UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 98-30436
G. SCOTT LOVE, PAUL S. BERGERON,
KATHLEEN B. BALHOFF, AND BENNIE
BAKER BOURGEOIS,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
MIKE FOSTER, State of Louisiana, Govenor;
FOX MCKEITHEN, State of Louisiana, Secretary,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Louisiana
July 16, 1998
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, WISDOM and JONES, Circuit Judges.
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
On remand from the Supreme Court and this court the trial judge, in light of
a failure by the Louisiana Legislature to correct a constitutional defect in the state’s
election code, set the dates for Louisiana’s future congressional elections. The
plaintiffs appeal this order, contending that by striking down the provision for an
October election for congressional office the Supreme Court vitiated the entire
election code. They further contend that by operation of Louisiana law, the
election system replaced by the present code automatically is revived. For the
reasons assigned we reject these contentions and affirm the action of the district
court.
Background
In 1995 the four plaintiffs, Louisiana voters, sought declaratory and
injunctive relief, alleging that the state’s election provisions violated federal
statutes which require a uniform, nationwide election day for members of Congress.
The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants and plaintiffs
appealed to this court. We reversed, holding that the plaintiffs were “entitled to a
declaratory judgment that Louisiana’s election scheme conflicts with 2 U.S.C. §§
1, 7 to the extent that the Louisiana scheme authorizes a contested election for
members of Congress to be decided in the open primary before the uniform federal
election day.”1 The Supreme Court granted certiorari and in due course affirmed,
holding that “[w]hen Louisiana’s statute is applied to select from among
congressional candidates in October, it conflicts with federal law and to that extent
is void.”2
In our decision, affirmed by the Supreme Court, we remanded with directions
that the plaintiffs’ request for injunctive relief be reconsidered if the Louisiana
Legislature failed to act timely to resolve the conflict occasioned by the October
primary. The Legislature declined to act in a special session called by the
Governor and the district court did as directed and ordered elections consistent with
1
Love v. Foster, 90 F.3d 1026, 1031 (5th Cir. 1996), aff’d Foster v. Love, ___ U.S. ___,
118 S.Ct. 464, 139 L.Ed.2d 369 (1997).
2
Id., 118 S.Ct. at 468, 139 L.Ed.2d at 376.
2
the provisions of the Louisiana election code, federal statutes, and the holdings of
this court and the Supreme Court. The trial court ordered that the upcoming
congressional election and, absent intervening action by the Legislature, future
elections for members of Congress shall be held on federal election day, the first
Tuesday following the first Monday in November. In this year that date is
November 3, 1998. In the event no candidate receives a majority of the votes cast,
the court ordered a runoff election on the next available election date contained in
Louisiana law, R.S. 18:512(C), the third Saturday after federal election day which,
this year, is December 5, 1998. Otherwise, the elections are to be conducted in full
accordance with the Louisiana election code as currently written.
Plaintiffs appeal, contending that the district court erred when it failed to
order reinstated the closed primary election system in effect prior to the open
primary system instituted by Act 1 of the 1975 Regular Session, and Act 697 of the
1976 Regular Session. It is the position of plaintiffs-appellants that the decisions
by this court and by our Supreme Court mandated the trial court’s abolition of
Louisiana’s open primary system and the reinstatement of the previously extant
closed primary scheme.
Analysis
Neither our earlier opinion nor that of the Supreme Court leaves any room
for doubt or uncertainty. It is manifest that Louisiana’s practice of holding, and in
most instances deciding, congressional elections prior to the federally established
uniform election day is in direct conflict with federal law. But it was only the
3
timing of the first primary election that was found to be legally repugnant. There
has been no relevant finding that the remainder of Louisiana’s election code is in
conflict with the Constitution or with any federal statute. In our earlier rejection
of the invitation to declare the current election system invalid, and to replace it with
the previous scheme, we stated that such a “drastic remedy would require us to
radically overhaul the state’s election procedure and reinstate an election system
which the state abolished eighteen years ago.”3 We were not then prepared to take
that Gargantuan step, nor, apparently, was the Supreme Court. We are not now
prepared to do so unless mandated by dispositive law.
The critical question at bar is whether the invalidity of the provision for the
October primary election dooms the entirety of the Louisiana election code. Stated
more precisely, is that section severable from the legislation? Severability is a
matter of state law,4 to which we now turn.
Under Louisiana law, when a portion of a statute is found to be invalid, a
severability analysis is an essential element of judicial review. 5 Louisiana Revised
Statute 24:175, which contains the state’s general rule on severability, provides:
Unless otherwise specifically provided therein, the provisions of each
act of the legislature are severable, whether or not a provision to that
effect is included in the act. If any provision or item of an act, or an
application thereof, is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect
other provisions, items, or applications of the act which can be given
3
Love, 90 F.3d at 1031.
4
Leavitt v. Jane L., 518 U.S. 137 (1996).
