FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
February 7, 2008
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
No. 07-8012
v. (D.Ct. No. 06-CR-67-CAB)
(D. Wyo.)
WILLIAM HERMES MORGAN, also
known as Billy,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before TACHA, Circuit Judge, and BARRETT and BRORBY, Senior Circuit
Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellant William Hermes Morgan pled guilty to one count of conspiracy
to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute methamphetamine, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A) and 846. The district court
sentenced Mr. Morgan to one hundred and thirty-five months imprisonment.
Although Mr. Morgan appeals his conviction and sentence, his attorney has filed
an Anders brief and a motion to withdraw as counsel. See Anders v. California,
386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). For the reasons set forth hereafter, we grant counsel’s
motion to withdraw and dismiss this appeal. Id.
I. Background
On March 22, 2006, an indictment issued against Mr. Morgan and several
other individuals in connection with a methamphetamine distribution operation
conducted in Rock Springs, Wyoming, during the period from November 2005 to
February 2006. The indictment was based on an investigation conducted by the
Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation in which two of the co-conspirators,
Robert Delgado and Rocio Arzate-Benitez, were identified as the source of large
amounts of methamphetamine being brought into Rock Springs and provided to
other co-conspirators, including Mr. Morgan, for distribution. Information from
the investigation and one of the agents involved established Mr. Morgan sold
methamphetamine together with a co-conspirator, Victoria Davis, and that a
conservative estimate of methamphetamine attributable to Mr. Morgan totaled
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2.46 kilograms.
Mr. Morgan was indicted for one count of conspiracy to possess with intent
to distribute and to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A) and 846. After he pled not guilty at his arraignment
hearing on May 3, 2006, a multi-defendant trial was set for July 10, 2006. On
June 30, 2006, Mr. Morgan, through his counsel, posed no objection to the joint
motion to continue the trial filed by his co-defendants, after which the district
court continued the trial until August 1, 2006. Following the addition of one
more co-defendant just one day prior to trial, the district court ordered a
continuance of the trial until September 18, 2006. During the period from May
2006 to trial, Mr. Morgan’s co-defendants filed various pre-trial pleadings,
including a motion for separate trials, a motion in limine, and a motion for a
hearing pursuant to United States v. James, 590 F.2d 575 (5th Cir. 1979), for the
purpose of obtaining information on conspiratorial statements; Mr. Morgan joined
in the motion for a James hearing and his counsel participated in the James
hearing held June 27, 2006. Mr. Morgan filed two pro se pleadings asserting a
conflict with his counsel and stating he opposed the continuances to which his
counsel agreed; his counsel then filed a motion to withdraw, which the district
court granted, appointing new counsel to represent Mr. Morgan.
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On August 28, 2006, Mr. Morgan, through new counsel, filed a motion to
dismiss based on a violation of his right to a speedy trial. The government
responded, explaining the seventy-day period for a speedy trial had not expired
due to delays excluded under the Speedy Trial Act (Act), which included Mr.
Morgan’s own pretrial motions, his co-defendants’ pretrial motions, his counsel’s
participation in pretrial hearings involving him, and the later arraignment of a
joined co-conspirator as a defendant which caused another trial continuance. On
September 1, 2006, after a hearing on Mr. Morgan’s motion to dismiss for lack of
a speedy trial, the district court denied the motion based on the same exclusions
to the Act outlined by the government.
Fourteen days later, on September 15, 2006, Mr. Morgan and the
government filed a negotiated plea agreement, in which Mr. Morgan agreed to
plead guilty to the charge in the indictment in exchange for the government’s
agreement that his relevant conduct would be no more than five kilograms of
methamphetamine. The agreement did not contain a provision for a conditional
plea under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(a)(2) to reserve the right to
have an appellate court review an adverse determination of any of his pretrial
motions, nor was such a plea indicated anywhere in the record. During the Rule
11 colloquy at Mr. Morgan’s plea hearing, the district court thoroughly and
comprehensively questioned Mr. Morgan about his guilty plea and informed him
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of his rights and privileges under the Constitution and the laws of the United
States. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11. Mr. Morgan explicitly confirmed he: 1)
understood the conspiracy charges against him; 2) was satisfied with his counsel;
3) entered into his guilty plea voluntarily and of his own free will; and 4) had
read the plea agreement and discussed it with counsel. As to the facts supporting
his plea, Mr. Morgan initially told the district court his relevant conduct included
less than 500 grams of methamphetamine, but after questioning by the court, he
acknowledged he understood his relevant conduct included the actions of his co-
conspirators and that he was pleading guilty to the conspiracy for selling over 500
grams, but not more than five kilograms, of methamphetamine and was “satisfied”
with his relevant conduct quantity within those parameters.
