09-0683-cr
USA v. Pickett
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2009
(Argued: June 23, 2010 Decided: July 20, 2010)
Docket No. 09-0683-cr
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,
Appellee,
v.
GORDON PICKETT ,
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: WINTER, CABRANES, and WESLEY , Circuit Judges.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York (John Gleeson, Judge). Defendant objects to the District Court’s imposition of restitution more
than ninety days after his sentencing hearing. We hold that the District Court had the authority to
order restitution pursuant to Dolan v. United States, --- S. Ct. ---, No. 09-367, 2010 WL 2346548 (June
14, 2010).
Affirmed.
KATHERINE ALFIERI, New York, NY, for defendant-appellant.
WINSTON M. PAES, Assistant United States Attorney (Benton
J. Campbell, United States Attorney, Jo Ann M.
Navickas, Assistant United States Attorney, on the
brief), Office of the United States Attorney for the
Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY, for
appellee.
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PER CURIAM :
The question presented is whether the District Court had the authority to order restitution
more than ninety days after defendant’s sentencing hearing. Defendant Gordon Pickett (“Pickett”)
appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
(John Gleeson, Judge). Pickett raises a number of challenges to his conviction, his sentence, and the
District Court’s restitution order. In this opinion, we consider only the argument that the District
Court lacked authority to impose restitution more than ninety days after Pickett’s sentencing
hearing. We address Pickett’s remaining arguments in a separately filed summary order.
We hold, in accordance with the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Dolan v. United States, ---
S. Ct. ---, No. 09-367, 2010 WL 2346548 (June 14, 2010), that the District Court had the authority to
order restitution in this case. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.
BACKGROUND
Pickett was convicted, after a jury trial, of the following eight counts: conspiracy to commit
access device1 fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(b)(2) (Count One); access device fraud in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(1) (Count Two); possession of counterfeit and unauthorized access
devices in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(3) (Count Three); possession of device-making
equipment in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(4) (Count Four); production of fraudulent
identification documents in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(1) (Count Five); bank fraud in violation
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The access device statute defines an “access device” as
any card, plate, code, account number, electronic serial number, mobile identification number,
personal identification number, or other telecommunications service, equipment, or instrument
identifier, or other means of account access that can be used, alone or in conjunction with another
access device, to obtain money, goods, services, or any other thing of value, or that can be used to
initiate a transfer of funds (other than a transfer originated solely by paper instrument)[.]
18 U.S.C. § 1029(e)(1). Credit cards and debit cards (and the account numbers associated with both) are considered
“access devices” under the statute. H.R. Rep. No. 98-894, at 19 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3689, 3705; see also
United States v. Abozid, 257 F.3d 191, 196 (2d Cir. 2001).
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of 18 U.S.C. § 1344 (Count Six); and aggravated identify theft in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1)
and (c)(5) (Counts Seven and Eight).
On January 23, 2009, Pickett was sentenced principally to 168 months’ imprisonment. The
District Court, however, did not impose restitution at that time. Instead, the Court indicated that it
would leave the sentence open for ninety days to allow for a more complete accounting of the
victims’ losses, because the Court did not “want this case to come to its ultimate conclusion without
a full investigation and solicitation of those victims.” Appellant’s App. 257. On March 27, 2009,
the government submitted a letter that presented the evidence of loss, and on May 1, 2009—ninety-
eight days after Pickett’s sentencing hearing—the District Court adopted the loss figures set forth in
the government’s letter and entered an amended judgment imposing restitution in the amount of
$2,400,800.
DISCUSSION
Victim restitution in criminal cases is governed by 18 U.S.C. § 3664, which provides, in
relevant part, that “the court shall set a date for the final determination of the victim’s losses, not to
exceed 90 days after sentencing.” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(d)(5). Pickett argues that, pursuant to that
subsection, the District Court lacked authority to impose restitution ninety-eight days after his
sentencing hearing.
After this case was fully briefed, the Supreme Court decided Dolan v. United States, --- S. Ct. --
-, No. 09-367, 2010 WL 2346548 (June 14, 2010), which squarely addressed whether district courts
may impose restitution beyond the statutory deadline. The Court held that “a sentencing court that
misses the 90-day deadline nonetheless retains the power to order restitution . . . where . . . the
sentencing court made clear prior to the deadline’s expiration that it would order restitution, leaving
open (for more than 90 days) only the amount.” Id. at *3. Noting that “the statute seeks primarily
to assure that victims of a crime receive full restitution,” and not “to provide defendants with
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certainty as to the amount of their liability,” id. at *6, the Court upheld an order of restitution
entered more than three months after the expiration of the statutory deadline, id. at *4.
Here, as in Dolan, the District Court’s judgment “made clear prior to the deadline’s
expiration that [the Court] would order restitution,” id. at *3, leaving open only the amount “[t]o be
determined.” Appellant’s App. at 264. Furthermore, at the sentencing hearing, the District Court
explained that it “intend[ed] to leave the sentence open for 90 days or [as] much of the 90 day
period as is necessary for” the government to gather information about the victims’ losses. Id. at
256. Those statements, each of which was made before the expiration of the ninety-day period, left
no doubt that restitution would be imposed. Accordingly, the District Court acted within its
authority in ordering restitution ninety-eight days after Pickett’s sentencing hearing.
CONCLUSION
Pursuant to Dolan v. United States, --- S. Ct. ---, No. 09-367, 2010 WL 2346548 (June 14,
2010), we hold that the District Court “retain[ed] the power to order restitution” ninety-eight days
after Pickett’s sentencing hearing because the District Court “made clear prior to the deadline’s
expiration that it would order restitution.” Accordingly, the judgment of the District Court is
AFFIRMED insofar as it imposed restitution on a date beyond the ninety-day statutory period.
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