after his arrest at 11:00 a.m.). Indeed, all indications
suggest that he made the statement during the early portion of
the search, which began at 2:00 p.m. Regardless of precisely
when he made the statement, the burden is on Claridy to dem-
onstrate that he made the statement more than six hours after
his arrest and that this period was unreasonable in the circum-
stances. This he has failed to do.
In addition, the error Claridy claims could not have affected
his substantial rights, inasmuch as the statement contributed
nothing to the search or to the prosecution. Shortly after
Claridy was arrested at about 11:00 a.m., he told Detective
Gladstone that there was a key on his key ring that opened the
townhouse front door and that "he had a handgun in the resi-
dence, in the bedroom closet." Moreover, because the hand-
gun was visible upon an inspection of the closet, it surely
would have been discovered during the course of the search,
even had Claridy said nothing.
For these reasons, we will not take notice of the error
claimed by Claridy, if indeed there was error.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court
is
AFFIRMED.
TRAXLER, Chief Judge, concurring:
I concur in Parts I and III of Judge Niemeyer’s opinion and
in the result reached in Part II. However, because my analysis
of Claridy’s claim that the district court erred in refusing to
suppress the fruit of the search warrant diverges from Judge
Niemeyer’s, I write separately regarding that claim.
In analyzing Claridy’s motion to suppress this evidence, the
district court noted that a "threshold issue is whether the
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 17
search was federal or state in nature, because compliance with
Rule 41 is only required for federal searches." United States
v. Claridy, 2007 WL 4554017, at *3 (D. Md. Dec. 18, 2007).
In this regard, the court stated that "the test to be applied in
determining whether a warrant must be obtained in compli-
ance with Rule 41(b) is whether the warrant application was
made at the direction or urging of a federal officer." Id. (inter-
nal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The court con-
cluded that the test was satisfied and that Rule 41 was
triggered. See id. In so doing, the district court noted that the
investigation and searches were conducted by members of the
task force, all of whom were federal officers or federally dep-
utized. See id. The court also observed that after Claridy was
arrested, Detective Gladstone had told him that he was the tar-
get of a federal drug investigation and Claridy "was desig-
nated as a federal detainee by the Division of Pretrial
Detention and Services of the Maryland Department of Public
Safety and Correctional Services." Id.
Having found that Rule 41 applied to the search, the district
court did not explicitly decide whether Gladstone had violated
the rule. See id. at *4. The court did not do so because it con-
cluded that even if a violation occurred, the violation would
not warrant suppression of the fruit of the searches because it
did not amount to a constitutional violation, the defendants
were not prejudiced by any violation of the rule, and neither
Gladstone nor any other task force member had acted with
deliberate disregard for Rule 41(b). See id.
The government now argues that we should affirm the
denial of Claridy’s suppression motion on the basis that the
district court erred in concluding that Gladstone was required
to comply with federal Rule 41 in obtaining the search war-
rant. The relevant facts are not in dispute, and the correctness
of the district court’s legal conclusion that those facts required
Gladstone to comply with federal Rule 41 in obtaining the
warrant is an issue we review de novo. See United States v.
Kimbrough, 477 F.3d 144, 147 (4th Cir. 2007) (explaining
18 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
that we review fact findings underlying a suppression order
for clear error and review de novo the legal conclusions
underlying such an order).
Gladstone, a Baltimore City police officer, obtained his
warrant under Maryland Code of Criminal Procedure § 1-203,
which provides in pertinent part:
A circuit court judge or District Court judge may
issue forthwith a search warrant whenever it is made
to appear to the judge, by application as described in
paragraph (2) of this subsection, that there is proba-
ble cause to believe that:
(i) a misdemeanor or felony is being com-
mitted by a person or in a building, apart-
ment, premises, place, or thing within the
territorial jurisdiction of the judge; or
(ii) property subject to seizure under the
criminal laws of the State is on the person
or in or on the building, apartment, prem-
ises, place, or thing.
Md. Code, Crim. Proc. § 1-203(a)(1). Federal Rule of Crimi-
nal Procedure 41(b), with which Claridy claims Gladstone
was required to comply in obtaining his warrant, provides, in
pertinent part:
Authority to Issue a Warrant. At the request of a
federal law enforcement officer or an attorney for the
government:
(1) a magistrate judge with authority in the
district—or if none is reasonably available,
a judge of a state court of record in the dis-
trict — has authority to issue a warrant to
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 19
search for and seize a person or property
located within the district.
Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(b)(1).
In my view, the inquiry into whether Gladstone was
required to comply with Rule 41 in obtaining the warrant
must begin with United States v. Williams, 977 F.2d 866 (4th
Cir. 1992). In Williams, a state police officer obtained a
search warrant from a county magistrate based on probable
cause that evidence of crack cocaine crimes would be found
at the place to be searched. As part of his training, a federal
officer accompanied state officers in executing the warrant.
