United States v. Cryar

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT
Byron White United States Courthouse
1823 Stout Street
Denver, Colorado 80257
(303) 844-3157
Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk

November 29, 2000

TO: ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE OPINION

RE: 00-6053, United States v. Cryar
Filed on November 20, 2000

The court’s slip opinion contains a typographical error on page 15, last full
sentence on the page. The age reference in the sentence is corrected to read “a
victim under 12 years old.” The corrected sentence now reads as follows:

The jury was instructed that the government must demonstrate that the
defendant (1) crossed a State line with (2) the intent to commit a sexual
act with a victim under 12 years old.

A copy of the corrected page 15 is attached.

Sincerely,

Patrick Fisher, Clerk of Court

By:
Keith Nelson
Deputy Clerk

encl.
 F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

NOV 20 2000
PUBLISH
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 00-6053

JOHN GARLAND CRYAR,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Western District of Oklahoma
(D.C. No. CR-99-126-R)

William P. Earley, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellant.

Daniel G. Webber, Jr., United States Attorney, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,
for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR , KELLY , and HENRY , Circuit Judges.
HENRY , Circuit Judge.

Mr. John Garland Cryar was indicted in the Western District of

Oklahoma on four counts: (1) counts one and three charged that on two

occasions in June 1999, Mr. Cryar crossed the state line between Texas

and Oklahoma with the intent to engage in a sexual act with a six-year old

girl in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c); (2) counts two and four charged

that Mr. Cryar knowingly transported child pornography in interstate

commerce in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1). Mr. Cryar pleaded

guilty to counts two and four (the pornography counts) and was tried on

the attempted sexual abuse counts. At the close of the government’s case

Mr. Cryar moved for a judgment of acquittal, alleging that the government

failed to prove his travel from Texas to Oklahoma was for the dominant

purpose of having sex with a minor and that the district court lacked

venue. The district court overruled the motions.

Mr. Cryar was convicted on the sexual abuse counts and sentenced

to 144 months on all four counts and five years of supervised release, and

received a special assessment of $400.00.

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 Mr. Cryar appeals (1) the overruling of the motion for judgment of

acquittal for lack of venue; (2) the district court’s refusal to give Mr.

Cryar’s proffered instruction on venue; (3) the sufficiency of the evidence

to support the attempted sexual abuse convictions; and (4) the district

court’s calculation of his base offense level. For the reasons set forth

below, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Mr. Cryar’s convictions stemmed from a relationship with Daniel

Sharpton, whom Mr. Cryar met while serving a federal sentence for

possession of child pornography. In May 1999, after tornados damaged a

large part of the Oklahoma City area, Mr. Cryar, residing in Texas,

contacted Mr. Sharpton and they commenced an informal roofing business

relationship where Mr. Cryar would travel to Oklahoma City and perform

roofing estimates and inspections.

During that month, Mr. Sharpton testified that Mr. Cryar told Mr.

Sharpton how he liked “really young” girls from ages four to ten and that

Mr. Cryar told him of various experiences with young girls. Upon

meeting Mr. Sharpton’s six year old sister-in-law in Oklahoma, Mr. Cryar

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expressed an interest in babysitting her alone. Mr. Cryar stated that he

had no interest in babysitting her seven year old brother. Mr. Sharpton

testified that Mr. Cryar spoke of his sexual experiences with female

children on various occasions.

In late May 1999, Mr. Cryar returned to his home in Texas. At that

time, Mr. Sharpton, awaiting sentencing for a bank fraud conviction,

contacted his probation officer about Mr. Cryar’s conversations. The

probation officer put him in touch with the Federal Bureau of

Investigation. Mr. Sharpton informed the FBI of these and other similar

conversations with Mr. Cryar. Mr. Sharpton agreed to have audio and

video surveillance equipment installed in his truck. Beginning on May 30,

1999, Mr. Sharpton proceeded to record telephone conversations with Mr.

Cryar while Mr. Cryar was in Texas. When Mr. Cryar returned to

Oklahoma, and the two traveled between jobs, Mr. Sharpton recorded

these conversations as well.

The audio and video recordings were admitted at trial as exhibits,

and contained several conversations revolving around Mr. Cryar’s sexual

experiences with female children. On several occasions, Mr. Cryar

encouraged Mr. Sharpton to arrange a daytime or overnight visit with Mr.

