F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JUL 9 1997
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
LYNN S. WILSON,
Plaintiff - Appellant, No. 97-2024
v. (D. New Mexico)
WAL-MART STORES, INC., (D.C. No. CIV-95-1391-MV)
Defendant - Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON, HENRY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is therefore ordered
submitted without oral argument.
Lynn S. Wilson filed this diversity action against Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. after she
was robbed at gunpoint in the store’s parking lot. Ms. Wilson alleged that under New
Mexico law Wal-Mart was negligent for providing inadequate security and failing to
warn. Wal-Mart moved for summary judgment, arguing that it owed no duty to Ms.
Wilson as a matter of law. Ms. Wilson requested that the district court deny, or defer a
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders
and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions
of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
decision on, the summary judgment motion until it ruled on her second motion to
compel discovery. The district court granted Wal-Mart’s motion for summary
judgment, and denied Ms. Wilson’s motion to defer its decision because Ms. Wilson
failed to submit an affidavit in support of her request as required by Fed. R. Civ. P
56(f). Ms. Wilson appeals and we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Beginning in March of 1994, the Wal-Mart store located at 301 San Mateo S.E.
in Albuquerque, New Mexico, contracted with the Albuquerque Police Department to
provide an off-duty police officer on the store premises. Wal-Mart had a sign in front
of the store reserving certain parking “For Police Cars Only.” Although the store
opened at 7:00 a.m., Wal-Mart contracted to have the officer provide security from
11:00 a.m. until closing at 11:00 p.m. Wal-Mart decided to begin the security service at
11:00 a.m. because that is when a nearby high school began letting its students out for
lunch. Many of the students bought lunch at the McDonald’s located in Wal-Mart. The
store became more crowded and shoplifting increased at that time.
The facts regarding the attack on Ms. Wilson are undisputed. On February 10,
1995, at approximately 8:00 a.m., Ms. Wilson parked her car in the Wal-Mart parking
lot. Because it was before 11:00 a.m, there was no security guard on duty. As Ms.
Wilson pulled into the parking lot, she observed other cars coming and going and
several people in the area. She also noticed a person selling newspapers in front of the
store. After parking, Ms. Wilson began walking toward the store. It was light outside
-2-
and she saw a man approaching her. Ms. Wilson testified at her deposition that she did
not think the man was suspicious, but thought that he was going to ask her for money.
Instead, the man pointed a gun at Ms. Wilson’s chest and demanded her purse. In
response, Ms. Wilson began yelling for help. The assailant attempted to take the purse,
Ms. Wilson resisted, and a struggle ensued. The assailant ripped the purse from
Wilson’s hand and, in doing so, broke the purse straps. The assailant began running
away and a man in the parking lot ran after him. The assailant held the gun in the air,
warned everyone to stay away, and fled. Ms. Wilson then picked up some of her
belongings that had fallen from her purse. She went into Wal-Mart and told an
employee that she had been robbed and an employee called the police.
Ms. Wilson testified that she lived within “one or two miles, maybe a little bit
more” of the store and had lived there for approximately ten years. Appellant’s App. at
149. She stated that she never felt threatened in the neighborhood and had never heard
of anyone being robbed or accosted in a store parking lot in the neighborhood.
Wilson’s husband, Michael Wilson, also testified that he considered the neighborhood
safe.
Michael Basil, Wal-Mart’s district loss prevention supervisor, testified that he
was responsible for overseeing “both the physical security and the internal security” of
the store. Id. at 80. He stated that he was aware of two or three criminal incidents that
occurred at the Wal-Mart store “around the same time frame” of this robbery. Id. at
203. However, he did not describe the nature of the criminal incidents and testified that
he could not remember whether or not the incidents preceded February 10, 1995. David
-3-
Montano, the store manager of Wal-Mart at the time of the incident, testified that there
were approximately 250 to 300 shoplifting incidents in 1994 and that there may have
been a few automobile vandalism incidents. In response to Ms. Wilson’s request for
admissions, Wal-Mart stated that it is “unaware of any strong arm incidents at the
subject premises other than the one involving Plaintiff within the last five years.” Id. at
271.
