Braun v. Ward

F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
PUBLISH
SEP 10 1999
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
TENTH CIRCUIT

GREGG FRANCIS BRAUN,

Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
No. 98-7101
RON WARD, Warden; ATTORNEY
GENERAL OF THE STATE OF
OKLAHOMA,

Respondents-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. CIV-97-313-B)

Benjamin Lee McCullar, Law Offices of Randy C. Parsons, Shawnee, Oklahoma,
for Petitioner-Appellant.

Sandra D. Howard, Assistant Attorney General of Oklahoma (W.A. Drew
Edmonson, Attorney General of Oklahoma, with her on the brief), for
Respondent-Appellee.

Before BALDOCK, EBEL and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

EBEL, Circuit Judge.

In Oklahoma state court, Gregg Francis Braun pled nolo contendere to

murder in the first degree, two counts of shooting with intent to kill, and two
counts of robbery with firearms. The court sentenced him to death for the

murder, life imprisonment on each shooting count, and 25 years on each robbery

count. After direct and post-conviction appeals in state court, Braun sought

habeas relief in federal district court under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district court

denied relief and denied a certificate of appealability (“COA”). We granted a

COA on (1) whether Braun’s waiver of assistance of counsel at the motion to

withdraw plea hearing was constitutionally infirm; and (2) whether Braun’s plea

of nolo contendere was voluntary rather than the result of ineffective assistance of

counsel. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the district court’s denial of

habeas relief.

BACKGROUND

On July 21, 1989, Braun robbed a flower shop in Ardmore, Oklahoma,

forced three women in the shop to lie down in the stockroom, and shot each in the

back of the head with a .25 caliber pistol. One of the victims died as a result.

Braun was arrested shortly thereafter in New Mexico, and while being transported

to the county jail, he voluntarily stated that “he shot some women in a flower

shop,” and that, “[i]t wasn’t as good as shooting craps in Vegas, but it was all

right.”

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 On August 17, 1993, Braun pled nolo contendere to first degree murder

(Count I); shooting with intent to kill (Counts II-III); and robbery with firearms

(Counts IV-V). At the sentencing hearing, conducted on August 19, 20, and 23,

1993, the government introduced evidence that the Ardmore murder was part of a

killing spree involving four other murder victims, clerks at various stores in

Kansas, Texas, and New Mexico. Braun introduced evidence regarding his

personality disorders, though both of Braun’s experts indicated that he was not

legally insane during the homicides. The trial court then found the existence of

three aggravating circumstances: (1) Braun knowingly created a great risk of

death to more than one person; (2) the murder was committed for the purpose of

avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or prosecution; and (3) a probability existed

that Braun would constitute a continuing threat to society. The trial court

sentenced Braun to death for the murder, life imprisonment on each shooting

count, and twenty-five years on each robbery count.

On August 27, 1993, Braun moved to withdraw the nolo contendere plea

and have new counsel appointed to represent him. On September 21, 1993, the

trial court denied the motion after conducting a hearing at which Braun

represented himself.

Braun directly appealed his conviction and sentence, both of which the

Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (“OCCA”) affirmed. See Braun v.

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Oklahoma, 909 P.2d 783 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995) (“Braun I”). Subsequently, the

OCCA denied his application for post-conviction relief and request for an

evidentiary hearing and discovery. See Braun v. Oklahoma, 937 P.2d 505 (Okla.

Crim. App. 1997) (“Braun II”).

On October 24, 1997, Braun filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the

district court under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The complaint stated ten claims, all of

which the district court denied under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-132, tit. I, § 104 (1996) (“AEDPA” or

“Act”). The court later denied COA on all issues. We granted COA on whether

Braun’s waiver of counsel at the motion to withdraw plea hearing was valid, and

whether his plea of nolo contendere was involuntary as a result of ineffective

assistance of counsel.