Following Mr. Morgan’s guilty plea, a probation officer prepared a
presentence report calculating his sentence under the applicable United States
Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”). Based on the facts obtained
from the investigation report and one of the agents involved, the probation officer
determined Mr. Morgan distributed 2.46 kilograms of methamphetamine and then
calculated the base offense level at 34 under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 based on a drug
quantity level of between 1.5 kilograms and five kilograms of methamphetamine.
See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(3) (Drug Quantity Table). After decreasing the offense
level by three levels for acceptance of responsibility, the probation officer
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calculated a total offense level of 31, which, together with a criminal history
category of IV, resulted in a recommended Guidelines imprisonment range of 151
to 188 months imprisonment.
Mr. Morgan filed several objections to the presentence report, including
objections to: 1) the drug quantity amount used to calculate his relevant conduct,
claiming it should include only 336 grams, or just under twelve ounces, of
methamphetamine; 2) his criminal history category, claiming it improperly
included two points for being on unsupervised probation for driving under
suspension and one point for reckless endangering, which occurred after the
conspiracy; and 3) the lack of a reduction in his offense level for a role as a minor
participant based on information obtained from the James hearing, which he
claimed established he was a buyer and user below the level of Ms. Davis. At the
sentencing hearing, Mr. Morgan reiterated the same objections, claiming he was a
minor participant, his criminal history was over-represented, and that his relevant
conduct drug quantity should not be more than 500 grams of methamphetamine.
After considering Mr. Morgan’s arguments and the government’s response
thereto, the district court found Mr. Morgan engaged in a conspiracy of drug
trafficking for which he accepted responsibility for all the acts of the other drug
conspirators and was a major participant. It then denied Mr. Morgan’s claims
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regarding the relevant conduct drug quantity and his role as a minor participant.
However, it determined his objection concerning the over-representation of his
criminal history had merit and set his criminal history category at III, rather than
IV, for a Guidelines range of 135 to 168 months imprisonment. The district court
then questioned Mr. Morgan on whether he desired to withdraw his plea, which he
declined; Mr. Morgan also indicated he had no other objections to the presentence
report. The district court then imposed a sentence at the low end of the
Guidelines range of 135 months imprisonment, which it stated it believed was
reasonable, considering the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553.
After Mr. Morgan filed a timely notice of appeal, his appointed counsel
filed an Anders appeal brief explaining that, after a conscientious examination of
the record and discussion with trial counsel and Mr. Morgan, the appeal is wholly
frivolous and no challenge can be made as to the validity of the conviction or
sentence and seeking permission to withdraw as counsel. See Anders, 386 U.S. at
744. Pursuant to Anders, this court gave Mr. Morgan an opportunity to respond to
his counsel’s Anders brief, and although Mr. Morgan filed for and was granted an
extension of time to file a response by November 14, 2007, he has not filed a
response. See id.
II. Discussion
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In the Anders brief, counsel raises the issues Mr. Morgan deems worthy of
appeal, which include whether: 1) his speedy trial rights were violated; 2) a jury
should have determined the drug quantity amount; 3) the drug amount attributed
to him lacks sufficient proof; and 4) the district court erred in determining he was
not a minor participant in the conspiracy. As required by Anders, we have
conducted a full examination of the record before us. See id.
A. Speedy Trial
With respect to his motion to dismiss based on an alleged violation of his
speedy trial rights, Mr. Morgan made no conditional plea at the time he entered
into his plea agreement for the purpose of appealing the district court’s decision
on that matter. Even if we considered his argument and reviewed the district
court’s denial of his motion for an abuse of discretion, its findings of fact for
clear error, and its legal conclusions de novo, see United States v. Apperson, 441
F.3d 1162, 1177 (10th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 1003, and cert. denied,
127 S. Ct. 1024 (2007), his argument would fail. Clearly, the Speedy Trial Act
requires a criminal defendant’s trial to commence within seventy days after his
indictment or initial appearance, whichever is later. Id. at 1178. However, in this
case, various motions were made and hearings held which count as periods of
delay excluded under the Act and do not count toward the requisite seventy days.
See id. and 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)-(9). Accordingly, the district court did not
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abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Morgan’s motion.
B. Reasonableness of Sentence
As to Mr. Morgan’s other issues which relate to the reasonableness of his
sentence, we review for reasonableness the sentence’s length, as guided by the
factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). See United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053
(10th Cir. 2006) (per curiam). “We will set aside [a] sentence only if it is
procedurally or substantively unreasonable.” United States v. Hernandez, 509
F.3d 1290, 1297 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). A
procedurally reasonable sentence reflects the sentencing court’s calculation of the
advisory Guidelines range and its application of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors.
