F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
SEP 9 2004
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
DAVID M. KORDELSKI,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 03-6080
(D.C. No. 01-CV-487-L)
LENORA JORDAN, * Warden, James (W.D. Okla.)
Crabtree Correctional Center,
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT **
Before HENRY , MURPHY , and TYMKOVICH , Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
Lenora Jordan was substituted as the proper respondent in the report and
recommendation entered by the magistrate judge on May 17, 2002.
**
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
In September 1998, petitioner-appellant David M. Kordelski was convicted
by an Oklahoma state court jury of committing the crimes of possession of a
controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute after two felony
convictions, possession of a controlled dangerous substance without a tax stamp
after two felony convictions, and possession of drug paraphernalia. Petitioner
was sentenced to serve consecutive prison terms of forty years, five years, and
one year. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) affirmed
petitioner’s convictions and sentences on direct appeal. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, petitioner subsequently filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the
United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma. The district
court denied the petition, and petitioner then filed the instant appeal in this court.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A), we granted petitioner a certificate
of appealability (COA) with respect to two issues:
1) Proposition II, “the state trial court denied Mr. Kordelski due
process of law when it allowed the prosecutor to engage in
misconduct by failing to provide exculpatory material as required by
Brady v. Maryland , [373 U.S. 83 (1963)]” and
2) Proposition IV, “Mr. Kordelski was denied due process when the
state trial court failed to sustain a motion to quash and request for
remand when the amended information [changed] the range of
punishment [and] the amendment had not been furnished to defense
counsel.”
Order filed October 20, 2003, at 1-2. We conclude that petitioner has failed to
establish that he is entitled to habeas relief based on either of these issues.
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Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of habeas relief on the issues on
which we granted a COA, and we deny a COA on all of the other issues raised by
petitioner.
I.
On December 4, 1996, four police officers from the Oklahoma City Police
Department were dispatched to investigate a possible drug transaction that was
taking place in a motel parking lot. At the time, other police officers were
conducting surveillance of the parking lot, and they reported the possible drug
transaction after observing suspicious activity. The four dispatched officers
subsequently arrived at the parking lot in two unmarked police vehicles, with
Officers French and Michael riding in one of the vehicles and Officers Bennett
and Galyon riding in the other vehicle.
At the time the four dispatched officers arrived at the parking lot, the
suspects in the possible drug transaction were leaving the parking lot in two
separate cars. Petitioner was one of the suspects, and he was driving one of the
cars, along with a woman passenger named Rhonda Jones. The other car was
being driven by a woman named Tina Duello, along with a passenger named
Donna Garth. The dispatched officers proceeded to pull over the car that
petitioner was driving, while the car being driven by Tina Duello was pulled over
by other officers.
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According to his testimony at petitioner’s trial, as the car containing
petitioner and Jones was coming to a stop, Officer French “observed a black
object to fly out of the passenger side window of the car into the grass on the side
of the roadway.” Trial Tr., Vol. 2, at 121. Officer Michael also testified that he
“saw the driver, who was later identified as Mr. Kordelski, lean to his right and
[he] saw an object fly from the vehicle.” Id. at 182. Both Officers French and
Michael also testified, however, that they did not see petitioner throw the black
object out of the car. Id. at 155, 187-88.
After the cars had come to a stop, Officer French retrieved the black object,
and he identified it at trial as being a “wallet-type object.” Id. at 121. Officer
French testified that he opened the wallet after he retrieved it, and he found that it
contained a tubular cannister, two envelopes, and two plastic baggies containing
white and tan powdery substances. Id. at 131-32. He also found that it contained
two spoons, two small knife-like objects, an empty film cannister, several empty
plastic baggies, and several syringes. Id. at 133-35. No additional drugs or
paraphernalia were found on the person of Mr. Kordelski or in the car, although
the officers found a small plastic set of scales in Jones’ purse. Id. at 148.