5
Dow Hydrocarbons & Resources v. Kennedy, 694 So.2d 215 (La. 1997)(Kimball, J.
concurring).
4
effect without the invalid provision, item, or application.
As the election code contains no bar to severability, the court is required to
determine whether the remaining parts of the legislation can be given effect without
the invalid provision. The Louisiana Supreme Court has determined that “[t]he test
for severability is whether the unconstitutional portions of the law are so
interrelated and connected with the constitutional portions that they cannot be
separated without destroying the intention of the legislative body enacting the
law.”6 Stated simply, the first question is whether the legislature would have
passed the statute without the invalid features.7
In 1976 the Louisiana Legislature completely rewrote the state’s election
code. The revision abolished the state’s dual primary system in favor of an open
primary system where all qualified candidates, regardless of party affiliation,
appear on the same ballot, and all voters, with like disregard of party, are entitled
to vote. The election code provided that this initial balloting take place on the first
Saturday in October8 with a runoff, if required, on federal election day. It appears
certain beyond peradventure that the Legislature would have enacted the new open
primary system with or without the constitutionally impermissible October election
6
Police Ass’n of New Orleans v. City of New Orleans, 649 So.2d 951, 965 (La. 1995). See
also Polk v. Edwards, 626 So.2d 1128, 1148 (La. 1993); Cox Cable of New Orleans, Inc. v. City
of New Orleans, 624 So.2d 890, 895 (La. 1993); Radiofone, Inc. v. City of New Orleans, 616
So.2d 1243, 1249 (La. 1993); State v. Azar, 539 So.2d 1222, 1226 (La. 1989).
7
State v. Johnson, 343 So.2d 705 (La. 1977).
8
When the statute was enacted in 1976, it provided that congressional primaries were to be held
on the third Saturday in September. This section was amended by Act 10 of the 1982 Regular
Session of the Legislature to provide for the current October date.
5
date. The obvious principal concern of the Legislature was the enactment of an
open primary election system.
Finding it abundantly clear that the Legislature would have adopted the
statute without the invalid provision, our inquiry must now focus on the critical
question whether the remainder of the statute is capable of enforcement without
that provision. “It is not within the authority of the judiciary to rewrite the
legislation in order to salvage the remainder.”9 Rather, for the legislation to survive
the valid portions of the election code must form a complete act within itself. 10
Article I, Section 4, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides:
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each
State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at
any time by Law make or alter such Regulations . . . .
This clause establishes the power of each state to regulate elections, limited by the
power of the Congress to make modifications. In exercising this authority, the
Louisiana Legislature enacted an election code which, inter alia, sets three dates for
congressional elections: (1) a primary election to be held on the first Saturday in
October,11 (2) a runoff election to be held on federal election day,12 and (3) in the
9
Dow Hydrocarbons & Resources v. Kennedy, 694 So.2d 215, 218 n.7 (La. 1997).
10
Perschall v. State, 697 So.2d 240 (La. 1997). See also State v. Johnson, 343 So.2d 705 (La.
1977).
11
La. R.S. 18:402 B(1).
12
La. R.S. 18:402 B(2).
6
event of a tie, a third election to be held on the third Saturday thereafter.13 In
absence of action by Congress, these dates are consistent with the constitutional
provision authorizing the states to regulate the time, place, and manner of holding
elections.
It is beyond dispute that Congress has acted in this area, however, and has
required a uniform day for the election of all congressional candidates. It has
established a federal election day on the “Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in
November, in every even numbered year . . . .”14 Louisiana’s practice of allowing
what turned out frequently to be decisive congressional elections prior to federal
election day thwarted the congressional intent to establish this uniform day,
providing the basis for invalidating this section of the Louisiana election system.
The question which remains is whether the Louisiana election schema, without the
October first primary, may stand on its own.
We harbor no doubt that this question may be answered in the affirmative.
The Louisiana election code systemically is complete. It provides for an open
primary for election of state and federal office holders. It establishes detailed
procedures for implementing elections and regulating the voting process. It
provides an encompassing body of law governing the conduct of local, state, and
federal elections.
Examining the Louisiana election code without the October, formerly
13
La. R.S. 18:512 (c).
14
2 U.S.C. § 7. See also 2 U.S.C. § 1.
7
September, first primary date, we find an adequate and sufficient election day
series to accomplish the true purpose of the election code – the proper and
appropriate election of the candidates favored by the majority of the voting
electorate. There remains a date for the initial elections which coincides with the
November federal date. There is another election day prescribed in the event that
no candidate receives a majority of the votes cast in the November election. True
enough, the present statutory reference is to a “tie vote,” but the commanding
concept is clear; the election code provides in R.S. 18:512(C) for an election after
the November election in the event the November balloting fails to result in a
candidate polling the majority of the votes cast. Thus the election code, with the
October election removed, provides dates for both a primary and a runoff election.