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Sharpton’s six year old sister-in-law. On June 8, 1999, Mr. Cryar traveled

again to Oklahoma from Texas and he and Mr. Sharpton discussed Mr.

Cryar’s desire to babysit Mr. Sharpton’s sister-in-law at his hotel for

either an afternoon or overnight. After Mr. Sharpton appeared to

acquiesce to the visit, Mr. Cryar offered suggestions about the specific

arrangements to reduce suspicion by the child’s mother.

On June 9, 1999, pursuant to instructions from the FBI, Mr.

Sharpton told Mr. Cryar he could pick up Mr. Sharpton’s sister-in-law

from the Oklahoma City Zoo and babysit her for the remainder of the

afternoon. The FBI arrested Mr. Cryar upon his arrival at the zoo. The

FBI seized receipts indicating that on the two dates charged in the

indictment, Mr. Cryar drove from his hometown of Conroe, Texas, to

Dallas, Texas and to Oklahoma City on Interstate 35. The FBI also

recovered additional materials containing child pornography from Mr.

Cryar’s truck.

II. DISCUSSION

Mr. Cryar presents four contentions on appeal: (1) that because he

crossed state lines and entered the State of Oklahoma in the Eastern

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District of Oklahoma, the Western District of Oklahoma was the improper

venue for this proceeding; (2) that the district court should have given his

proffered instruction regarding the crossing of state lines; (3) that there

was insufficient evidence to support his conviction; and (4) that the

district court erred when it calculated his base offense level. We shall

consider each contention in turn.

A. Venue

Article III of the Constitution generally requires that the trial of any

crime be held in the state where the crime was committed. U.S. Const.

Art. III, § 2, cl. 3. The Sixth Amendment further requires that “[i]n all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and

public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime

shall have been committed.”

Our determination of venue raises matters that touch closely the
fair administration of criminal justice and public confidence in
it, on which it ultimately rests. These are important factors in any
consideration of the effective enforcement of the criminal law.
They have been adverted to, from time to time, by eminent
judges; and Congress has not been unmindful of them. Questions
of venue in criminal cases, therefore, are not merely matters of
formal legal procedure. They raise deep issues of public policy
in the light of which legislation must be construed.

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United States v. Johnson , 323 U.S. 273, 275 (1944). Fed. R. Crim. P. 18

reinforces these directives: “[e]xcept as otherwise permitted by statute or

by these rules, the prosecution shall be had in a district in which the

offense was committed.”

The statute at issue, 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c), does not contain a specific

venue provision. Where no venue provision is present, “the place at

which the crime was committed ‘must be determined from the nature of

the crime alleged and the location of the act or acts constituting it .’”

United States v. Medina-Ramos , 834 F.2d 874, 876 (10th Cir. 1987)

(quoting United States v. Anderson , 328 U.S. 699, 703 (1946)) (emphasis

added); see United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno , 526 U.S. 275, 279 (1999)

(“In performing this inquiry, a court must initially identify the conduct

constituting the offense (the nature of the crime) and then discern the

location of the commission of the criminal acts.”); United States v.

Cabrales , 524 U.S. 1, 6-7 (1998) (stating that the “‘locus delicti’ [of the

charged offense] must be determined from the nature of the crime alleged

and the location of the act or acts constituting it”).

1. Nature of the crime

Chapter 109A, entitled “Sexual Abuse,” reads:

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 Aggravated sexual Abuse
(a) By force or threat.--Whoever, in the special maritime and
territorial jurisdiction of the United States or in a Federal prison,
knowingly causes another person to engage in a sexual act--
(1) by using force against that other person; or
(2) by threatening or placing that other person in
fear that any person will be subjected to death,
serious bodily injury, or kidnapping;
or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned
for any term of years or life, or both.
...

(c) With children.-- Whoever crosses a State line with intent to
engage in a sexual act with a person who has not attained the
age of 12 years, or in the special maritime and territorial
jurisdiction of the United States or in a Federal prison,
knowingly engages in a sexual act with another person who
has not attained the age of 12 years, or knowingly engages in a
sexual act under the circumstances described in subsections
(a) and (b) with another person who has attained the age of 12
years but has not attained the age of 16 years (and is at least 4
years younger than the person so engaging), or attempts to do
so, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for any term of
years or life, or both.

