F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
DEC 17 2002
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 02-8023
v. (D.C. No. 01-CR-03-B)
(D. Wyo.)
SERGIO PINUELAS-SAUCEDA, also
known as Marco Antonio Magnino,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
Before BRISCOE , Circuit Judge, BRORBY , Senior Circuit Judge, and HARTZ ,
Circuit Judge.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and
judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Defendant Sergio Pinuelas-Sauceda pleaded guilty to illegal reentry of a
previously deported alien, and also entered a conditional guilty plea to one count
of possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841, subject to his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to
suppress. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(a)(2) (conditional pleas). On appeal defendant
contends that the district court erred by not suppressing evidence obtained as a
result of a warrant issued to search the house where he was arrested in
Torrington, Wyoming. In particular, defendant argues that the warrant was based
on “stale” information and on unreliable statements from a police informant. We
affirm.
I. Background
Beginning in August 2000, law enforcement officers began an investigation
into methamphetamine trafficking in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. Between
August and December of 2000, officers made three controlled buys of
methamphetamine from Anna Adams. Adams was arrested on December 10,
2000, and agreed to cooperate with the police by providing statements identifying
her supplier.
Adams admitted buying at least four pounds of methamphetamine over the
preceding three to six months from a man she knew as “Kia-amo,” from Phoenix,
Arizona. Adams stated that she traveled to Phoenix on numerous occasions to
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buy half-pound to one-pound amounts of methamphetamine from Kia-amo, paying
between $7,000 to $8,000 per pound.
Adams stated that she also met with Kia-amo and his associates to buy
methamphetamine at a trailer house located at 527 E. 3rd in Torrington,
Wyoming. Adams admitted buying methamphetamine from Kia-amo at that
location on December 9, 2000, the day before her arrest and interview. She stated
that she bought two ounces of methamphetamine that day, but that she saw
approximately two pounds of the drug in the house. Adams also admitted that
$4,200 in cash found in her car at the time of her arrest belonged to Kia-amo, and
that she had been instructed to send the money to one of Kia-amo’s associates in
Phoenix.
Adams stated that she did not know Kia-amo’s real identity, but that she
had seen a Mexico identification card with the name Mauricio Moreno. She also
stated that she had traded two cars to Kia-amo in exchange for drugs within the
past six months. Further, Adams said that Kia-amo and two of his associates were
currently in Room 12 of the Sands Motel in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. According to
Adams, one of the two bartered vehicles was parked outside that motel. The other
car, she said, was parked outside the trailer house in Torrington. Finally, based
on her association with Kia-amo, Adams stated that she believed Kia-amo was a
large-scale drug trafficker.
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Acting on this information, officers went to Room 12 of the Sands Motel,
where they found three Hispanic men. One of the men had an identification card
with the name Mauricio Moreno. That man told officers that a vehicle parked
outside the motel belonged to him, although it was registered to Adams. Police
arrested the three men after determining they were in the United States illegally.
Later that day police transported Adams to Torrington, Wyoming,
where they met Special Agent Propps of the Wyoming Division of Criminal
Investigation. Adams identified the trailer house at 527 E. 3rd as the house in
which she bought methamphetamine. Additionally, she identified a car parked in
the driveway of that house as one of the two vehicles she traded to Kia-amo for
drugs.
The next day, December 11, 2000, Special Agent Propps prepared an
affidavit requesting a warrant to search the house at 527 E. 3rd for
methamphetamine and for paraphernalia commonly associated with the sale and
use of the drug. The affidavit included a narrative of events surrounding Adams’
arrest as well as her statements to police and subsequent identification of the
house and car in Torrington. The warrant was issued and executed the same day,
resulting in the seizure of a quantity of methamphetamine. During the search,
police arrested defendant attempting to flee the house. He was subsequently
charged with illegal reentry of a previously deported alien, in violation of 8
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U.S.C. § 1326, and of possession with intent to distribute more than 500 grams of
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841.
Defendant moved to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to the search
warrant arguing, among other things , that the information in the affidavit was
impermissibly stale and that Adams’ incriminating statements were unreliable.
The district court rejected those arguments and denied the motion. Defendant
ultimately pleaded guilty to both counts, reserving the right to appeal the district
court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Defendant was sentenced, and now
appeals the court’s ruling on the motion.
II. Standard of Review
A judge’s task in assessing whether probable cause exists to issue a search
warrant
is simply to make a practical, common-sense decision whether, given
all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, including
the “veracity” and “basis of knowledge” of persons supplying
hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or
evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.
Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). “[A] magistrate judge’s decision to
issue a warrant is entitled to great deference from the reviewing court.”
United States v. Tuter , 240 F.3d 1292, 1295 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks
omitted), cert. denied , 122 S. Ct. 195 (2001). “Accordingly, we need only ask
whether, under the totality of the circumstances presented in the affidavit, the
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magistrate judge had a substantial basis for determining that probable cause
existed.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Gates , 462 U.S. at 238-
39. Probable cause exists when the affidavit “sets forth facts that would lead a
prudent person to believe there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of
a crime will be found in a particular place.” United States v. Basham , 268 F.3d
1199, 1203 (10th Cir. 2001), cert. denied , 122 S. Ct. 1336 (2002). When
reviewing the district court’s denial of a motion to suppress, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government and accept the district
court’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. But the ultimate
determination of reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment is reviewed de
novo. Id.
