F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
NOV 4 1997
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 96-3335
v.
(D.C. No. 95-10105-03)
(District of Kansas)
DICKIE KIRKHART,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before SEYMOUR, Chief Judge, PORFILIO and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
The parties have agreed oral argument would not be helpful in the disposition of
this case; therefore, it is submitted on the briefs. Fed. R. App. P. 34(f).
Dickie Kirkhart appeals the enhancement of his sentence following his plea of
guilty to the charge of armed bank robbery. 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d). The issues of
this case revolve around U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2 which provides:
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
If the defendant recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious
bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a law
enforcement officer, increase by 2 levels.
Defendant contends the district court erred by applying § 3C1.2: 1) without first finding
he was actually aware he was being pursued by law enforcement officers, and 2) in the
absence of evidence his conduct constituted an actual risk of harm to another. We affirm.
The relative evidence is rather skimpy, but from the record we can discern
defendant had been a suspect for some time prior to his ultimate capture. On the day his
arrest occurred, officers went to his residence and knocked on the door. Receiving no
response after ten minutes, the officers retired to observe the house. Sometime later, a
man ultimately proven to be defendant, left the house, got into a vehicle and drove away
at a “fast speed.” One officer pursued, and when “the speeds reached about fifty miles an
hour in the residential neighborhood, [] turned on [his] emergency red lights.” Defendant
continued to run from the officer, and in the process went through a red light. The officer
was able to finally stop the defendant after pulling alongside his car. About this incident,
the presentence investigation report states:
On February 15, 1996, Dickie Kirkhart led FBI task force agents on a high
speed chase through a residential neighborhood after being made aware that
he was being sought for questioning in the September 9, 1995, Intrust Bank
robbery. He attempted to elude officers after becoming aware of their
surveillance. During the presentence interview, he indicated that at some
point during the chase, he was traveling in excess of 50 miles per hour.
Under these circumstances, we believe there was sufficient evidence before the
district court from which it could have properly drawn inferences that result in a factual
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predicate for the imposition of the enhancement. First, we do not suggest the language of
§ 3C1.2 requires the court to determine the defendant was aware he was fleeing from a
law enforcement officer, but assuming that point for the sake of disposition in this case,
there was enough evidence that would support the finding.
The presentence investigation report establishes the fact in so many words.
Although defendant objected to the paragraph in which the language is contained, that
objection was overruled. Second, the pursuing officer used his emergency red lights
during the pursuit. Although defendant argues the officer did not do so at the initiation of
the chase, we do not believe the distinction is relevant. What is important here is that the
display of the emergency lights produced no result and the defendant continued to run.
Moreover, the defendant was aware he was being sought for questioning.1 In light of that
knowledge, his refusal to respond to the officers’ knock and his conduct thereafter are
strong circumstances from which an inference can be drawn that he was attempting to flee
from law enforcement officers.
Defendant next contends there is no evidence his high speed traverse of a
residential neighborhood and disobedience of a stop light recklessly created a substantial
risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person. He posits that unless it can be
1
Although the basis for doing so is not clear in the record, the district court found
the officers had left a message on Mr. Kirkhart’s answering machine. Taking issue with
that finding, defendant nonetheless concedes officers left some kind of a message on a
recording machine in the home.
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shown a specific person was put in danger by his actions, the enhancement cannot be
employed. We have previously held a similar argument “frivolous.” United States v.
Fowler, 1993 WL 118843 (10th Cir. Unpublished). Defendant distinguishes Fowler
contending he is not asserting the identity of a victim must be established, but the
government must show someone was imperiled.
The language of the guideline is not so precise. What triggers its application is the
risk of death or injury. We believe a person who speeds through a residential district at
fifty miles per hour for some time and fails to stop at a red light risks the death or injury
of another. Moreover, the essence of the conduct that justifies the enhancement is its
recklessness. See § 3C1.2 Appl. Note 2. The conduct displayed here by the defendant
falls within that “gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would
exercise” that would qualify as “reckless.” U.S.S.G. § 2A1.4 Appl. Note 1 (made
applicable here by § 3C1.2 Appl. Note 2.)
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
John C. Porfilio
Circuit Judge
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