18 U.S.C. § 2241(a), (c) (emphasis added). The legislative history

indicates that the nature of the offense to be criminalized is the

performance or attempted performance of sexual acts with children, and

not the crossing of state lines: “This legislation would establish new

Federal jurisdiction over sexual offenses against children when a person

commits a crime after crossing state lines with the intent of committing a

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sex offense.” 142 Cong. Rec. S8636-03, at S8639 (daily ed. July 24,

1996) (statement of Sen. Hutchinson).

We often examine the verbs used in an ambiguous or incomplete

statute in order to define the offense. See Medina-Ramos , 834 F.2d at 876

(interpreting 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), which has no venue provision, and

noting that “[c]ourts usually examine the verbs employed in the statute to

define the offense”). The defendant argues that utilization of the so-called

“verb test” suggests that the act of one who “crosses, ” that is, the

crossing, is the overt act which Congress intended to criminalize. But, as

the Supreme Court has made clear, the verb test is merely an interpretive

device, and is not to be given primacy over other interpretive methods.

See United States v. Rodriguez-Moreno , 526 U.S. at 279-80. As in

Rodriguez-Moreno , the application of the verb test here would “unduly

limit[] the inquiry into the nature of the offense, and thereby creates a

danger that certain conduct prohibited by the statute will be missed.” See

also 142 Cong. Rec. at S8639; cf. Medina-Ramos , 834 F.2d at 876.

To prove the charged violation in this case, the government was

required to show that Mr. Cryar crossed stated lines with the intent to

engage in a sexual act with a child under twelve, and that he attempted to

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do so. As the Supreme Court determined in Rodriguez-Moreno , the

positioning of the “intent” and “attempt” elements of the statute as part of

prepositional phrases and not as stand alone verbs “does not dissuade us

from concluding that [Mr. Cryar’s intent and attempt] were essential

conduct elements.” 526 U.S. at 280. In sum, we interpret § 2241(c) to

contain distinct conduct elements that are relevant here: the crossing of

state lines, the intent to engage in the sexual act and the attempt to do so.

2. The location of the acts constituting the offense.

These discrete conduct elements compel us to conclude that

Congress intended the criminal statute to be treated as a continuing

offense, rather than as an offense that can occur only at one point in time.

See United States v. Payne , 978 F.2d 1177, 1180 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding

that the continuing offense doctrine should be applied only in those

circumstances in which the “explicit language of the substantive criminal

statute compels such a conclusion, or the nature of the crime involved is

such that Congress must assuredly have intended that it be treated as a

continuing one ”) (internal quotation omitted) (emphasis supplied).

The continuing nature of the offense invokes the federal continuing

offense statute that states:

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 (a) Except as otherwise expressly provided by enactment of
Congress, any offense against the United States begun in one
district and completed in another, or committed in more than
one district, may be inquired of and prosecuted in any district
in which such offense was begun, continued, or completed. . . .

18 U.S.C. § 3237(a). Here, the offense was completed in the Western

District of Oklahoma and, as such, was properly prosecuted there.

The government’s analogy to the case of United States v. Cores, 356

U.S. 405 (1958), is instructive. In Cores , the Supreme Court held that an

alien crewman, who had willfully remained in the United States in excess

of the 29 days that were allowed to him by his landing permit, could be

prosecuted in any district through which he passed after the permit had

expired. See id. at 407. Although the crime was complete at the moment

the permit expired, it continued so long as the alien traveled through the

United States with the willful intent to remain here.

Likewise, in this case, venue might arguably exist at the moment of

crossing state lines, if the intent and attempt elements were also present.

But the crime certainly continued under the statute until the attempt was

interrupted, and could be prosecuted in the venue where the interruption

occurred. It is certainly not the crossing alone but the crossing in order to

engage in sexual activity with underage persons that is criminal. After the

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crossing of state lines, any district in which the completion of the crime

occurs has venue. As the government points out, Mr. Cryar does not

dispute or controvert that he traveled into the Western District of

Oklahoma on or about the dates charged; that his intended victim was

located there; that his incriminating statements were made there; or that he

was apprehended at the Oklahoma City Zoo after being told he would have

a chance to be alone there with the child.

