F I L E D
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
June 22, 2005
TENTH CIRCUIT
PATRICK FISHER
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 05-8012
v. (D.C. Nos. 03-CV-144-J and
00-CR-175-J)
CHARLES ALLEN HARMS, (D. Wyo.)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER
Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.
Defendant Charles Allan Harms, appearing pro se, seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) in order to challenge the district court’s denial of his motion
to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Because Harms cannot show that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether
the district court was correct in its procedural ruling, Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S.
473, 484 (2000), we deny his request and dismiss the appeal.
On February 9, 2001, Harms executed a plea agreement and pled guilty to
conspiring to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute more than 50
grams of a substance containing methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§
841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B). On April 20, 2001, the district court sentenced
Harms to seventy-two months’ imprisonment. Pursuant to the terms of his plea
agreement, Harms did not appeal his sentence.
On July 3, 2003, Harms filed a motion to modify his sentence citing 28
U.S.C. § 2255 and arguing that he should be eligible for a sentence reduction of
up to one year and a period of six months in a halfway house given his successful
completion of a 500-hour drug treatment program. Harms asserted his sentence
was improperly enhanced two levels for possession of a firearm pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), and the finding underlying this enhancement was
preventing him from qualifying for the one-year sentence reduction. After
considering Harms’ claim, the district court denied Harms’ § 2255 motion holding
that Harms was challenging the manner in which the Bureau of Prisons was
executing his sentence, not the sentence itself. As such, the district court
concluded Harms’ claim should have been brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241
rather than § 2255. The court also noted that even if § 2255 were the appropriate
vehicle, the claim would be time barred.
Harms filed a motion for a COA and a motion to reconsider in light of
Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), and requested the district court
wait to rule on those motions until the Supreme Court issued its opinion in United
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States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738, (2005). 1 The district court denied the motion for
a COA and the motion to reconsider stating that it could not consider Harms’
Blakely arguments because the statute of limitations for the § 2255 motion had
expired.
On appeal, Harms argues that his sentence was imposed in violation of the
Sixth Amendment, citing Booker and Blakely. Specifically, Harms claims his 72-
month sentence exceeded the maximum of the range that should have applied to
his offense of conviction, i.e., 57-71 months. In addition, he argues the sentence
imposed was the result of judicial fact-finding that he possessed a firearm, even
though he asserts he never had a firearm and never agreed to a firearm
enhancement in the plea agreement. Harms states that this alleged sentencing
error was plain, affected his substantial rights, and warrants reversal and
resentencing. Harms also argues that his sentence violates his Eighth Amendment
right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. In this regard, he argues his
sentence is unconstitutional because it exceeds the statutory maximum. Finally,
Harms argues that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), announced a
new constitutional rule that should be applied to his case. Harms does not appeal
1
The motion for COA and motion to reconsider state that Harms filed a
supplemental brief regarding the application of Blakely to his case. That
supplemental brief is not in the record and, therefore, this court cannot discern the
nature of his argument.
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the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion which sought a one-year reduction
of jail time for completion of a drug treatment program.
As an initial matter, this court cannot consider the merits of this argument
because the record is inadequate. The record does not contain the plea agreement,
any relevant portions of the sentencing hearing transcript, or the presentence
report. As such, this court cannot determine whether Harms’ sentence was
enhanced by a judge-found fact, whether Harms agreed to any enhancement, what
offense level and criminal history category was applied, or how the district court
arrived at the 72-month sentence. Without any of this information, we simply
cannot address the merits of Harms’ argument.
Further, the district court was correct in holding that Harms’ § 2255 motion
is untimely. Section 2255 establishes a one-year statute of limitations for filing
federal habeas petitions that begins to run from the latest of:
(1) the date on which the judgment of conviction
becomes final;
(2) the date on which the impediment to making a
motion created by governmental action in violation of
the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed,
if the movant was prevented from making a motion by
such governmental action;
(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if that right has been
newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or
(4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or
claims presented could have been discovered through the
exercise of due diligence.
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28 U.S.C. § 2255. Harms argues that Apprendi announced a new constitutional
rule, but Apprendi issued on June 26, 2000, almost a year before Harms was
sentenced on April 20, 2001. Apprendi cannot be the basis for restarting the
statute of limitations. Whether Blakely or Booker applies to Harms’ case depends
in part on when his conviction became final. The district court noted, and Harms
does not dispute, that the plea agreement contained a waiver of appellate rights. 2
ROA., Doc. 6 at 2. Therefore, his conviction became final on May 10, 2001, ten
days after entry of his judgment when his time for appeal expired. Fed. R. App.
P. 4(b)(1)(A)(I); United States v. Burch, 202 F.3d 1274, 1278-1279 (10th Cir.
2000). Booker and Blakely issued after Harms’ conviction became final and,
therefore, must apply retroactively to cases on collateral review in order to restart
the statute of limitations. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(3). However, this court has not
held that either Booker or Blakely apply retroactively to cases on collateral
review. Bey v. United States, 399 F.3d 1266, 1269 (10th Cir. 2005) (refusing to
apply Booker retroactively to cases on collateral review and holding that Booker
may not be applied retroactively to second or successive habeas petitions); United
States v. Price, 400 F.3d 844, 849 (10th Cir. 2005) (Blakely does not apply
2
Harms does not raise this issue, but we note for clarity that we have held
that the issuance of Blakely and Booker does not render a pre-existing plea
agreement involuntary, unknowing, unintelligent, or otherwise unlawful. United
States v. Green, 405 F.3d 1180, 1190-1191 (10th Cir. 2005).
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retroactively to convictions that were already final at the time the Court decided
Blakely). Thus, the statute of limitations began running on May 10, 2001 when
Harms’ conviction became final, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(1), and Harms had until May
10, 2002 to file his § 2255 motion. Harms did not file the motion until July 3,
2003, 3 well after the one-year limitations period expired.
In order to receive a COA on a procedural issue, Harms had to show both
“that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid
claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it
debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Slack,
529 U.S. at 484. As the above discussion indicates, Harms cannot meet the
second of these two Slack criteria. We conclude Harms has failed to establish his
entitlement to a COA.
Accordingly, the request for a COA is DENIED and the appeal is
DISMISSED. Harms’ motion to proceed in forma pauperis is GRANTED.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
3
As a prisoner filing pro se, Harms benefits from the prison mailbox rule
announced in Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 276 (1988), that states that the
cause of action is considered filed when the prisoner delivers the pleading to
prison officials for mailing.
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