DISCUSSION

AEDPA applies to Braun’s case because he filed his § 2254 petition after

April 24, 1996, the effective date of the Act. See Hooks v. Ward, No. 98-6196,

1999 WL 502608, *4 (10th Cir. July 16, 1999). AEDPA provides for habeas

relief if a claim adjudicated on the merits in state court proceedings (1) “resulted

in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,

clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United

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States”; or (2) “resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court

proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

I. Waiver of Counsel at Hearing to Withdraw
Nolo Contendere Plea

Braun argues that the OCCA ruled contrary to clearly established federal

law as determined by the Supreme Court in finding that Braun’s waiver of counsel

at the motion to withdraw plea hearing was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.

See Braun I, 909 P.2d at 787-89. We do not believe this claim warrants relief

under AEDPA.

To begin, we highlight the relevant parts of the hearing. When Braun

entered his plea of nolo contendere, he was represented by James Rowan of the

Oklahoma Indigent Defense System (OIDS) and Phil Hurst, local counsel.

Shortly after sentencing, Rowan filed on Braun’s behalf a motion to withdraw the

plea of nolo contendere, and a hearing was set. Due to a potential conflict of

interest, 1 OIDS arranged for another lawyer, a Mr. Payne, to represent Braun at

the hearing. However, Payne inexplicably failed to contact Braun and did not

1
At the hearing, Braun called Rowan as a witness.

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show up at the hearing. Rowan was present at the hearing, but not in a

representative capacity.

Having discussed the matter beforehand with Rowan, Braun advised the

court that he wanted to proceed pro se. The court confirmed Braun’s wishes by

asking: “Are you telling me you want to represent yourself at this hearing?”

Braun replied:

Well, at this hearing because the lawyer that was appointed to
represent me—I haven’t heard from him. I haven’t met him. He
didn’t show up today, and I don’t want to be brought back here again
and go through all this again, so I’m ready to represent myself at this
hearing today.

When the judge expressed his understanding that OIDS had appointed Payne to

represent Braun at this hearing, Braun replied: “. . . I never heard from him. So

today when I showed up, I assumed he would be here; and he’s not. So I’m—I

don’t even want to deal with the guy, and I’m prepared to represent myself at this

hearing.”

The trial court then informed Braun of his options:

If you want, I will entertain your request to reset the hearing
whenever this lawyer, whether it’s Mr. Payne or somebody else, can
be here. If you want to represent yourself as I told you earlier, I
cannot deny you that as long as I am convinced that you know what
you’re doing, and some prosecution person didn’t give—didn’t force
you to do it.

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Braun replied: “Yes. I’ll represent myself, and I’ve already discussed—I know

what’s going on with this hearing and what it’s about, and I’m prepared to

represent myself.”

The trial court asked Braun a series of questions to ascertain that his waiver

of counsel was knowing and voluntary: (1) whether any prosecutor or police

officer had pressured Braun; (2) whether Braun thought proceeding pro se was the

best way to proceed; (3) whether Braun understood that the trial court would

delay the hearing until Braun could get another attorney; (4) and whether Braun

would prefer representing himself instead of waiting. Braun indicated that no one

had pressured him, that he understood the hearing could be delayed for him to get

another attorney, and that he would rather represent himself than wait.

The trial court then emphasized the seriousness of the situation because

Braun’s life was at stake. To make certain Braun wanted to represent himself and

that his decision was valid, the trial court stated:

[I]f there is any question in your mind or there is something
else about these circumstances that I need to know about, this is the
time to tell me. . . . Is there some other circumstance that I don’t
know about that’s causing you to tell me you’re going to represent
yourself?

