F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
AUG 29 2003
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 02-1563
v. (D.C. No. 02-CR-239-N)
(D. Colo.)
EDWARD KOSKEY,
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges. **
Defendant-Appellant Edward Koskey pled guilty to misuse of a social
security number to commit fraud, in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(7)(B). Mr.
Koskey was sentenced to 24 months of imprisonment, three years of supervised
release, and was ordered to pay restitution of $33,511. On appeal, Mr. Koskey
argues that the district court incorrectly applied U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1 (Nov. 2000) in
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
computing the amount of loss from the fraudulent scheme. Specifically, Mr.
Koskey argues that the district court calculated his sentence based upon an eight-
level upward adjustment for the amount of loss ($306,222) when the correct
adjustment should have only been four levels corresponding to an amount of loss
of $33,511. Mr. Koskey does not contest $31,222 of the loss amount resulting
from fraudulent benefits received from the Social Security Administration; rather,
his contention is that even though the face value of the counterfeit checks was
$275,000, the district court should have only added $2,289 to the uncontested
portion of loss, for a total loss of $33,511 ($31,222 + $2,289). The district court
relied upon the uncontested portion of the loss plus the face value of the
counterfeit checks resulting in a loss of $306,222 ($31,222 + $275,000).
We review the district court’s factual determination of a U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1
loss for clear error, but the factors the district court may properly consider are
reviewed de novo. United States v. Banta, 127 F.3d 982, 983 (10th Cir. 1997);
see also United States v. Galbraith, 20 F.3d 1054, 1058 (10th Cir. 1994). Our
jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a), and we
affirm.
Section 2F1.1 applies to crimes involving fraud and deceit, including
violations of 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(7)(B). Under this guideline, the offense level is
calculated based in part on the dollar value of the loss involved in the criminal
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conduct. See U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1). If an intended loss can be determined and
it exceeds the actual loss, the court should use the intended loss to calculate the
defendant’s offense level. See id. cmt n.8 (“[I]f an intended loss that the
defendant was attempting to inflict can be determined, this figure will be used if
it is greater than the actual loss.”); United States v. Smith, 951 F.2d 1164, 1166
(10th Cir. 1991). Indeed, the commentary provides a very pertinent example:
“[I]f the fraud consisted of . . . representing that a forged check for $40,000 was
genuine, the loss would be $40,000.” U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1) cmt n.8. Note 8
also refers to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, wherein application note 2 plainly states: “In the
case of a theft of a check or money order, the loss is the loss that would have
occurred if the check or money order had been cashed.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt.
n.2. The reason the intended loss figure is used, even if it is significantly greater
than the actual loss, is to measure the magnitude of the crime at the time it was
committed. United States v. Janusz, 135 F.3d 1319, 1324 (10th Cir. 1998).
Mr. Koskey contends that the economic reality doctrine precludes the
district court’s determination as to the amount of the intended loss. See United
States v. Santiago, 977 F.2d 517, 524 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that intended loss
under § 2F1.1 cannot exceed the loss a defendant “in fact could have occasioned
if his or her fraud had been entirely successful”). The rationale of Santiago does
not apply here given the clear direction of the Sentencing Guidelines and the sums
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certain appearing on these instruments. See, e.g., United States v. Haber, 251
F.3d 881, 892-93 (10th Cir. 2001) (holding that an intended loss is economically
feasible and thus appropriate under § 2F1.1 if the defendant was “capable of
inflicting the loss and had some reasonable prospect of success”).
In the course of their misfeasance, Mr. Koskey and his wife made two
separate fraudulent deposits of counterfeit checks into an account at TCF National
Bank: one for $25,000 (of which $2,289 was withdrawn) and another for
$250,000. After the second check for $250,000 was deposited, the bank placed a
hold on all uncollected funds in the account. Mr. Koskey argued that this was
normal commercial practice, but the district court rejected this contention for lack
of evidence. Instead, the court found that the bank became suspicious.
Even though the bank acted, the economic reality doctrine does not require
a different result when it comes to intended loss. Here, the funds became
“unattainable” because the bank grew suspicious and put a hold on Mr. Koskey’s
uncollected funds, not because it was not “realistically possible” for Mr. Koskey
to inflict that amount of loss. See Aplt. Br. at 7. Here, we are dealing with sums
certain on the face of would-be commercial instruments tendered to the bank for
deposit. We agree with those courts that have relied upon the face value of such
instruments in determining intended loss. See United States v. Kipta, 212 F.3d
1049, 1052 (7th Cir. 2000) (holding that even though only $38,219 had been
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actually withdrawn, the district court correctly sentenced the defendant based
upon the total amount of the fraudulent deposits, calculated at $171,355); see
also United States v. Higgins, 270 F.3d 1070, 1074-75 (7th Cir. 2001). The
district court’s finding – that had the scheme operated as was planned the
intended loss would amount to $306,222 – is not clearly erroneous.
AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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