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United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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Nos. 09-6070/6071
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In re: Keith Burton Thomas; *
Patricia Ann Thomas, *
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Debtors. *
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Bank of Bennington, * Appeals from the United States,
* Bankruptcy Court for the
Plaintiff – Appellee, * District of Nebraska
– Cross-Appellant, *
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v. *
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Keith Burton Thomas; *
Patricia Ann Thomas, *
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Defendants – Appellants, *
– Cross-Appellees. *
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Submitted: May 28, 2010
Filed: June 22, 2010
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Before KRESSEL, Chief Judge, FEDERMAN and VENTERS, Bankruptcy
Judges.
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KRESSEL, Chief Judge.
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The bankruptcy court 1 sustained the Bank of Bennington’s objection to
debtor Keith Thomas’s discharge and overruled its objection to debtor Patricia
Thomas’s discharge. It also determined that Keith Thomas’s debts to the bank
were dischargeable. Everyone appealed. We affirm the bankruptcy court’s order
denying Keith Thomas’s discharge and granting Patricia Thomas’s discharge. We
dismiss the balance of the bank’s appeal as moot and Patricia Thomas’s appeal for
lack of standing.
FACTS
Keith and Patricia Thomas owned several corporations along with their son,
Timothy Thomas, and his wife. The Thomas entities included: Four T
Corporation; Sceptre Storage, L.L.C.; Four T Companies, Inc.; and Papiotrade, a
wholesale distributor of tobacco products. Keith and Tim were in control of all of
the Thomas entities, but their wives had very little involvement. On December 12,
2002, the two couples and some of the Thomas entities executed a promissory note
to the Bank of Bennington in the original principal amount of $4,000,000, and
received a line of credit on a borrowing base that included inventory, accounts
receivable, and other collateral. In order to access the line of credit, Papiotrade
was required to submit monthly borrowing base certificates to the bank. On March
27, 2004, Four T Companies, Inc. executed a promissory note for $400,000. The
note was guaranteed by the Thomas entities and by the debtors personally.
Papiotrade submitted monthly borrowing base certificates to the bank. The
certificates were generally submitted by CFO Dan Kraft, but were usually 2
reviewed and approved by Keith and Tim.
1
The Honorable Timothy J. Mahoney, United States Bankruptcy Judge
for the District of Nebraska.
2
The bank disputes this characterization of the pretrial statement. The
bank submitted as uncontroverted that “These borrowing base certificates were
reviewed and approved by Keith Thomas and Tim Thomas prior to submission to
the Bank.” However, in the pretrial statement, the debtors responded, “Debtors
agree with the Plaintiff’s Uncontroverted Fact (f), except that Keith Thomas and
2
The borrowing base certificates showed the value of inventory, state
cigarette tax stamps, accounts receivable, cash, and other miscellaneous assets.
The bank relied on the accuracy of the certificates in reviewing the loan and
deciding whether or not to allow the companies to continue to borrow. In late
2004, bank officers met with Keith and Tim Thomas and told them they would
need to balance their borrowing base. The bank offset $176,000 from Papiotrade’s
bank account, but the borrowing base still was not sufficient. In January of 2005,
bank officers told Keith and Tim that if the end-of-January certificate did not show
sufficient assets, the bank would shut down the lending relationship.
In response to the bank’s warning, Tim initially tried to make more sales to
increase accounts receivable. By the close of business on January 31, 2005, the
assets were still insufficient. Tim continued to “work on sales” throughout the
evening. The next morning, Papiotrade prepared a new borrowing base certificate
based on the new invoices and sales from the night before, which showed that the
assets were now sufficient to meet the requirements of the loan. The sales invoices
from the January 31 evening sales were never sent to the alleged purchasers. The
borrowing base certificates submitted through March reflected those sales. No one
from Papiotrade ever informed the bank that the sales and accounts receivable
were not actual sales or accounts receivable. Eventually, real sales increased, and
all of the January 31 invoices were backed out of the accounting system between
mid-February and the end of April 2005. Papiotrade and the other companies later
closed. After the liquidation of the bank’s collateral, a significant amount of the
debt remains.
