Revised April 16, 1999
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 97-10551
RICHARD MICHAEL MAYABB,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
GARY L. JOHNSON, Director, Texas Department
of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
March 12, 1999
Before REYNALDO G. GARZA, STEWART, and PARKER Circuit Judges.
CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:
Richard Michael Mayabb appeals the dismissal of his petition for habeas relief. Mayabb raises
four issues: (1) erroneous jury instruct ions on the charge of murder; (2) ineffective assistance of
counsel during the trial and subsequent appeal of his conviction; (3) exclusion of polygraph evidence;
and (4) retroactive application of an amendment to Texas’s parole laws. For the reasons assigned,
we AFFIRM.
Facts
Richard Michael Mayabb was convicted of murder by a Texas jury in June 1980.1 As Mayabb
was parking his car in a restaurant parking lot, he nearly hit Kelvin Franks’s car. Franks and Mayabb
began shouting at each other. Franks exited his car, carrying a beer bottle in his hand behind his back.
Franks was taller and heavier than Mayabb. Mayabb testified that he took off his glasses because
he believed that Franks was going to attack him and that without his glasses he is legally blind.
Mayabb testified that his wife said that Franks had a gun in his hand. Franks threatened Mayabb.
When Franks made a gesture which Mayabb believed indicated that Franks was pulling a gun,
Mayabb shot him. Mayabb testified that he fired in self-defense because he believed that Franks had
a gun and that his wife was in danger.
Mayabb was charged with murder. The trial court instructed the jury on the murder charge
and on the lesser-included-offense of voluntary manslaughter, which included the definition of
“sudden passion,” without objection from either Mayabb or the State, and on self-defense.2 The jury
found Mayabb guilty of murder. The trial court sentenced Mayabb to serve 90 years in prison and
found that Mayabb used a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense.
Among other issues, Mayabb argued on direct appeal that the trial court erred in rejecting the
language of his proposed self-defense jury instructions. On February 28, 1983, Mayabb’s conviction
1
Mayabb is currently incarcerated in Little Rock, Arkansas.
2
At the time of the offense, voluntary manslaughter was a lesser-included offense of murder.
Tex. Penal Code §§ 19.02, 19.04 (West 1979); see Fransaw v. Lynaugh, 810 F.2d 518, 520 (5th
Cir. 1987). Today, voluntary manslaughter is no longer recognized as a separate offense under Texas
law, but is merely an issue to be considered at the punishment phase in a murder trial. Tex. Penal
Code §§ 19.02(d) (West Supp. 1998).
2
and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. Subsequently, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
denied his petition for discretionary review on July 13, 1983.
In his first application for state post-conviction relief, Mayabb alleged that the trial court
committed fundamental error: (1) by failing to include in the jury charge on murder that the State had
the burden of proving that Mayabb was not acting under the influence of sudden passion at the time
of the killing; (2) by declining to find ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel for failing
to raise the jury charge issue; and (3) by failing to deem ineffective his trial counsel’s failure to raise
a Texas state law claim pertaining to the admission of polygraph test results. According to Mayabb,
the trial court misinterpreted Mayabb’s jury-charge claim as rearguing his claim regarding the self-
defense instructions, which he had raised on direct appeal. Similarly, Mayabb contends the trial court
concluded that counsel was not ineffective. Mayabb’s application was denied by the Texas Court
of Criminal Appeals without written order on the findings of the trial court without a hearing.
In his second state application, Mayabb asserted that he was entitled to retroactive application
of new legislation which decreased the time he must serve before becoming eligible for parole. The
Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied this application without written order on the findings of the
trial court without a hearing. The United States Supreme Court denied Mayabb’s petition for writ
of certiorari. Mayabb v. Texas, 510 U.S. 1060 (1994).
On April 12, 1995, Mayabb filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
Therein, he alleged that the jury charge on murder which omitted the State’s burden of proving that
Mayabb was not acting under the influence of sudden passion was fundamentally and constitutional
defective. Mayabb further complained that he was denied effective assistance of trial and appellate
3
counsel related to the charge and that Texas law denied him the right to introduce the results of a
polygraph test. Furthermore, Mayabb argued that he was denied due process and equal protection
by the State’s failure to apply retroactively 1987 amendments to Texas parole eligibility statutes.3
Following an evidentiary hearing and several reports and recommendations by the magistrate judge,
and after considering Mayabb’s and Respondent’s objections, the district court denied Mayabb § 2254
relief and dismissed his petition with prejudice.