See id. A substantively reasonable sentence reflects the gravity of the crime and
the § 3553(a) factors as applied to the case. See id. at 1297-98. A presumption of
reasonableness attaches to a sentence, like here, which is within the correctly-
calculated Guidelines range, unless sufficiently rebutted by Mr. Morgan. See
Kristl, 437 F.3d at 1053-55. We review the district court’s findings of fact for
clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. See Hernandez, 509 F.3d at 1298.
This includes a district court’s drug quantity calculation which we review for
clear error. See United States v. Ryan, 236 F.3d 1268, 1273 (10th Cir. 2001).
Having made such a review, we find no nonfrivolous basis for challenging the
conviction or sentence imposed.
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With respect to the drug quantity, Mr. Morgan challenges the procedural
reasonableness of his sentence by suggesting insufficient evidence supported the
drug quantity amount for determining his relevant conduct and that such a
determination must be made by a jury. However, because the Guidelines are
advisory, we have determined a district court’s assessment of the drug quantity
amount attributable to a defendant is permissible fact finding under a
preponderance of the evidence standard. See Hernandez, 509 F.3d at 1298;
United States v. Hall, 473 F.3d 1295, 1312 (10th Cir. 2007). Moreover, in a drug
conspiracy case, the defendant is accountable for all quantities with which he was
directly involved and all quantities which would have been reasonably foreseeable
within the scope of the jointly undertaken criminal enterprise. See United States
v. Lauder, 409 F.3d 1254, 1267 (10th Cir. 2005) (citing U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3, cmt.
n.2). Reversal is appropriate only if the record lacks support or we are left with a
definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made. See Ryan, 236 F.3d at
1273.
As counsel acknowledges, the record demonstrates Mr. Morgan voluntarily,
knowingly, and intelligently pled guilty to the conspiracy methamphetamine drug
possession and distribution charge and he was fully advised of his constitutional
rights as well as the ramifications of pleading guilty. During this time, Mr.
Morgan acknowledged his understanding his relevant conduct included the actions
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of his co-conspirators, he was pleading guilty to conspiracy to sell over 500
grams but less than five kilograms of methamphetamine, and that he was
“satisfied” with his relevant conduct quantity within those parameters. The
record further supports the district court’s determination that Mr. Morgan was
involved in the sale of at least 2.46 kilograms of methamphetamine, which
warrants a base offense level of 34, and the resulting advisory Guidelines range of
135 to 168 months imprisonment. Clearly, had Mr. Morgan been further credited
with the reasonably foreseeable actions of some of the other co-conspirators, his
relevant drug quantity amount likely would have been even higher. While Mr.
Morgan continued to object at the sentencing hearing to the drug quantity
attributed to him by the probation officer and district court, he did not withdraw
his guilty plea at the sentencing hearing after the district court rejected his
argument for a much lower drug quantity and asked if he desired to withdraw his
plea. Moreover, Mr. Morgan has not provided any evidence, other than his own
self-serving assertions, that the relevant conduct drug quantity should be less.
For all of these reasons, it is clear the district court did not err in its drug quantity
determination.
Next, we review for clear error a district court’s refusal to award a
defendant a minor role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, keeping in mind that
the defendant bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence,
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that he is entitled to such a reduction. See United States v. Virgen-Chavarin, 350
F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (10th Cir. 2003). The district court’s determination on
applying a minor role adjustment is “heavily dependant upon the facts of the
particular case,” and “in weighing the totality of the circumstances, [it] is not
required to find, based solely on the defendant’s bare assertion, that such a role
adjustment is warranted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C). Applying these
principles, a review of the record does not support Mr. Morgan’s assertion he was
a minor participant in the conspiracy in which he and several other conspirators
were provided large quantities of methamphetamine for distribution. While Mr.
Morgan summarily asserts he was less culpable than Ms. Davis, who received and
sold more methamphetamine than he did, the fact he sold less methamphetamine
than one of his co-conspirators is not sufficient to establish a minor role in the
conspiracy, especially when he, like the other conspirators, still sold a
considerable amount of methamphetamine as part of the distribution operation.
Finally, in sentencing Mr. Morgan, it is clear the district court considered
the sentencing factors in § 3553(a), together with the advisory Guidelines, and in
so doing, determined Mr. Morgan’s objection regarding the over-representation of
his criminal history had merit for the purpose of calculating the advisory
Guidelines range at the requested lower criminal history category. Because the
district court considered the applicable Guidelines and sentencing factors in
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sentencing Mr. Morgan at the low end of the presumptively reasonable advisory
Guidelines range, we have no reason to conclude his sentence is unreasonable,
especially in light of the fact that Mr. Morgan has not offered any nonfrivolous
reasons warranting a lower sentence.
III. Conclusion
For these reasons, no meritorious appellate issue exists. Accordingly, we
grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS Mr. Morgan’s appeal.
Entered by the Court:
WADE BRORBY
United States Circuit Judge
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