The dispatched officers then transported petitioner and Jones to a local
police station, and petitioner was placed under arrest and Jones in investigative
detention. Id. at 137-38. Upon arriving at the station, Officer French conducted a
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field test on a sample from the powdery substances that were found in the wallet,
and the sample tested positive for a narcotic. Id. at 138. Officer French and
Officer Bennet then took petitioner into a small room, and they read him his
Miranda rights. Id. After reading petitioner his Miranda rights, the officers
inquired as to whether petitioner was willing to speak with them and whether he
would agree to sign a written waiver of his Miranda rights. Id. at 139-40.
According to the trial testimony of both Officer French and Officer Bennett,
although petitioner refused to sign a written waiver, he agreed to speak with them,
id. at 139-40, 203-04, and he told them that he had paid an individual named
“Donna” $350.00 on the previous night to purchase an unspecified amount of
methamphetamine, id. at 140, 205. Petitioner also admitted that he had gone to
the motel parking lot to pick up the methamphetamine that the officers found in
the wallet. Id. Petitioner insisted, however, that Jones did not know anything
about the methamphetamine. Id. at 141, 205. Petitioner was then taken into
custody on the charges referenced above. No charges were ever filed against
Jones or the occupants of the other vehicle.
At petitioner’s trial, the prosecution called Officers French, Michael, and
Bennet as witnesses to testify regarding petitioner’s arrest and confession. The
prosecution also called Matthew Scott, a forensic chemist with the Oklahoma City
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Police Department. Scott testified that there were 7.2 grams of methamphetamine
in the powdery substances that were recovered from the wallet. Id., Vol. 3, at 22.
Petitioner called only one witness in his defense, and that was Tina Duello,
the driver of the other car. At the time of her testimony, Duello was serving time
in an Oklahoma state prison on charges that were unrelated to this case, and the
jury was informed of that fact. Id. at 33-34. As to the events of December 4,
1996, Duello testified that, after she and Donna Garth arrived at the motel parking
lot, Rhonda Jones got out of the other vehicle and came over and got into the back
seat of their vehicle. Id. at 34-35. According to Duello, “[Jones] got in with a
black billfold and passed Donna some money and Donna passed her a little baggie
with some powder in it, white powder or something.” Id. at 35. Duello further
testified that petitioner never came over to the vehicle. Id. at 36.
In addition to presenting the testimony of Duello, petitioner’s trial counsel
attempted throughout the trial and in his closing argument to cast doubt on the
veracity of the police officers’ testimony regarding petitioner’s confession. As
noted above, despite the testimony of Duello and petitioner’s counsel’s attempts
to challenge the confession testimony, the jury found petitioner guilty of the
crimes of possession of a controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute
after two felony convictions, possession of a controlled dangerous substance
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without a tax stamp after two felony convictions, and possession of drug
paraphernalia .
II.
A. AEDPA Deference.
The nature and extent of our review of [a state prisoner’s]
conviction are dictated by the [Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA)]. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) (2000), federal
habeas review of state convictions is limited when the state courts
have adjudicated a claim on the merits. As to such claims, the
federal courts can grant a writ of habeas only if the state adjudication
of the claim (1) “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or
involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,”
§ 2254(d)(1); or (2) “resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the State court proceeding,” § 2254(d)(2).
Cook v. McKune , 323 F.3d 825, 829 (10th Cir. 2003). This limitation on our
review is known as “AEDPA deference.”
As explained below, the OCCA adjudicated the merits of the claims at issue
in this appeal. As a result, we must apply the AEDPA deference standards to
determine if petitioner is entitled to habeas relief. “In doing so, we review the
district court’s legal analysis of the state court decision de novo.” Allen v.
Mullin , 368 F.3d 1220, 1234 (10th Cir. 2004).