Braun replied:

Well, in a way, but then again, uh, I’m really tired of being moved
around, you know, here in this jail, being stuck in this holding cell
and things like this for a day or two; and to come in here, and some
lawyer who I don’t even know isn’t here. And then they say, “Well,

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 we’ll put it off again.” And, you know, they’ll take me back to
prison, and they’ll drag me up here in a few more days, and blah,
blah, blah.
And I just want to do it now, and I understand what’s going
on. I know what this is about, and I’ve discussed it with [Rowan]
prior to today; and I’m prepared to do it today regardless of the
outcome or the consequences because basically, I know I’m here to
tell my side of the story why I plead nolo contendere, and I don’t
need a lawyer to do that.

The trial court then warned Braun that if he took the stand, the prosecution

would be able to cross-examine him, and that if the prosecution calls witnesses,

Braun may have to cross-examine them, all without counsel to assist him. After

Braun indicated he understood, the court accepted his waiver of the right to

counsel.

In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court held that a

defendant has a right to self-representation, but to invoke that right the defendant

must waive his right to counsel “voluntarily” and “knowingly and intelligently.”

Id. at 835; see also United States v. Silkwood, 893 F.2d 245, 248 (10th Cir. 1989)

(“the Supreme Court held in Faretta v. California that a criminal defendant has

the right to appear pro se if he voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waives his

Sixth Amendment right to counsel”) (internal citations omitted). We review de

novo whether a waiver of counsel is voluntary, knowing and intelligent. See

United States v. Taylor, No. 98-6042, 1999 WL 476024, at *4 (10th Cir. July 9,

1999).

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 Braun argues that his waiver of counsel was involuntary under Silkwood

because it was a choice between no counsel and ineffective counsel. In Silkwood,

interpreting Faretta, we stated that, “[f]or the waiver to be voluntary, the trial

court must inquire into the reasons for the defendant’s dissatisfaction with his

counsel to ensure that the defendant is not exercising a choice between

incompetent or unprepared counsel and appearing pro se.” Silkwood, 893 F.2d at

248.

We are not persuaded by Braun’s argument. Here, Braun did not have to

choose between incompetent or unprepared counsel and appearing pro se. Rather,

as our review of the hearing shows, Braun had a third choice open to him: the

trial court offered multiple times to reschedule the hearing to ensure that Braun

could have new counsel present. Braun essentially refused this option because he

was “really tired of being moved around,” and “being stuck in this holding cell

and things like this for a day or two.” However, Braun does not argue, and we do

not find, that the third alternative of waiting a few days for counsel was

unconstitutional. See United States v. Padilla, 819 F.2d 952, 955 (10th Cir. 1987)

(“When a defendant is given a clear choice between waiver of counsel and

another course of action, . . . the choice is voluntary as long as it is not

constitutionally offensive.”); cf. United States v. Conrad, 598 F.2d 506, 510 (9th

Cir. 1979) (finding defendant knowingly and voluntarily waived right to counsel

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at motion to withdraw plea hearing and sentencing where “he knew he could have

new appointed counsel,” but “[i]nstead he chose to represent himself”). The

Hobson’s choice presented in Silkwood is absent here. Braun makes no showing

that, if he had accepted the trial court’s offer of a continuance, that replacement

counsel would have failed to appear at the rescheduled hearing or that such

replacement counsel would have performed in a constitutionally deficient manner.

We decline to make any such assumptions. Thus, we believe the OCCA’s

determination that Braun’s waiver was voluntary is in accord with clearly

established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.

Braun also argues that his waiver was not knowing and intelligent. He

states that the trial court’s inquiry was “clearly inconsistent with Faretta” because

the court “failed to fully explain the dangers of self-representation at that stage of

the proceedings, except for cross-examination.” We disagree.

The Sixth Amendment inquiry into waiver should be tailored to the

particular stage of the criminal proceeding. The Supreme Court has adopted a

pragmatic approach to the waiver question—asking what purposes a
lawyer can serve at the particular stage of the proceedings in
question, and what assistance he could provide to an accused at that
stage—to determine the scope of the Sixth Amendment right to
counsel, and the type of warnings and procedures that should be
required before a waiver of that right will be recognized.

Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285, 298 (1988). Thus, the necessary warnings and

procedures will vary according to the stage of the proceedings. As the Court

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illustrated, “[a]t one end of the spectrum, we have concluded that there is no

Sixth Amendment right to counsel whatsoever at a postindictment photographic

display identification, because this procedure is not one at which the accused

requires aid in coping with legal problems or assistance in meeting his adversary.”

Id. (internal quotation omitted). In contrast, “[a]t the other extreme, recognizing

the enormous importance and role that an attorney plays at a criminal trial, we

have imposed the most rigorous restrictions on the information that must be

conveyed to a defendant, and the procedures that must be observed, before

permitting him to waive his right to counsel at trial.” Id. (citing inter alia,

Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835-36). In between these extreme cases, the Court has

“defined the scope of the right to counsel by a pragmatic assessment of the

usefulness of counsel to the accused at the particular proceeding, and the dangers

to the accused of proceeding without counsel.” Id. If a defendant “is made aware

of these basic facts,” then his waiver of the right to counsel “is ‘knowing.’” Id.

In this case, Braun waived counsel at the evidentiary hearing on his motion

to withdraw plea. The issue presented at the hearing was discrete—whether

Braun’s plea was involuntary. See Motion to Withdraw Nolo Contendere Plea,

filed Aug. 27, 1993. The proceeding would involve examining and cross-

examining witnesses and arguing whether the motion should be granted. The role

of counsel at such a hearing, therefore, would be more limited than the role of

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counsel at trial. Cf. Patterson, 487 U.S. at 294 n.6 (addressing the attorney’s

limited role during postindictment questioning); United States v. Salemo, 61 F.3d

214, 219 (3d Cir. 1995) (“[T]he inquiry at sentencing need only be tailored to that

proceeding and the consequences that may flow from it. Therefore, it need not be

as exhaustive and searching as a similar inquiry before the conclusion of trial.”);

United States v. Day, 998 F.2d 622, 626 (8th Cir. 1993) (same).

The trial court informed Braun of the dangers of self-representation at the

motion to withdraw plea hearing by warning Braun that he would be cross-

examined if he took the stand and that he might have to cross-examine the state’s

witnesses. The trial court also conveyed to Braun that his life was on the line.

Braun made it clear that he understood the objective of the hearing, and

importantly, Braun testified that he had consulted with counsel prior to the

hearing. Thus, he had a clear idea of the strategy that he wished to pursue at the

hearing. 2 Under the circumstances, we believe Braun’s waiver of counsel was

knowing and intelligent. 3

2
We also note that Braun had had extensive experience with the criminal
justice system including trials arising out of his murders in New Mexico and
Kansas.
3
Although Braun points out that the trial court “failed to advise Mr. Braun
that his appeal would be circumscribed by the matters raised in his application to
withdraw his guilty plea,” Braun fails to establish how this additional advice
would have changed the issues raised at the hearing. As the district court noted,
Braun’s attorney, before he withdrew, filed the application to withdraw plea
(continued...)

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 The cases on which Braun relies, Faretta, Silkwood, and United States v.

Willie, 941 F.2d 1384 (10th Cir. 1991), are inapposite. Faretta and Willie both

involve waivers of counsel for trial rather than a post-conviction, post-sentencing

hearing on a motion to withdraw plea. And, in Willie we concluded that the

defendant had intelligently, knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel

even though the court did not fully discuss all of the risks involved in proceeding

to trial without counsel. See Willie, 941 F.2d at 1388-89. As for Silkwood, which

involved a waiver of counsel for sentencing, the case is distinguishable for

several reasons. There, the trial court initially granted “without inquiry or

advisement” a defendant’s post-trial request to proceed pro se. Silkwood, 893

F.2d at 247. At two subsequent hearings, including a sentencing enhancement

hearing, the court asked the defendant whether he wanted a new appointed

attorney, provided only “general statements about the seriousness of sentence

enhancement,” and grossly misinformed the defendant about the maximum

enhancement he could receive (the court mistakenly quoted the figure for a

minimum enhancement). See id. at 248 & n.4. In contrast, the trial court here

3
(...continued)
before the hearing, and thus the issues for appeal were already circumscribed by
those raised in the application with advice of counsel. Even if the trial court had
informed Braun at the hearing that issues on appeal would be circumscribed by
those raised in the application, the issues raised in the application had already
been set with the assistance of counsel.