On May 27, 1997, Mayabb filed a timely notice of appeal and requested a certificate of
appealability (COA). Id. at 316, 317-30. The di strict court granted a COA “with respect to the
murder instruction contained in the jury charge and standard of review of jury charge error in a
habeas case.” Id. at 331.
Mayabb requested leave from this court to expand the issues for appeal. Because Mayabb’s
petition was filed prior to the April 24, 1996, effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA), this court determined that pre-AEDPA habeas law should be applied to his
claims.4 Id. Because the district court’s grant of a COA was the substantive equivalent of a CPC,5
this court determined that Mayabb’s appeal was not limited to the issue which the district court
determined to warrant a COA. Id.
3
Mayabb also alleged that he had been subjected to an illegal search and detention following
a warrantless arrest. He does not raise this issue on appeal; thus it is deemed abandoned. See Yohey
v. Collins, 985 F.2d 222, 224-25 (5th Cir. 1993).
4
Previously, this court had held that the AEDPA applied to all habeas petitions that were
pending on April 24, 1996. See Drinkard v. Johnson, 97 F.3d 751, 764-66 (5th Cir. 1996). This
aspect of Drinkard was overruled by the Supreme Court in Lindh v. Murphy, 117 S. Ct. 2059 (1997).
See Green v. Johnson, 116 F.3d 1115, 1119-20 (5th Cir. 1997).
5
See Blankenship v. Johnson, 118 F.3d 312, 315 & n.2 (5th Cir. 1997).
4
Discussion
I. Jury Instructions on the Charge of Murder
A.
Mayabb argues that the jury instruction on the murder charge did not include every element
of the offense and was in violation of his due-process right to be convicted on proof beyond a
reasonable doubt of every element of the offense and that the erroneous instruction infected the entire
trial.6
6
The challenged jury charge instructed the jury that if it found beyond a reasonable doubt that
Mayabb:
intentionally or knowingly cause[d] the death of Kelvin Franks, an
individual, by shooting Kelvin Franks with a handgun, a deadly
weapon, you will find the Defendant guilty of the offense of murder.
If you do not so believe, or if you have a reasonable doubt
thereof, you will find the Defendant not guilty of the offense of
murder and proceed to consider whether the Defendant is guilty of the
lesser included offense of voluntary manslaughter.
Therefore, if you believe from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Defendant, Richard Michael Mayabb, did,
in Dallas County, Texas, on or about the 6th day of January, 1980,
knowingly or intentionally cause the death of Kelvin Franks, an
individual, by shooting Kelvin Franks with a handgun, a deadly
weapon, but you further believe, or you have a reasonable doubt
thereof, that the Defendant caused the death under the immediate
influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause, you will
find the Defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter.
If you do not so believe, or if you have a reasonable doubt
thereof, that the Defendant knowingly or intentionally caused the
death of Kelvin Franks, an individual, by shooting Kelvin Franks with
a handgun, a deadly weapon, you will find the Defendant not guilty.
If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant is guilty of either murder or voluntary manslaughter, but
you have a reasonable doubt as to which he is guilty, then you should
5
Under Texas law at the time of the offense, if the evidence raised the issue of sudden passion,
the State was required to disprove beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of sudden passion.
Braudrick v. State, 572 S.W.2d 709, 711 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); see Bradley v. State, 688 S.W.2d
847, 851 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). In such cases, if the State proves all of the elements of murder but
fails to prove the absence of sudden passion beyond a reasonable doubt, the j ury must acquit the
resolve the doubt in defendant’s favor and find him guilty of voluntary
manslaughter.
If you have a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant is
guilty of both murder and voluntary manslaughter, then you will find
the defendant “not guilty.”
Mayabb v. State of Texas, No. 05-83-00006-CR, Charge to the Court, 1 State Record 67-68 (June
10, 1981).
6
defendant of murder and convict the defendant of voluntary manslaughter.7 Braudrick, 572 S.W.2d
at 711.