This case is also analogous to United States v. Jackson, 482 F.2d

1167 (10th Cir. 1973). Under 21 U.S.C. § 952(a), the importation of

certain controlled substances into the United States is prohibited. That

statute, like § 2241, does not fix venue explicitly, and the defendant

argued that Colorado, the destination site of the drugs in question, did not

have venue because the crime was completed when the drugs had been

smuggled into California. Noting that the crime could have been

prosecuted in California, we cited Cores for the proposition that venue lies

in any district used by the defendant to complete his crime. As we have

reasoned above, we agree with the district court that this statute is

properly thought of as a continuing offense, and thus venue is proper in

the Western District of Oklahoma where the defendant sought to complete

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his crime. See Medina-Ramos , 834 F.2d at 876-77 (considering

constructive possession and venue, and determining that “the acts and

ability giving rise to constructive possession [of the contraband] can only

take place where the possessor is physically present.”).

B. Instructing the jury on venue

Mr. Cryar next argues that the district court erred by failing to

instruct the jury on venue, specifically by failing to give his proffered

venue instruction. Venue is a fact question, normally decided by the jury.

See United States v. Miller , 111 F.3d 747, 749 (10th Cir. 1997). Venue

must be proved, as it is an element of the offense, but it need only be

proved in this circuit by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 749-50.

Failure to instruct on venue is not reversible, however, if the jury verdict

by necessity incorporated the findings of venue. United States v. Byrne ,

171 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 1999); Miller , 111 F.3d at 751 (stating that

“failure to instruct on venue, when requested, is reversible error unless it

is beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury’s guilty verdict on the charged

offense necessarily incorporates a finding of proper venue”).

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 The defendant’s proposed jury instruction in this case was

improper. 1
Mr. Cryar suggests that the definition of the essential elements

of counts one and three includes “[t]hat the offense of crossing the state

line occurred in the Western District of Oklahoma.” Rec. vol. I, doc. 44.

This is simply a replay of his first argument.

The government is correct that the last clause of the defendant’s

proffered instruction carried the implicit direction that the “crossing”

referred to in the statute was a venue-setting event, which we have already

1
The district court gave the following instruction as to the essential
elements of counts one and three of the indictment:

In order to sustain its burden of proof for the crime of crossing a
State line with intent to engage in a sexual act with a person under the age
of 12 years, the Government must prove the following essential elements
beyond a reasonable doubt:

First: That the Defendant crossed a state line;
Second: That the Defendant did so with the intent to commit a
sexual act with a person under 12 years old.

With regard to the second element listed above, you are instructed
that illicit activity with Jane Doe need not be the sole or primary purpose
for traveling across state lines. It is sufficient if the intent to commit a
sexual act with Jane Doe was one of the Defendant’s efficient and
compelling purposes, or one the of the Defendant’s dominant purposes, in
making the trip.

Rec. vol. I, doc. 47.
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shown is incorrect. Thus, the district court was correct to refuse giving

this erroneous instruction. As noted above, the government is also correct

that the facts establishing the attempted completion of the continuing

crime in Oklahoma City were not, in fact, contested. Thus, the verdict by

necessity incorporated the findings of venue, and is not reversible error.

C. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Mr. Cryar next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence at trial to

support his conviction. In reviewing sufficiency of the evidence, we

review the record de novo and ask only, when taking the evidence together

with reasonable inferences drawn from it in the light most favorable to the

government, a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Beers , 189 F.3d 1297,

1301 (10th Cir. 1999).

Specifically, Mr. Cryar contends that the dominant purpose of his

crossing the state line from Texas to Oklahoma was to earn a living, and

not to commit a sexual act. The jury was instructed that the government

must demonstrate that the defendant (1) crossed a State line with (2) the

intent to commit a sexual act with a victim under 12 years old. The

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instruction continued to state that “illicit sexual activity” need not be the

“sole or primary purpose,” but was “sufficient if the intent to commit a

sexual act . . . was one of the Defendant’s efficient and compelling

purposes, or one of the Defendant’s dominant purposes” for traveling

across state lines. Rec. vol 1, doc. 47. 2

Our review of the record determined there was ample evidence for a

jury to determine that a motivating or dominant purpose of Mr. Cryar’s

travels to Oklahoma was to spend time with and attempt to engage in

sexual acts with a child under twelve years old. Cf. United States v.