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gave Braun specific warnings that, as part of the evidentiary hearing, Braun

would have to conduct cross-examination and be cross-examined without the

assistance of an attorney, and Braun was specifically warned about the

seriousness of the hearing. Moreover, unlike Silkwood, the trial court in Braun’s

case did not provide any misinformation about the potential consequences of the

hearing.

We hold, in short, that Braun voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently

waived his right to counsel at the motion to withdraw plea hearing. The OCCA’s

similar conclusion was neither “contrary to, [n]or involved unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme

Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Consequently, we affirm

the district court’s denial of habeas relief on this claim. 4

4
With little discussion, Braun also contends that he was denied a full and
fair hearing on this claim in the Oklahoma courts and the district court, and
requests remand for an evidentiary hearing. Again with little discussion, Braun
argues that the OCCA failed to follow applicable state law that forbids defendants
from proceeding pro se without sufficient warnings about the dangers of self-
representation, thereby resulting in a violation of federal due process. We reject
these arguments as without merit.

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 II. Plea of Nolo Contendere

Challenging the OCCA’s decision on direct appeal, see Braun I, 909 P.2d at

789-96, Braun claims that his blind plea of nolo contendere was involuntary

because it was “induced by the ineffective assistance of trial counsel.” Braun

argues that his attorneys were ineffective because they earlier had failed to file

properly a motion for change of venue. 5 Braun also claims that his attorneys

misled him into entering his plea when they related to him an alleged

conversation with the trial judge indicating that the judge was surprised the

prosecutors were seeking the death penalty in Oklahoma given that Braun already

was subject to 126 years in jail in New Mexico and Kansas before he would be

eligible for parole, and when they advised him that he had a better shot in front of

the judge than a jury of getting life without parole. According to Braun, “[b]ut

for counsel’s failure to pursue a change of venue and their assurances that the

sentencing judge would give him a sentence less than death, Mr. Braun would

5
As Braun testified at the motion to withdraw plea hearing, he was adamant
about seeking a change of venue, partly because of his prior experience in New
Mexico where he had received a change of venue and a life sentence from a jury
rather than the death penalty; and partly because Ardmore (Carter County), where
the murder was committed, was a small community and Braun feared pre-trial
publicity would prejudice him. Rowan assured Braun that Hurst (local counsel)
would file the change of venue and collect “whatever evidence” was needed for
that purpose. However, by Rowan’s admission at the motion to withdraw plea
hearing, the attorneys “both procrastinated” and did not come up with three
affidavits as required by statute for a motion to change venue. Thus, the district
court dismissed it because it was not accompanied by the required affidavits.

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have maintained his plea of not guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.”

Thus, Braun argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, that counsel

gave misleading advice regarding the plea, and that he was prejudiced thereby.

We disagree.

“The Supreme Court has set forth a two-part test for evaluating the claim of

a habeas petitioner who is challenging his guilty plea on the ground that he was

denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.” Miller v.

Champion, 161 F.3d 1249, 1253 (10th Cir. 1998). 6 “First, we must ask whether

‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Id.

(quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57 (1985)). If this prong is met, then the

petitioner must show that his counsel’s performance prejudiced him by

demonstrating (1) that “‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to

trial,’” Id. (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59) and (2) that “had he rejected the State’s

plea bargain, the outcome of the proceedings ‘likely would have changed.’” Id. at

1256-57 (quoting Hill, 474 U.S. at 59). In this case, that requires Braun to

establish a reasonable probability that he would have pled not guilty and that a

jury either would not have convicted him of first degree murder or would not have

6
The standard for a guilty plea is appropriate since the legal effect of a nolo
contendere plea in Oklahoma is the same as that of a guilty plea. See Okla. Stat.
Ann. tit. 22, § 513.