Ms. Wilson filed suit against Wal-Mart contending that Wal-Mart was negligent
because it failed to provide more security to prevent foreseeable violent assaults, and
because it failed to warn its customers. A discovery dispute developed during the
several months that the parties were briefing the summary judgment issue. On May 4,
1996, Ms. Wilson filed a motion to compel and a motion for extension of discovery and
related deadlines. While the motions were pending, on June 20, 1996, Wal-Mart moved
for summary judgment. On June 25, 1996, the Magistrate Judge granted in part and
denied in part Ms. Wilson’s motion to compel and granted Ms. Wilson’s motion to
extend the discovery deadline to August 15, 1996. Wal-Mart then submitted
supplemental discovery responses on July 1, 1996. On July 8, 1996, Ms. Wilson filed
her memorandum in opposition to Wal-Mart’s motion for summary judgment. In
addition to arguing that there were genuine issues of material fact supporting her claim,
Ms. Wilson contended that the district court should dismiss the motion as premature
because discovery was continuing.
On July 15, 1996, Ms. Wilson submitted to Wal-Mart additional interrogatories,
requests for production, and requests for admissions. On August 14, 1996, Wal-Mart
-4-
provided its responses to the additional discovery requests. Unsatisfied with Wal-
Mart’s responses, Ms. Wilson filed her second motion to compel on August 22, 1996.
Then, on September 26, 1996, the district court entered an order granting Wal-Mart’s
motion for summary judgment. On October 7, 1996, Ms. Wilson filed a motion for
reconsideration of the summary judgment order. Ms. Wilson again argued that (1)
genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment, and (2) “the Court
[should] reconsider and/or defer its ruling on the summary judgment motion until the
Court has decided Plaintiff’s Second Motion to Compel and discovery has been
completed.” Id. at 343.
On October 22, 1996, the Magistrate Judge denied Ms. Wilson’s second motion to
compel on the grounds that the district court’s summary judgment ruling rendered the
motion moot. Subsequently, the district court denied Ms. Wilson’s motion to
reconsider.
Ms. Wilson appeals the district court’s orders granting Wal-Mart’s motion for
summary judgment and denying Ms. Wilson’s request for a deferral of the summary
judgment ruling pending further discovery.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Discovery
Ms. Wilson argues that the district court erred in refusing to defer its decision on
Wal-Mart’s summary judgment motion until the court ruled on the second motion to
compel, and in refusing to reconsider the motion for summary judgment in light of the
-5-
discovery dispute. Summary judgment should not be granted if the nonmoving party has
not had the opportunity to discover information essential to its opposition. Committee
for the First Amendment v. Campbell, 962 F.2d 1517, 1521 (10th Cir. 1992).
Accordingly, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) allows the nonmovant to seek deferral of a summary
judgment ruling pending complete discovery. Id. at 1521-22. 1 However, in order for a
nonmovant to seek a deferral pursuant to Rule 56(f), the nonmovant must furnish an
affidavit explaining “why facts precluding summary judgment cannot be presented.” Id.
at 1522; see also DiCesare v. Stuart, 12 F.3d 973, 979 (10th Cir. 1993). The nonmovant
must identify the “probable facts not available and what steps have been taken to obtain
these facts.” Campbell, 962 F.2d at 1522. “The purpose of the affidavit is to ensure
that the nonmoving party is invoking the protections of Rule 56(f) in good faith and to
afford the trial court the showing necessary to assess the merit of a party’s opposition.”
Id. (quoting First Chicago Int’l v. United Exch. Co. Ltd., 836 F.2d 1375, 1380 (D.C.
Cir. 1988)).
Ms. Wilson did not submit a Rule 56(f) affidavit in opposition to Wal-Mart’s
motion for summary judgment or at any other time. Rather, in her memorandum in
opposition to Wal-Mart’s motion, Ms. Wilson argued that as “a result of Defendant’s
failure to cooperate during the discovery process, Plaintiff has not been able to fully
1
Rule 56(f) provides:
Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party
cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s
opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a
continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or
discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just.