B. Alleged Brady Violations.
Petitioner claims the prosecution violated his due process rights by failing
to produce exculpatory materials as required by Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83
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(1963). Before addressing petitioner’s Brady claim, we admonish counsel for
petitioner for submitting a woefully deficient opening brief pertaining to this
claim. Specifically, in petitioner’s opening brief, counsel refers in conclusory
fashion to “key police reports” and “witnesses names,” but he failed to make any
effort to describe what police reports and witnesses he is referring to. See Aplt.
Br. at 7-9. Counsel also failed to provide any substantive arguments explaining
why these materials are exculpatory and material under Brady . Counsel’s brief
does not meet the standards for appellate briefing in this circuit, see Fed. R. App.
P. 28(a)(9), and we warn counsel that he may be subject to sanctions in this court
if he submits a brief of such poor quality in any future appeals. We also note that
our assessment of this appeal has been hampered by the fact that petitioner’s
counsel failed to file a brief after we granted petitioner a COA and respondent
filed a brief in response to the COA order.
Despite the failures of petitioner’s counsel, we have carefully reviewed the
record in this case, and, based on that review, it is evident that petitioner’s Brady
claim has two components. First, petitioner claims that the prosecution violated
Brady by failing to produce police reports regarding interviews of Jones and
Duello that were conducted by the police on December 4, 1996 after Jones and
Duello were transported to the police station. See Aplee. Supp. App. at 88-91.
Second, petitioner claims that the prosecution violated Brady by failing to provide
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him with: (1) the names of the police officers who were involved in the initial
surveillance of the motel parking lot; (2) the names of the police officers who
were involved in the stop of the vehicle in which Duello and Garth were riding;
and (3) any police reports that were prepared by these other officers.
Petitioner asserted both components of his Brady claim in his direct appeal
to the OCCA. Id. at 71-72. Although the OCCA did not specifically address the
separate components of petitioner’s Brady claim, the OCCA rejected petitioner’s
Brady claim on the merits, concluding that petitioner had “failed to show how the
absence of this evidence denied him a fair trial or affected his strategy.” Id. at
20. Because they raise different issues relating to the application of 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, we need to analyze the two components of petitioner’s Brady claim
separately.
1. Jones and Duello Interview Reports.
As this court has previously recognized,
Brady [, 373 U.S. at 87] provides that the State’s suppression of
evidence favorable to an accused . . . violates due process where the
evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment. . . . This is so
irrespective of the prosecution’s good or bad faith. See Brady ,
373 U.S. at 87 . . . . Thus, to establish a Brady violation, a habeas
petitioner must show that (1) the prosecutor suppressed evidence;
(2) the evidence was favorable to the defendant as exculpatory or
impeachment evidence; and (3) the evidence was material. . . .
Generally, evidence is material if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.
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Knighton v. Mullin , 293 F.3d 1165, 1172 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotations omitted).
We have also “assumed, without deciding, that the government’s disclosure
of favorable evidence to the defense at trial could violate Brady .” Id. at 1173 n.2.
In such cases, the materiality requirement still applies, and the “materiality
question . . . is . . . whether there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of
[the trial] would have been different had the State disclosed [the] information
earlier.” Id. at 1172-73. “We make this determination in light of the record as a
whole,” and “[w]e ultimately measure the materiality of the belatedly disclosed
information collectively.” Id. at 1173; see also United States v. Scarborough ,
128 F.3d 1373, 1376 (10th Cir. 1997) (noting that, “[w]hile we strongly
disapprove of delayed disclosure of Brady materials, that alone is not always
grounds for reversal. As long as ultimate disclosure is made before it is too late
for the defendant[] to make use of any benefits of the evidence, Due Process is
satisfied.”) (quotation omitted).
In this case, the record establishes: (1) that the prosecution disclosed the
existence of the Jones and Duello interview reports during petitioner’s trial;
(2) that petitioner’s trial counsel relied on the Jones report to cross-examine
Officer Michael, the author of the report, during the prosecution’s case-in-chief;
and (3) that petitioner’s trial counsel was given an opportunity to review the
Duello report prior to conducting his redirect examination of Duello. See Trial
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Tr., Vol. 2, at 88-91, 193-94, 196, 198-99; Vol. 3, at 52-53, 57-58. Thus, this is
not a situation where the alleged Brady material was completely suppressed by the
prosecution. As a result, the materiality issue is “whether there is a reasonable
probability that the outcome of [the trial] would have been different had the State
disclosed this information earlier.” Knighton , 293 F.3d at 1173.