Keith and Patricia filed a voluntary chapter 7 petition on November 22,
2006. Keith and Patricia failed to disclose on their schedules or statement of
financial affairs: 1) a $397,000 tax refund they had received within the year prior
to the filing of their petition; 2) a loan (and its repayment) in the amount of
Timothy Thomas did not always review the monthly borrowing base certificates
prior to their submission to the bank.”
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$150,000 from the wife of Keith’s relative that occurred within two years of the
petition; 3) state tax refunds of $56,000; 4) $500,000 in settlement payments
received within two years of filing the petition; and 5) $90,000 in payments from
Papiotrade received as income within two years of the petition. At the § 341
meeting, the bank’s counsel brought the first three omissions to the attention of the
debtors, who shortly thereafter amended their statement to include the refunds,
loan and repayment. Keith still did not disclose the fourth or fifth omissions.
The bank filed an adversary proceeding against Keith and Patricia. The
bank sought to except from Keith’s discharge his debts arising out of the notes and
guarantees made in connection with his business, under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2), (4)
and (6), based on Keith’s alleged involvement in submitting the fraudulent
borrowing base certificates to the bank after Papiotrade encountered financial
difficulties in 2004. The bank also sought to deny Keith and Patricia discharges
under 11 U.S.C. § 727.
The bankruptcy court ruled against the bank on its § 523(a) claims. The
bankruptcy court found that Tim, but not Keith, was involved in creating the
fraudulent sales and invoices, ordering the collection department to refrain from
attempting collection and directing the accounts receivable to be reversed after the
CFO suggested that an audit would soon occur and the auditors would find the
erroneous accounts receivable.
The bankruptcy court denied Keith’s discharge on the basis of his numerous
omissions, but did not deny Patricia’s discharge. The court found (and Keith does
not dispute) that Keith knew of the existence of all of the refunds and payments
that he omitted from his petitions and schedules but chose not to disclose them.
The court found that there was insufficient evidence of Patricia’s knowledge of the
omissions.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact for clear error. First
Nat’l Bank of Olathe, Kansas v. Pontow, 111 F.3d 604, 609 (8th Cir. 1997);
Merchs. Nat’l Bank of Winona v. Moen (In re Moen), 238 B.R. 785, 790 (B.A.P.
8th Cir. 1999). “A finding is ‘clearly erroneous’ when although there is evidence
to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Anderson v. Bessemer City,
470 U.S. 564, 573, 105 S.Ct. 1504, 84 L.Ed.2d 518 (1985) (quoting U.S. v. U.S.
Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S.Ct. 525, 92 L.Ed. 746 (1948)). Whether the
bank proved an exception to discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 727 is a question of law,
which we review de novo. Block v. Moss (In re Moss), 266 B.R. 408, 413 (B.A.P.
8th Cir. 2001).
ANALYSIS
I. The court did not err in denying Keith’s discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A).
Section 727(a)(4)(A) provides that “[t]he court shall grant the debtor a
discharge, unless ... the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection
with the case ... made a false oath or account.” The court found that Keith 1) made
statements under oath on his petition and schedules and at his 341 meeting; 2) the
statements were false because he failed to list two tax refunds, a large settlement,
and $90,000 from Papiotrade; 3) he knew the statements were false because he
knew of the refunds, settlement and $90,000 but decided not to include them; 4) he
made the statements with fraudulent intent, which was implied from the
recklessness of the sizable omissions; and 5) the statements were material to the
bankruptcy case because they concerned the discovery of assets or the existence
and disposition of estate property.