-6-
explore or discover evidence regarding the issues addressed in Defendant’s Motion,
including issues as to the existence and extent of any duty it owed Plaintiff, the
foreseeability of criminal activity on its premises, and its breach of any duty to
Plaintiff.” Appellant’s App. at 183. Similarly, in her memorandum in support of the
motion Ms. Wilson argued that due “to the pendency of Plaintiff’s discovery motion,
Plaintiff respectfully requests that the Court reconsider and/or defer its ruling on the
summary judgment motion until the Court has decided Plaintiff’s Second Motion to
Compel and discovery has been completed.” Id. at 343.
In this circuit, “counsel’s unverified assertion in a memorandum opposing
summary judgment does not comply with Rule 56(f) and results in a waiver.”
Campbell, 962 F.2d at 1522. Ms. Wilson’s brief on appeal offers no argument regarding
her failure to submit a Rule 56(f) affidavit. She simply argues that she “did raise
discovery issues in her summary judgment response and properly and timely filed her
Second Motion to Compel regarding those issues.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 7. We
agree with the district court that Ms. Wilson’s failure to comply with Rule 56(f) waived
the discovery issue.
B. Duty to Protect from Foreseeable Harm
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same legal
standard used by the district court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Kaul v. Stephan,
83 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 1996). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with
-7-
the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
When applying this standard, we examine the record and reasonable inferences
therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Kaul, 83 F.3d at 1212.
There is no genuine factual dispute, and summary judgment may be granted, if
there is a mere “scintilla of evidence” or if the evidence is “merely colorable or is not
significantly probative.” Vitkus v. Beatrice Co., 11 F.3d 1535, 1539 (10th Cir. 1993)
(citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 250-51 (1986)). “[T]he
relevant inquiry is whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require
submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter
of law.” Bingaman v. Kansas City Power & Light Co., 1 F.3d 976, 980 (10th Cir. 1993)
(quotation omitted).
Ms. Wilson contends that she “established the existence of material issues of fact
that Wal-Mart owed her a duty to provide adequate security on its premises during the
store’s business hours and to warn her of a dangerous condition existing on its
premises.” Appellant’s Br. at 5. More specifically, Ms. Wilson contends that Wal-Mart
had a duty to provide a security officer during all business hours, to train its personnel
regarding store patron security, and conduct security evaluations of the premises.
Under New Mexico law, a business proprietor “is not and cannot be an insurer of
a guest or patron against personal injuries inflicted by another person on the premises,
other than his servants or agents.” Coca v. Arceo, 376 P.2d 970, 973 (N.M. 1962).
However, a business proprietor is liable to patrons “who are injured by the harmful acts
-8-
of third persons if , by the exercise of reasonable care, the proprietor could have
discovered that such acts were being done or about to be done, and could have protected
against the injury by controlling the conduct of the other patron.” Reichert v. Atler, 875
P.2d 384, 387 (N.M. Ct. App. 1992) (quoting Valdez v. Warner, 742 P.2d 517, 519
(N.M. Ct. App. 1987)), aff’d in part, 875 P.2d 379, 382 (N.M. 1994). A business
proprietor has a duty to “protect patrons from the harm foreseeably inflicted by [a] third
party.” Reichert v. Atler, 875 P.2d 379, 381 (N.M. 1994). A business proprietor’s
“duty to protect visitors arises from the likelihood that a third party will injure a visitor
and, as the risk of danger increases, the amount of care to be exercised by the [owner]
[operator] also increases.” Id. at 382; see also N.M. Uniform Jury Instructions 13-1320
(Supp. 1996).
Construing the facts in favor of Ms. Wilson, we conclude that no reasonable jury 2
could find that the attack on Ms. Wilson was reasonably foreseeable such that Wal-Mart
was charged with a duty to provide greater security than it had been providing. First,
there is no evidence of any prior violent incidents at Wal-Mart. The store manager at
the time of the incident testified that there were numerous shoplifting incidents in 1994
and that there may have been a few automobile vandalism incidents. However, there is
2
Wal-Mart cites Schear v. Board of County Comm’rs for the proposition that “[w]hether a
duty exists is a question of law for the courts to decide.” 687 P.2d 728, 728 (N.M. 1984). Schear
involved the question of whether law enforcement officers have a duty to investigate violations
of the criminal law. Id. It is not clear whether New Mexico would also charge courts with
deciding whether a business proprietor has a duty to provide a certain level of security to address
foreseeable harm. Fortunately we need not anticipate whether New Mexico would construe such
a duty as a question of law or fact. In either case, we conclude that Wal-Mart is entitled to
summary judgment.