The magistrate judge concluded that petitioner had failed to make a
sufficient materiality showing with respect to either the Jones or the Duello
reports, and we agree with the magistrate judge’s analysis. First, the only
potentially exculpatory evidence in the Jones report is her statement that “she did
not see [petitioner] with the black leather Harley Davidson wallet earlier or at any
time.” Aplee. Supp. App. at 88. As the magistrate judge found, “Jones’
statement does not give rise to a reasonable probability of a different result.
Moreover, Petitioner does not offer any argument as to how disclosure at trial, as
opposed to during the discovery phases, prejudiced his case.” Aplt. App. at 8. In
addition, petitioner’s trial counsel questioned Officer Michael about Jones’
statement during his cross-examination of Officer Michael, and Officer Michael
confirmed that Jones made the statement. See Trial Tr., Vol. 2, at 198-99.
Second, we have not been able to discern any exculpatory value with respect to
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the Duello report, 3
and we thus agree with the magistrate judge that “the evidence
contained in the [Duello] report does not satisfy the materiality requirement.”
Aplt. App. at 9. Accordingly, we conclude that the OCCA’s adjudication of
petitioner’s Brady claim pertaining to the Jones and Duello reports was not
contrary to or an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent.
2. Identities of the Other Police Officers.
The magistrate judge rejected the second component of petitioner’s Brady
claim, concluding that petitioner had failed to show how the identities of the other
police officers were “either material, exculpatory or of impeachment value.”
Aplt. App. at 10. We agree with the magistrate judge’s analysis, and we also
conclude that petitioner waived the second component of his Brady claim by
failing to request an evidentiary hearing in the district court proceedings.
During petitioner’s trial, his trial counsel argued before the trial judge that
the other officers could confirm Duello’s trial testimony that it was Jones, and not
petitioner, who got into the Duello/Garth vehicle to purchase the drugs. See Trial
Tr., Vol. 3, at 77, 127. Counsel also argued that the other officers could confirm
3
To the contrary, the Duello report is inculpatory, as it states: (1) that the
police found a pound of red phosphorous (a material used to make
methamphetamine) in the Duello/Garth vehicle; (2) that Duello told the police
that she had purchased the red phosphorous; and (3) that Duello told the police
that she had initially intended to sell the red phosphorous to petitioner. See
Aplee. Supp. App. at 90.
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that either Garth or Jones were working for the police at the time of petitioner’s
arrest. Id. , Vol. 1, at 17-18. Petitioner’s trial counsel had no evidence to support
these arguments, however, and there is likewise no supporting evidence in the
record before this court.
Given the lack of supporting evidence, petitioner’s Brady claim pertaining
to the identities of the other officers is based on pure speculation, as there is no
evidence in the record establishing who the other officers were or what they
would have testified to if they had been called as witnesses at petitioner’s trial. It
was petitioner’s burden to develop an evidentiary record in the district court to
support his Brady claim, and the only way to satisfy that burden was to request an
evidentiary hearing and make the showings required by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). 4
Petitioner failed to request an evidentiary hearing during the district court
4
Under § 2254(e)(2), if a district court determines that a state habeas
petitioner failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in the underlying
state-court proceedings, then the court must deny a request for an evidentiary
hearing unless the petitioner can establish that one of the two exceptions set forth
in § 2254(e)(2) applies. See Miller v. Champion , 161 F.3d 1249, 1253 (10th Cir.