Vang , 128 F.3d 1065, 1071-72 (7th Cir. 1997) (explaining that under the

2
On this issue, the government disputes the above instruction by the
district court and contends that the instruction raised the bar of proof for
the government from demonstrating a mere intent to engage in illicit
sexual activity, to demonstrating that the dominant purpose of the travel
was to engage in that activity. Section 2241(c) states that “intent,” not
“dominant purpose,” is required. The government suggests that the trial
court was misled by United States v. Meacham , 115 F.3d 1488, 1495 (10th
Cir. 1997) when it instructed the jury. Meacham interpreted the statutory
successor to the Mann Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2423, which refers to the
interstate traveler’s “dominant purpose.” The Meacham court held that
“illicit sexual activity need not be the only purpose for interstate travel; it
is sufficient if it was one of the defendant’s ‘efficient and compelling
purposes.’” (internal citation omitted). Although the government’s
argument has logical appeal, we need not decide it to affirm this
conviction. If the jury convicted Mr. Cryar of violating the higher
standard in the court’s instruction, it of necessity convicted him of the
lower intent standard.
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Mann Act, immoral conduct need not be the sole reason for transportation,

nor need it “be the most important of defendant’s reasons when multiple

purposes are present”) (internal quotation omitted). Specifically, Mr.

Cryar explained several occasions where he engaged in sexual experiences

with young girls; he expressed an interest in spending time alone with Mr.

Sharpton’s sister-in-law for the purpose of engaging in sexual acts, and

his fascination with pornographic material involving children is

undisputed. Accordingly, we affirm Mr. Cryar’s convictions under §

2241(c).

D. Sentencing Calculation

Mr. Cryar’s final challenge is to the district court’s application of

USSG §2A3.1 3
when it computed Mr. Cryar’s offense level. That section

3
§2A3.1 reads in part:

CRIMINAL SEXUAL ABUSE; ATTEMPT TO COMMIT CRIMINAL
SEXUAL ABUSE

(a) Base Offense Level: 27
(b) Specific Offense Characteristics

(1) If the offense was committed by the means set forth in 18 U.S.C. §
2241(a) or (b) (including, but not limited to, the use or display of any
(continued...)

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applies to offenses “committed by the means set forth in 18 U.S.C. §

2241(a) or (b).” USSG §2A3.1(b). Mr. Cryar contends that the proper

offense conduct level should have been calculated under USSG §2X1.1,

which applies to general attempt, solicitation or conspiracy offenses that

are not covered by a specific offense guideline. See USSG §2X1.1(c)

(stating “[w]hen an attempt, solicitation, or conspiracy is expressly

covered by another offense guideline section, apply that guideline

section.”). That §2A3.1 applies to § 2241(c) is not in dispute. See USSG

App. A.

The success of Mr. Cryar’s offense level challenge is dictated by our

above interpretation of § 2241(c) crimes. Mr. Cryar’s challenge to the

application of §2A3.1(b) stems from the faulty premise that § 2241(c)

3
(...continued)
dangerous weapon), increase by 4 levels.

(2) (A) If the victim had not attained the age of twelve years, increase
by 4 levels; or (B) if the victim had attained the age of twelve years but
had not attained the age of sixteen years, increase by 2 levels.

(3) If the victim was (A) in the custody, care, or supervisory control of
the defendant; or (B) a person held in the custody of a correctional
facility, increase by 2 levels.

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criminalizes behavior at the point in time of the crossing of the State line.

Because at the time of crossing, Mr. Cryar made no attempt to engage in a

sexual act with a child, the argument continues, §2X1.1 is the applicable

guideline section. Once again we note that Mr. Cryar was not convicted

of crossing state lines while holding impure thoughts, but rather he was

convicted of the crossing of state lines with the intent to engage or

attempt to engage in a sexual act with a person under the age of twelve.

The district court did not err when it calculated Mr. Cryar’s offense level

under USSG §2A3.1.

For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the

district court.

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