We find neither error nor abuse of discretion by the district court in its
resolution of the issues presented by the rulings of this court, affirmed by the
Supreme Court, and the explicit and implicit charges to fashion a remedy consistent
with these rulings which preserves the Louisiana election code, and the election
scheme adopted by the Louisiana Legislature. Absent action by Congress, any
further changes that might be made therein are the exclusive province of the
Louisiana Legislature and Governor, as are any refinements or valid significant
changes they may wish to make as a consequence of today’s resolution.
In sum, therefore, we entertain no doubt that the Louisiana authorities would
have adopted their election code without the October (previously September) first
primary date, that the invalidated October first primary is severable, and that the
8
election statutes, after the severing of the October primary election, remain
complete, sufficient, enforceable, and stand on their own.
It cannot be gainsaid that the careful method of the district court in resolving
this conundrum was approached with total allegiance to the concepts of comity,
federalism, and judicial restraint. Accordingly, the judgment appealed is
AFFIRMED.
9
EDITH H. JONES, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
The Chief Judge’s opinion persuasively analyzes the critical question
in this case, severability under Louisiana law. Finding that Louisiana’s open
primary law, taken together with the governing federal law setting an initial
election date, is sufficiently severable from the invalid election dates, the opinion
affirms Judge Polozola’s order. I do not disagree with the panel opinion in this
respect. I write separately, however, to indicate that the district judge did not, in
my view, have the authority to enjoin Louisiana to conduct its open primary
elections indefinitely according to the dates set forth in his injunction. The district
court’s order should be viewed as a stop-gap measure, made necessary by the rapid
onset of this fall’s election campaigns, but it does not remove the imperative for the
Louisiana legislature to enact its own election dates.
The parties should not be misled into thinking that Judge Polozola’s
order is a permanent substitute for proper legislative action. The train of events
that led to this order may well have given them that impression, however. When
the plaintiffs initially prevailed in this court, they sought an injunction restoring the
Louisiana closed-primary system as it had existed before 1978. This court denied
their request, describing such relief as a radical overhaul of the state’s election
machinery, and remanded to the district court with instructions to defer to the
legislature. The Supreme Court’s opinion does not reach the extent of affirmative
relief to which the plaintiffs may be entitled. After remand to the district court, the
Louisiana legislature failed to enact an alternate, constitutional set of election dates
10
for the open primary system. When the district court held its final remedial hearing
before entering the order now on appeal, the plaintiffs again urged, citing Louisiana
law, that the statutory timing of Louisiana’s open primary was non-severable from
the rest of the scheme and that Louisiana must return to the pre-existing closed-
primary system.
The district court may have known, as this court was informed only
during oral argument, that Louisiana’s election system could not be wound back to
its pre-1978 status. Plaintiffs conceded in our court that the state election law has
changed so much as to make recourse to such a remedy utterly impracticable.
Plaintiffs admitted, in essence, that their request for injunctive relief was founded
on an impossibility. Faced with the prospect of impending elections, but with no
help from the plaintiffs or the legislature, what was the district court to do? He
chose the sensible course of employing the federal November election date and
adapting Louisiana’s December fall-back date for any runoffs following the open
primary.
Rational though it appears, the district court’s temporary remedy,
fashioned to accommodate the fall 1998 election, is not an ultimate solution to this
litigation. This is not an area in which federal courts are even permitted, much less
required or competent to fashion a remedy. First, federal courts do not have the
authority to rewrite statutes to render them constitutional. Universal Amusement
Co., Inc. v. Vance, 587 F.2d 159, 172 (5th Cir. 1978) (en banc), aff’d. 445 U.S.
308, 100 S. Ct. 1156 (1980). In this case, only because of necessity as described
11
above, the statute has been judicially rewritten: the date of the open primary has
been moved from October to the first Tuesday in November, and any possible
runoff date has been set to occur in December. Second, the finding that Louisiana’s
election dates were in conflict with federal law engendered no obligation of the
court to grant affirmative injunctive relief -- other than to prevent operation of the
offending provision. Unlike a civil rights or voting rights case, in which federal
courts issue injunctions to protect the rights that have been abridged, this case deals
only with preemption. It is Louisiana’s business to amend the statute that ran afoul
of governing federal law. Finally, federal courts must always be reluctant to
tamper with state election mechanisms. White v. Weiser, 412 U.S. 783, 795, 93 S.
Ct. 2348, 2355 (1973); Love v. Foster, 90 F.3d 1026, 1030 (5th Cir. 1996). The
Louisiana legislature’s inability to amend its law to adopt the district court’s simple
solution strongly suggests that more is at play politically than the choice of election
dates. Even if, as here, a temporary judicial intervention has become necessary, the
state government must re-assume its legislative responsibilities at the earliest
possible moment.
For these reasons, the district court’s remedy is good for this election
only, but Louisiana must pass legislation to conform its election law to federal
requirements for any election following those of 1998.
12