The defendants, upon their arrests, were "booked . . . as fed-
eral prisoners," and an assistant United States Attorney indi-
cated that they would be federally prosecuted. Id. at 868.
Seeking to suppress the fruit of the search, the defendants
contended that the officer had been required to obtain the war-
rant in compliance with Rule 41 because the officers had
intended from the beginning that the case would be prose-
cuted federally. The district court rejected the defendants’
argument, finding that the decision to proceed federally was
made after the search warrant had been obtained and exe-
cuted. The defendants reiterated their argument on appeal, and
we affirmed. In so doing, we explained that "the test to be
applied in determining whether a warrant must be obtained in
compliance with Rule 41(a) is whether the warrant application
was made ‘at the direction or urging of a federal officer.’" Id.
at 870 (quoting United States v. Smith, 914 F.2d 565 (4th Cir.
1990)); see also United States v. Clyburn, 24 F.3d 613, 616
(4th Cir. 1994) (applying the same test). Because that test had
not been satisfied and because there had not been any show-
ing that the officers had intended from the beginning that the
case would be prosecuted federally, we held that the warrant
had been properly obtained. See Williams, 977 F.2d at 870.
Thus, under the test set out in Williams, the critical time is
when the warrant application is made. It is as of that time that
20 UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY
we look to see if the warrant was sought "at the direction or
urging of a federal officer." Events that occur and statements
that are made after the warrant is applied for, while not neces-
sarily irrelevant to that inquiry, must be considered with the
realization that the character of an investigation can change as
the investigation progresses, as can the intent as to what juris-
diction should prosecute the case. Often this depends on what
is discovered during the search and on other factors that may
interest a particular law enforcement agency or prosecutor.
The evidence here is uncontradicted that Gladstone was a
state law enforcement officer who was also a member of a
state-federal task force. Because he had been assigned by his
department to the task force, he had been deputized as a fed-
eral officer. However, this designation alone did not make all
of his activities those of a federal officer, nor did it make all
of his investigations federal. In fact, the vast majority of his
work continued to be the investigation of crimes for prosecu-
tion in the state courts of Maryland. He testified that during
his time on the task force, he had participated in hundreds of
arrests related to narcotics violations and that 90% of those
crimes were prosecuted in state court.
In this particular case, Gladstone testified that the investi-
gation of Claridy was "conducted by local law enforcement
agencies." J.A. 86. When Gladstone received his initial infor-
mation from his confidential informants, he shared it only
with his sergeant, a Baltimore City police officer. Gladstone
then undertook, with the help of Baltimore City Police Detec-
tive William Bearde, to confirm some of the information and
to apply for the warrants once he had obtained the information
he needed. There is not one mention in the record of involve-
ment by any member of any federal law enforcement agency
before the search warrants were issued. For Gladstone, it was
simply business as usual, and from this there can be but one
conclusion—no federal officer directed or urged Gladstone to
get these warrants.
UNITED STATES v. CLARIDY 21
Claridy argues that the evidence shows Gladstone intended
the case to be prosecuted in federal court all along. No evi-
dence supports that conclusion, however. Gladstone testified
that, prior to seeking the warrant, he had not reached out to
any federal authority in an attempt to have Claridy’s case
prosecuted federally. And as I have noted, in 90% of the
narcotics-related arrests that Gladstone participated in during
his time with the task force, the suspects were prosecuted in
state court. Gladstone’s comment to Claridy that he had been
the subject of a federal investigation was made only after exe-
cution of one of the warrants uncovered $7,999 in Claridy’s
car. The comment gave no indication that Gladstone viewed
the case as anything other than a normal task-force investiga-
tion. Indeed, Gladstone testified that he only described it as
"federal" to emphasize to Claridy the "seriousness of the situ-
ation." J.A. 93. Nor did Claridy’s designation as a federal
detainee after execution of the warrants indicate that any deci-
sion that the case would be federally prosecuted had been
made beforehand. See Williams, 977 F.2d at 870 (affording no
significance to the fact that the defendant was booked feder-
ally). And, although some of the officers assisting in the exe-
cution of the search warrants were DEA agents, I note that the
use of other task force officers as support for an arrest or
search is common, and their performing this role would not
support an inference that a decision had been made to feder-
ally prosecute the case.
Under these circumstances, I would hold that the only con-
clusion that could be drawn from the record before us is that
Gladstone was not required to comply with federal Rule 41 in
obtaining the warrant relating to state-law crimes, but rather
was free to use the same Maryland procedure that any other
Baltimore city police officer could employ. In any event, for
the reasons Judge Niemeyer explains, even assuming Glad-
stone violated Rule 41, such a violation would not warrant
suppression of the fruit of the search. See ante, at 12-13 &
n.2. I therefore agree that the district court properly denied
Claridy’s suppression motion.