The jury charge on murder was erroneous under Texas law because it did not place the burden
on the State to disprove that Mayabb caused the victim’s death under the immediate influence of
sudden passion arising from adequate cause. See Cobarrubio v. State, 675 S.W.2d 749, 751 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1984), overruled on other grounds by Lawrence v. State, 700 S.W.2d 208, 213 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985). Because sudden passion is “in the nature of a defense to murder,” a defendant’s
failure to raise that defense obviates the state’s duty to disprove the influence of sudden passion
beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. In addition, an improper jury instruction rarely justifies federal
habeas relief absent a proper objection in the trial court. Henderson v. Kibbe, 431 U.S. 145, 154
(1977). A petitioner must show that the erroneous instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that
7
The voluntary manslaughter statute in Texas applicable at the time of the offense provided
in relevant part:
(a) A person commits an offense [of voluntary manslaughter] if he causes the
death of an individual under circumstances that would constitute murder under
Section 19.02 of this code, except that he caused the death under the immediate
influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause.
(b) "Sudden passion" means passion directly caused by and arising out of
provocation by the individual killed or another acting with the person killed which
passion arises at the time of the offense and is not solely the result of former
provocation.
(c) "Adequate cause" means cause that would commonly produce a degree
of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to
render the mind incapable of cool reflection.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.04 (Vernon 1974); see Mahavier v. State, 644 S.W.2d 129, 130 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1982).
7
the resulting conviction violates due process. Id. (quoting Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147
(1973)).
B.
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619 (1993) articulates the appropriate standard for
determining whether a constitutional error was harmless in a federal habeas challenge to a state
conviction or sentence even though no state court ever made any determination whether or not the
error was harmless.8 In Brecht, the Supreme Court held that a federal habeas court may not grant
relief on trial errors unless the petitioner demonstrates that the error “had a substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 637-38. This court has
interpreted this standard in the following manner:
[U]nder Brecht, a constitutional trial error is not so harmful as to entitle a
defendant to habeas relief unless there is more than a mere reasonable
possibility that it contributed to the verdict. It must have had a substantial
effect or influence in determining the verdict. We recognize, however, that
if our minds are "in virtual equipoise as to the harmlessness," under the Brecht
standard, of the error, then we must conclude that it was
harmful.
Woods v. Johnson, 75 F.3d 1017, 1026-27 (5th Cir. 1996) (citation omitted).
8
Mayabb argues that the “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” standard of Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967) is the appropriate standard of review for determining harmlessness
in his case, rather than the more lenient standard set forth in Brecht, because no Texas court has ever
reviewed this claim under the Chapman standard. He concedes, however, that this issue was recently
rejected, in an alternative holding, by another panel of this court in Hogue v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 466
(5th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 1297 (1998). Hogue addressed a § 2254 petitioner’s
challenge to the admission in evidence at the punishment phase of his capital murder trial of an earlier
guilty-plea rape conviction, which had been set aside because counsel had provided constitutionally
ineffective assistance. See 131 F.3d at 469. The court found that the petitioner’s claim was
procedurally barred and, alternatively, applying the Brecht standard, concluded the admission of the
prior conviction did not substantially influence the jury’s determination of the sentence. Id. Mayabb
raises the issue to preserve it for further review.
8
Similarly, in California v. Roy, 117 S. Ct. 337, 339 (1996), the Supreme Court addressed the
appropriate standard to review an error in instruction that defined the crime. The Ninth Circuit had
crafted a hybrid harmless-error standard. Id. at 338. The Supreme Court held that “harmless error”
enunciated in Brecht and O’Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432 (1995), was the proper standard to
review jury instructions. Id. Upo n application, when a federal judge in a habeas proceeding is in
grave doubt about whether trial error of federal constitutional law had substantial and injurious effect
or influence in determining jury's verdict, that error is not harmless, and petitioner must win. O’Neal,
513 U.S. at 436 (1995).
C.
According to Mayabb, the district court erred by: (1) characterizing sudden passion as a
defense rather than an element of murder which the State must disprove when raised by the evidence
and; (2) failing to credit the state trial court’s implicit finding of sufficient evidence of sudden passion
to support a voluntary-manslaughter charge. Mayabb finds ample evidence of sudden passion in the
record. He contends that he was prejudiced by the jury instruction which did not require the State
to prove all of the necessary elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Mayabb contends
that the evidence supported a sudden-passion instruction in the murder charge, and that he did not
abandon or concede the sudden passion element by pursuing a defensive theory of self-defense.
