F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
JUN 25 2003
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 02-4223
JERASON KUPFER, (D.C. No. 00-CR-591-DKW)
(D. Utah)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before KELLY, BRISCOE and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered
submitted without oral argument.
Defendant Jerason Kupfer appeals his sentence arguing the district court erred in
its application of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(B). We affirm.
The underlying facts of this case are set forth in detail in the district court’s order.
*
This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders
and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
ROA Vol. I, Doc. 66. Defendant pled guilty to possession of an unregistered firearm in
violation of 26 U.S.C. § 5861(d). At sentencing, the district court increased his offense
level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(B) after finding defendant used an unregistered
firearm in connection with the commission of another offense which resulted in death.
Defendant was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 46 months followed by 36 months
of supervised release.
Defendant contends the district court erred in (1) rejecting his claim of self defense
and, alternatively, (2) in applying the base offense level for voluntary manslaughter rather
than for involuntary manslaughter. We review for clear error the district court’s factual
findings regarding sentencing and review de novo its legal interpretation of the
Guidelines. United States v. Maldonado-Acosta, 210 F.3d 1182, 1183 (10th Cir. 2000).
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(c)(1)(B) states:
(c) Cross Reference
(1) If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or
ammunition in connection with the commission or attempted
commission of another offense . . . apply--
....
(B) if death resulted, the most analogous
offense guideline from Chapter Two, Part A,
Subpart 1 (Homicide), if the resulting offense
level is greater than that determined above.
Thus, in order for this section to apply, the government must establish by a preponderance
of the evidence that defendant used a firearm in connection with the commission or
attempted commission of a crime which resulted in death. See United States v.
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Farnsworth, 92 F.3d 1001, 1010 (10th Cir. 1996). The district court concluded that the
cross reference applied because defendant used a firearm in the commission of the crimes
of assault, aggravated assault, and voluntary manslaughter. Defendant argues he acted in
self defense when he shot and killed the victim.
We agree with the district court and reject defendant’s claim of self defense.
Under Utah law, a “person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or
serious bodily injury only if he or she reasonably believes that force is necessary to
prevent death or serious bodily injury.” Utah Code Ann. § 76-2-402(1). Further, “[a]
person is not justified in using force . . . if he or she . . . was the aggressor or was engaged
in a combat by agreement.” Id. § 76-2-402(2)(c)(i). Here, the record demonstrates that
defendant had no reason to reasonably believe that deadly force was necessary to prevent
death or serious bodily injury to himself or anyone else. Notwithstanding the heated
telephone exchange between defendant and the victim, there is no evidence the victim
made any verbal or physical threats toward defendant when he arrived at defendant’s
residence. Indeed, when the victim arrived, he stated that he “just want[ed] to party” and
even invited defendant to join them. ROA Vol. II at 113. Further, the evidence shows it
was defendant and not the victim who was the aggressor. During their telephone
conversation, defendant threatened the victim with the use of a firearm and dared the
victim to “come on down.” Id. at 114. After the victim arrived, defendant approached
him brandishing a sawed-off shotgun. It was not until after this threatening behavior that
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the victim started “back pedaling” and displayed and discharged his handgun. Id. at 66.
Moreover, even if we did not conclude that defendant was the aggressor, we would agree
with the district court’s conclusion that defendant and the victim “were, at the very least,
engaged in mutual combat which would also preclude application of self defense.” ROA
Vol. I, Doc. 66 at 10. We conclude the district court did not err in rejecting defendant’s
claim of self defense.
Alternatively, defendant argues the district court erred in using the Sentencing
Guidelines range for voluntary manslaughter rather than the range for involuntary
manslaughter. Initially, we note that when the sentencing court applies the most
analogous offense guideline, “a perfect match is not required.” United States v. Fortier,
180 F.3d 1217, 1229 (10th Cir. 1999).
Involuntary manslaughter “is the unlawful killing of a human being without
malice. . . [i]n the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony, or in the
commission in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection, of a
lawful act which might produce death.” 18 U.S.C. § 1112(a). Defendant’s conduct was
both unlawful and a felony. In contrast, voluntary manslaughter “is the unlawful killing
of a human being without malice . . . [u]pon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion.” 18
U.S.C. § 1112(a). The evidence revealed that defendant was involved in a heated
telephone exchange with the victim and challenged him to “come on down.” ROA Vol. II
at 114. Further, shortly after the victim arrived, defendant learned the victim had
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allegedly sexually assaulted defendant’s sister. Defendant then approached the victim
brandishing the sawed-off shotgun. Based on these facts, we conclude that voluntary
manslaughter is the most analogous homicide guideline.
AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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