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Keith disputes the court’s application of the fourth prong, intent. He argues
that the court’s denial of his discharge amounts to strict liability for his omissions,
which he claims were honest mistakes that he corrected as soon as they were
brought to his attention. Reckless disregard for the truth will support a finding of
fraudulent intent for the purpose of denying a debtor his discharge under §
727(a)(4)(A). Korte v. Internal Revenue Serv. (In re Korte), 262 B.R. 464, 474
(B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2001) (“Intent can be established by circumstantial evidence, and
statements made with reckless indifference to the truth are regarded as
intentionally false.”); see also Jordan v. Bren (In re Bren), 122 Fed. Appx. 285,
286 (8th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (citing Korte). Keith completely ignores the
court’s finding of reckless indifference to the truth, essentially arguing that his
false statements were mitigated by his later actions to provide full information, and
that the failure to include the $397,000 refund on the schedules was his attorney’s
fault.
On appeal, Keith argues that the bankruptcy court “ignored evidence” that
mitigated his responsibility. We presume that the bankruptcy court reviewed all
evidence presented to it and it specifically referred to Keith’s evidence several
times and simply found it unpersuasive. In any event, the bankruptcy court’s
findings were supported by the record and, except for the finding of intent, not
disputed by Keith. Regarding the finding of intent, the court noted several
omissions, which Keith does not dispute, and the court inferred intent from the
recklessness and magnitude of the omissions. These omissions were serious
enough to support the court’s inference of fraudulent intent. The bankruptcy
court’s findings were not clearly erroneous.
II. The bankruptcy court did not err in not denying Patricia’s discharge
under § 727(a)(4)(A).
The bank also objected to Patricia’s discharge under § 727 based on the
same omissions. The court found that there was “insufficient evidence with regard
to Mrs. Thomas’s knowledge and understanding of the dates on which certain
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settlement monies were received and transferred and no evidence concerning her
knowledge of the $90,000 that Keith Thomas received in several checks from
Papiotrade in February and May of 2005.”
The bank did very little to make a case against Patricia. It asked no
questions of her at trial. The court found insufficient evidence of intent, and the
bank has not pointed to anything in the record to support its position that the
bankruptcy court erred in not denying Patricia’s discharge. See Jordan v. Bren (In
re Bren), 122 Fed.Appx. 285 (8th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (bankruptcy court did
not have basis to deny wife’s discharge based on omissions from the married
couple’s joint bankruptcy petition and schedules where wife was not involved in
business’s financial affairs and was ignorant of her own financial affairs). The
bankruptcy court’s findings as to Patricia are supported by the record and were not
clearly erroneous.
III. The balance of the bank’s appeal is moot.
Because we find that the bankruptcy court properly denied Keith’s
discharge, the dischargeability of its particular debt is moot. See Cepelak v. Sears
(In re Sears), 246 B.R. 341, 352 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2000) (“Since the granting of an
exception to discharge under § 523(a) is subsumed within a denial of general
discharge under § 727(a), the cross-appeal is mooted by our disposition of the
Debtors’ appeal.”) (citing Vaughn v. Aboukhater (In re Aboukhater), 165 B.R. 904,
912 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1994); Columbia Farms Distrib., Inc. v. Maltais (In re
Maltais), 202 B.R. 807, 810 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1996); Kellogg-Citizens Nat’l Bank
of Green Bay v. DeBruin (In re DeBruin), 144 B.R. 90, 94 (Bankr. E.D. Wis.
1992); Watson v. City Nat’l Bank (In re Watson), 78 B.R. 267, 271 (Bankr. C.D.
Cal. 1987)). Since Keith is not receiving a discharge, it is obvious the question of
whether a debt is excepted from his discharge is irrelevant. At oral argument, the
bank expressed concern that if Keith filed another case, it would be put in the
position of having to prove its exception to discharge. However, the bank’s debt,
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together with the debts of all current creditors, would not be discharged in any
subsequent case. 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(10).
IV. Patricia lacks standing to appeal.
Although Patricia joined in the appeal filed by Keith, she was in no way
aggrieved by the bankruptcy court’s order or judgment and thus lacks standing to
appeal.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision to deny Keith’s discharge and to
grant Patricia hers. We dismiss as moot the bank’s appeal of the bankruptcy
court’s decision determining its debts to be dischargeable. Lastly, we dismiss
Patricia’s appeal for lack of standing.
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