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imposed the death penalty. “Whether a plea is voluntary is a question of federal

law subject to de novo review.” Miles v. Dorsey, 61 F.3d 1459, 1465 (10th Cir.

1995) (quotations omitted), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1062 (1996).

With regard to Braun’s claim that his plea was involuntary because counsel

was ineffective for failing to file properly the change of venue motion, the OCCA

concluded that Braun had failed to establish prejudice both because a change of

venue motion, even if properly presented, “would, in all probability, not have

been successful” (thus leaving Braun in exactly the same position in deciding how

to plead as if his attorneys had not been deficient in pursuing a change of venue

motion) and, further because even if a change of venue had been granted, Braun

failed to show any reasonable probability that the outcome of the death penalty

would have been any different in a different venue, given the “overwhelming

evidence against him,” including evidence on the aggravating favors. Braun I,

909 P.2d at 794, 796. The record fully supports the OCCA’s findings in both

regards and the OCCA correctly applied federal law as determined by the United

States Supreme Court in its analysis. Accordingly, federal habeas relief is not

warranted under AEDPA.

With regard to Braun’s claim that counsel improperly influenced him into

pleading nolo contendere by assuring him that the judge would give him a

sentence less than death, we recognize that “[a] plea may be involuntary when an

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attorney materially misinforms the defendant of the consequences of the plea or

the court’s probable disposition.” United States v. Rhodes, 913 F.2d 839, 843

(10th Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). However, we

agree with the OCCA that Braun’s claim is not supported by the record. See

Braun I, 909 P.2d at 794-96. The OCCA found that Braun “relied on his

attorney’s knowledge of the law, and their instincts,” rather than any misleading

guarantees, in entering his plea. Id. at 795. Braun does not adequately rebut this

determination under the standards imposed by AEDPA. In fact, the record makes

it abundantly clear that Braun knew he was taking his chances by pleading nolo

contendere and facing the judge, and that his attorneys did not provide him with

any guarantees to the contrary, nor did they relate any such guarantees from the

judge.

At the motion to withdraw plea hearing, Braun testified that, after his

attorneys failed to get a change of venue, they counseled him to plead nolo

contendere and to go before the judge for sentencing rather than face a jury for

both trial and sentencing because a jury would give him death “for sure.” Braun

further testified that Hurst later told Braun that he had spoken with the trial judge

on the phone. According to Braun, Hurst told him that the judge had said he

could not understand why the prosecutor had not pleaded out the case, “because

of the economics of sentencing someone to death and going through the appellate

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process, the cost of incarcerating someone here in the Oklahoma State

Penitentiary, etcetera -- when he told me that, then I started to listen to their

arguments more, or not really arguments, but to their philosophy, at least, of

pleading no contest.” Braun said, even after hearing of that conversation, that he

told his attorneys, “there’s gonna be a lot of pressure on Judge Walker to give me

a death sentence.” Braun said his attorneys responded by observing that the judge

was a veteran and would not feel the pressure, and they predicted that the judge,

in light of the economics, would send Braun back to serve his life sentence in

New Mexico if he did not receive the death penalty in Oklahoma. Braun therefore

concluded that he “probably stood a better chance with [the judge] than with a

jury.”

Notably, as OCCA observed, Braun never testified that he believed the

judge promised to give him life, or that his attorneys assured him the judge would

do so. In fact, Braun testified that his attorneys told him he had a “fifty-fifty

shot” in front of the judge of receiving a sentence less than death, whereas he had

only “about a ten percent shot” in front of a jury. Braun acknowledged that his

attorneys’ advice was “the best advice based on their experience, knowledge, and

qualifications.” From that advice, Braun admitted that he believed going before

the judge was his “best chance[, e]ven though it wasn’t a good one.”