-9-
no evidence of any “strong arm incidents” at the store other than the attack on
Ms. Wilson.
Second, there is no evidence that Wal-Mart was located in a known high crime
area. The only evidence regarding the level of crime in the area is the Wilsons’
testimony that they believed the neighborhood was safe. Cf. Reichert, 875 P.2d at 387
(upholding trial court’s finding that bar had inadequate security in light of its reputation
as a dangerous bar and the scene of numerous murders, stabbings, shootings, assaults,
and riots).
Finally, the only other evidence Ms. Wilson relies on as proof of foreseeability is
(1) the fact that Wal-Mart hired a guard to provide security from 11:00 a.m. to 11:00
p.m., and (2) the affidavit of her expert witness. Ms. Wilson argues that the fact that
Wal-Mart hired an off-duty officer to guard its premises proves Wal-Mart’s “ability to
foresee criminal activity.” Appellant’s Br. at 9. We disagree. If we were to adopt Ms.
Wilson’s view, business proprietors would be discouraged from providing security from
fear that such a step would be proof of foreseeability. We think it is unlikely that such
a result would comport with New Mexico’s public policy. In any event, even if security
measures are some proof of security concerns, the fact that Wal-Mart hired a security
guard is not enough to create a genuine issue of fact in the absence of other evidence of
foreseeability.
As for the affidavit from Ms. Wilson’s expert witness, the opinion contained in
that affidavit is wholly deficient. Louis Lehner’s affidavit contains the conclusory
statement that “Defendant Knew or had reason to know that a criminal act, including an
-10-
act such as that suffered by Plaintiff, would occur on its premises and it had a duty to
its patrons, including Plaintiff, to use ordinary and reasonable care to make its premises
safe.” Appellant’s App. at 192. The affidavit does not attempt to address any facts
proving foreseeability and provides no support for Ms. Wilson’s case. See Evers v.
General Motors Corp., 770 F.2d 984, 986 (11th Cir. 1985) (“[A] party may not avoid
summary judgment solely on the basis of an expert’s opinion that fails to provide
specific facts from the record to support its conclusory allegations.”).
The only further argument Ms. Wilson makes is that, regardless of foreseeability,
“[o]nce Wal-Mart assumed its duty of protection by providing a ‘security guard’ on its
premises, it was further obliged to perform that duty with reasonable and due care for
Wilson’s safety.” Appellant’s Br. at 9. Ms. Wilson does not cite any New Mexico law
to support her claim that a business proprietor may assume a duty of security in the
absence of foreseeability. Ms. Wilson does, however, cite a case from another
jurisdiction, Harris v. Pizza Hut of Louisiana, Inc., 455 So.2d 1364 (La. 1984). Harris
involved an armed robbery that occurred while a security guard was on duty, and that
resulted in the shooting death of one customer. Id. at 1364. The court held that a “duty
of protection which has been voluntarily assumed must be performed with due care.”
Id. at 1369. Thus, the court concluded that a “business which undertakes to hire a
security guard to protect itself and its patrons is liable for physical harm which occurs
because of negligence on the part of that guard.” Id. However, even if New Mexico
were to adopt a similar approach, it is undisputed that Wal-Mart did not provide a
-11-
security guard before 11:00 a.m. and, thus, it did not assume a duty at that time and
there is no allegation that a security guard was negligent. 3
In short, we conclude that there is not sufficient disagreement to submit to the
jury regarding whether it was reasonably foreseeable that Wal-Mart customers had a risk
of harm from violent attacks in the parking lot. The evidence is so one-sided that Wal-
Mart must prevail as a matter of law.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s order and
judgment.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Stephen H. Anderson
Circuit Judge
3
Ms. Wilson also argues in her reply brief that Wal-Mart assumed the duty to provide
security at all times by “advertising their presence twenty four (24) hours a day through parking
lot signs.” Reply Br. at 5 (referring to signs “For Police Cars Only” in Wal-Mart parking lot).
However, because Ms. Wilson raises this argument for the first time in her reply brief, it is
waived. Codner v. United States, 17 F.3d 1331, 1332 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994).
-12-