III. Staleness
Defendant first contends that the information contained in the affidavit was
stale because Adams’ observation of drugs in the Torrington, Wyoming, house
was two days before the execution of the warrant. We have held that “[p]robable
cause to search cannot be based on stale information that no longer suggests that
the items sought will be found in the place to be searched.” United States v.
Snow, 919 F.2d 1458, 1459 (10th Cir. 1990). To determine whether information
is stale, however, we look not only at the element of time, but also at “the nature
of the criminal activity, the length of the activity, and the nature of the property
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to be seized.” Id. at 1460 (internal quotation marks omitted). In particular,
“where the affidavit properly recites facts indicating activity of a protracted and
continuous nature, a course of conduct, the passage of time becomes less
significant.” United States v. Johnson , 461 F.2d 285, 287 (10th Cir. 1972).
In the present case we agree with the district court that the information
used to support the warrant was not impermissibly stale. In addition to the
relatively brief period of time between Adams’ observation and the execution of
the warrant, cf. Andresen v. Maryland , 427 U.S. 463, 478-79 n.9 (1976) (noting
three-month time lapse was not unreasonable under the circumstances); Johnson ,
461 F.2d at 287 (holding that information obtained three weeks before affidavit
was filed was not stale), the affidavit contains information evidencing a large-
scale and continuing drug distribution operation. The affidavit recounts
a three-month criminal investigation into Adams’ drug activity. The affidavit also
contains Adams’ statements that she had purchased methamphetamine on
“numerous occasions” (totaling at least four pounds of the drug) over the past
three to six months from the man whom she believed rented the Torrington,
Wyoming, house. Additionally, the affidavit indicates Adams and Kia-amo
routinely dealt with large amounts of cash; Adams stated she paid Kia-amo $7,000
to $8,000 per pound of methamphetamine and admitted she was holding $4,200
for his benefit at the time of her arrest. The cumulative nature of this
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information, coupled with Adams’ statement of seeing a two-pound supply of
methamphetamine at the Torrington house during her most recent purchase, is
enough to suggest that the items listed in the warrant were likely to be found in
the place to be searched. See United States v. $149,442.43 in U.S. Currency ,
965 F.2d 868, 873 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that evidence of past drug activity,
coupled with recent purchases with large amounts of cash, demonstrated “a strong
probability of continuous ongoing criminal involvement covering a broad span of
time”). Thus, we conclude that the warrant was not based on stale information.
IV. Informant Reliability
Defendant next contends that Adams’ incriminating statements to the police
were unreliable. “We evaluate informant information for probable cause in a
search warrant affidavit under the ‘totality of the circumstances’ test.”
United States v. Sturmoski , 971 F.2d 452, 457 (10th Cir. 1992) (quoting Gates ,
462 U.S. at 238). In his brief on appeal, defendant challenges the affidavit’s
validity based on the lack of an attestation that Adams was reliable. But “even if
we entertain some doubt as to an informant’s motives, h[er] explicit and detailed
description of alleged wrongdoing, along with a statement that the event was
observed first-hand, entitles h[er] tip to greater weight than might otherwise be
the case.” Gates , 462 U.S. at 234. Thus, the detail of Adams’ information lends
it substantial credibility. In addition, we have held that “there is no need for a
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declaration of the reliability of an informant when the informant’s information is
corroborated by other information.” Sturmoski , 971 F.2d at 457. An informant’s
allegations of criminal conduct may be corroborated by independent verification
of facts not in themselves incriminatory, because such verification provides a
“substantial basis for crediting” the incriminating allegation. Gates , 462 U.S. at
245 (internal quotations marks deleted). See Draper v. United States , 358 U.S.
307, 309-10, 312-13 (1959). In the present case, the district court concluded that
Adams’ statements concerning methamphetamine sales in the Torrington house
were independently verified by the following information:
1) on December 10, 2000, [police officers] went to room number 12
at the Sands Motel and contacted three Hispanic males, one of whom
was carrying a Mexico Identification card with the name Mauricio
Moreno; 2) [police officers] located a vehicle registered to [Adams]
parked outside room number 12; and 3) the man carrying the Mexico
Identification card with the name Mauricio Moreno told [police
officers] that the vehicle registered to [Adams] was in fact his
vehicle.
R., Vol. 1, Doc. 70 at 14. Moreover, the affidavit for the warrant states that
officers determined that the utilities for the Torrington house were in the name of
Ed Perez, thereby confirming Adams’ statement that the landlord was a man
named “Ed” with an Hispanic last name. Hence, we conclude that the issuing
judge could properly credit Adams’ allegations of criminal activity.
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V. Conclusion
Because we conclude that the judge had a substantial basis for finding
probable cause to issue the warrant, the judgment of the United States District
Court for the District of Wyoming is AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
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