Furthermore, Braun testified that he believed the judge when the judge told him

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during the plea hearing that he could receive the death penalty. Indeed, Braun

agreed with the prosecutor’s characterization that he “rolled the dice and took

[his] chances” by entering his plea.

For his part, Rowan testified at the motion to withdraw plea hearing that

Hurst told Braun the judge would be more insulated from public opinion than a

jury. Rowan also stated that the advice for Braun to plead nolo contendere was

the best advice he could give under the circumstances. Rowan did not testify that

he told Braun that the judge had promised a life sentence, or that Hurst had given

Braun that impression. Additionally, in an affidavit appended to Braun’s habeas

petition below, Rowan denied having any ex parte conversation with the judge

about Braun’s sentence. Rather, it was Rowan’s understanding that when Braun

pled nolo, that was a “blind plea that carried no assurances that Judge Walker

would return a sentence of less than death.” Rowan’s affidavit further stated that

Hurst did not attempt to persuade the judge either.

Taken together, Braun and Rowan’s testimony squarely refute Braun’s

contention that his plea was involuntary because his attorneys misled him into

thinking the judge would give him a sentence less than death if he pleaded nolo

contendere. Braun’s attorneys made no guarantees regarding his sentence. Based

upon their experience and expertise, they properly advised him that he had a

better shot in front of the judge. See McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 770

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(1970) (“Waiving trial entails the inherent risk that the good-faith evaluations of a

reasonably competent attorney will turn out to be mistaken either as to the facts or

as to what a court’s judgment might be on given facts. That a guilty plea must be

intelligently made is not a requirement that all advice offered by the defendant’s

lawyer withstand retrospective examination in a post-conviction hearing.”);

Wellnitz v. Page, 420 F.2d 935, 936-37 (10th Cir. 1970) (“An erroneous sentence

estimate by defense counsel does not render a plea involuntary. And a

defendant’s erroneous expectation, based on his attorney’s erroneous estimate,

likewise does not render a plea involuntary.”) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is

clear that Braun knew when he was entering his plea that he was taking his

chances. His current claim to the contrary fails to convince us.

The OCCA’s decision that Braun’s plea was voluntary was not contrary to,

or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined

by the Supreme Court, and it did not involve an unreasonable determination of the

facts in light of the evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Accordingly, we reject

Braun’s claim that his plea was involuntary, and affirm the district court denial of

habeas relief on this claim. 7

7
In a subsidiary point, Braun argues that it was per se ineffective assistance
of counsel to allow Braun to enter the plea “blind,” that is, without a guarantee of
the sentence. Braun does not cite any case law for this proposition, but rather
relies on ABA Guidelines on guilty pleas, which discourage blind pleas in death
(continued...)

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 CONCLUSION

The district court’s denial of Braun’s petition for the writ of habeas corpus

is AFFIRMED.

7
(...continued)
penalty cases. The OCCA found this claim waived when Braun attempted to raise
it for the first time in his state post-conviction proceeding. The OCCA also ruled
this claim barred by res judicata, because the basis for the claim (ineffective
counsel for advising Braun to enter the plea) was raised on direct appeal. See
Braun II, 937 P.2d at 511. Braun fails to address the state court findings of
procedural default and res judicata. Therefore, this argument deserves no further
comment, other than the observation that Braun’s recognition that he entered his
plea blind undercuts his claim that he pleaded nolo contendere under the
impression he would receive a sentence less than death.
Additionally, as with his waiver of counsel claim, Braun argues on the
involuntary plea claim that he was denied a full and fair hearing in front of the
Oklahoma courts and the district court, and that Oklahoma failed to follow its
own law in denying Braun his motion to withdraw plea. We dismiss these claims
as without merit.

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