1998). On the other hand, if the court determines that the petitioner diligently
sought to develop the factual basis underlying his habeas petition, but a state
court prevented him from doing so, then the petitioner “is entitled to receive an
evidentiary hearing so long as his allegations, if true and if not contravened by the
existing factual record, would entitle him to habeas relief.” Id. In this case,
however, because petitioner did not request an evidentiary hearing, the district
court did not have an opportunity to apply § 2254(e)(2).
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proceedings, however, and we therefore conclude that he has waived the second
component of his Brady claim.
C. Amended Information.
The original information filed against petitioner stated that he was
previously convicted of two counts of possession of a controlled dangerous
substance in case No. CFR-87-4010. See State R., at 3-4. This was a mistake,
and, prior to petitioner’s trial, the prosecution filed an amended information that
stated that one of the convictions in case No. CFR-87-4010 was for the crime of
possession of stolen property. Id. at 41. Petitioner claims the prosecution failed
to provide him with notice of the amended information prior to his trial, and that
“the result of the last-minute amendment was to increase the minimum
punishment from four to twenty years.” Aplt. Br. at 9. In addition, petitioner
claims he “was never given an opportunity to enter a plea to th[e] amended
information.” Id.
Although the sufficiency of an information is primarily a question of state
law, Tapia v. Tansy , 926 F.2d 1554, 1560 (10th Cir. 1991), “[a] charging
instrument may violate the Sixth Amendment by failing to provide a defendant
with adequate notice of the nature and cause of the accusations filed against him,”
Johnson v. Gibson , 169 F.3d 1239, 1252 (10th Cir. 1999). Moreover, “[i]t is
axiomatic that a conviction upon a charge not made or upon a charge not tried
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constitutes a denial of due process.” Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 314
(1979).
On direct appeal, the OCCA rejected petitioner’s challenge to the amended
information, concluding that “the amended information did not result in any
prejudice to [petitioner].” Aplee. Supp. App. at 57. The magistrate judge agreed
with the OCCA’s analysis, and she summarized the evidence in the record
pertaining to this issue as follows:
At trial, Petitioner’s counsel objected to the Amended
Information stating that a copy had not been provided to him. The
record indicates the effect of the correction to the Amended
Information was to change Petitioner’s sentence range from four
years to life . . . to a range of twenty years to life . . . . Petitioner’s
counsel claimed prejudice asserting that Petitioner had turned down a
plea of fifteen years and that further plea negotiations would have
been pursued had the correct minimum punishment been known.
Tr. Vol. 3, 122-23.
The state responded that the plea offer of fifteen years
remained open to Petitioner immediately prior to trial during
discussions with Petitioner’s counsel about the range of punishment
as reflected in the Amended Information. Tr. Vol. 3, 124. Indeed, it
was these discussions that led Petitioner’s counsel to become aware
of the Amended Information. Id. at 124-25. The record reflects the
plea offer was rejected even with knowledge of the increase in the
minimum punishment resulting from the Amended Information. Id.
at 124.
Aplt. App. at 16.
The district court determined that “[t]he Magistrate Judge properly found
that the record reflects that the plea offer was rejected by petitioner even with
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knowledge of the increase in the minimum punishment resulting from the
Amended Information.” Id. at 26. We agree, and we quote the following
colloquy between the parties’ trial counsel to support the magistrate judge’s
analysis:
Mr. Niemeyer [counsel for respondent]: As far as entering into
other plea negotiations, I talked to Mr. Shaeffer Monday in the hall
prior to trial, and told him that the offer of 15 would still be open.
He told me his client would take nothing less than probation . . . .
Mr. Shaeffer [counsel for petitioner]: Judge, let me add just
one little bit in response to that. Mr. Niemeyer is correct in regards
to our conversation. It was not until after that conversation when
Mr. Niemeyer made the statement that my client was looking at not
less than 20 years that caused me to go check out the court file . . . to
see how he was coming up with that . . . .
Trial Tr., Vol. 3, at 124-25.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of habeas
relief on the issues on which we granted a COA. We DENY a COA on all of the
other issues raised by petitioner.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
PER CURIAM
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