Mayabb asserts that his self-defense theory did not relieve the State of its burden of disproving
sudden passion once the trial court found that the evidence raised the issue.
We disagree. Our review of the record leads us to affirm the judgment of the district court.
The charge did not have a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict
and Mayabb cannot demonstrate actual prejudice. Contrary to Mayabb’s complaint, the defective jury
9
instruct ion did not excuse the State from proving an essential element of the offense nor, by
extension, did it preclude the jury from finding the same. Instead, the defective jury instruction
removed the State’s obligation to refute a defense of sudden passion. This issue is moot however
because the record reveals Mayabb’s failure to raise the defense at trial.9 In accord with the district
court, we find that the absence of sudden passion must be proved only in response to a defense raised
by the evidence. See Cobarrubio, 675 S.W.2d at 751 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Braudrick v. State,
572 S.W.2d 709, 711 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) cert. denied, 440 U.S. 923 (1979).
We are unable to find that the error in the jury charge had a substantial and injurious effect
or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. See Brecht, 507 U.S. at 638. Accordingly, we affirm
the judgment of the district court.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Mayabb challenges the effectiveness of his counsel’s performance at trial and on appeal.
During the trial phase, Mayabb deems ineffective his counsel’s failure to object to the omission of the
sudden passion element from the murder instruction. With regard to his appeal, Mayabb complains
that his counsel failed to raise or argue an issue relating to the trial court’s omission of the sudden
passion element from the murder charge in the direct appeal or by petitioning for discretionary review
in Mayabb’s case.
9
In closing, Mayabb’s counsel informed the jury:
We have admitted from the beginning of this trial that Mike Mayabb did, in fact, knowingly
and intentionally shoot the man with a pistol. That is not the issue in this case. It never has
been the issue in this case. The issue in this case is whether or not when he did, he was acting
in his own defense, self defense. That is the issue.
10
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, petitioner must show "that counsel's
performance was deficient" and "that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense." Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To prove deficient performance, the petitioner must show
that counsel's actions "fell below an objective standard of reasonableness." Id. at 688. To determine
whether counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the defense, petitioner "must show that counsel's
errors were so serio us as t o deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable."
Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 365, 369, 113 S. Ct. 838, 842 (1993) (internal quotations and citation
omitted).
After a complete review of the record, we find no merit in Mayabb’s claim that his counsel
was ineffective at trial or on appeal. At trial, counsel argued self-defense, a sound strategy given the
facts of this case. We acco rd highly deferential treatment to counsel’s conduct and decline to
embrace the distorting effect of hindsight. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. We
agree with the district court and the magistrate judge. Even though well-settled Texas law at the
time of Mayabb’s trial required the State to prove the absence of sudden passion to establish murder,
the constitutional validity of the murder instruction was never called into doubt until Cobarrubio was
decided on January 12, 1983. See Braudrick, 572 S.W.2d at 711 (upholding a jury charge virtually
identical to the one given at Mayabb’s trial). Consequently, we do not find that counsel’s
performance fell below an objectively reasonable standard. Additionally, we have already determined
that the failure to include the instruction in the jury charge did not have a substantial and injurious
effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, Mayabb cannot show any prejudice
attendant to counsel’s conduct.
11
In like manner, we reject Mayabb’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal.
Again, Mayabb focuses on trial counsel’s failure to raise or argue the issue of sudden passion. When
we do not find prejudice from the trial error, by extension, we cannot find prejudice from an appellate
error predicated on the same issue. See Ricalday v. Procunier, 736 F.2d 203, 208 (5th Cir. 1984); see
also, Goodwin v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 162, 172 (5th Cir. 1998).
Overall, we look to the fundamental fairness of the proceeding and whether Mayabb’s
conviction is unreliable because of a breakdown in the adversarial process. See Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 696. The reco rd before us does not support this conclusion; therefore, we find no violation of
Mayabb’s sixth amendment right to counsel. As the district court below found, nothing in the record
supports Mayabb’s hypothesis that the outcome of this case would have been different had the issue
of sudden passio n been placed in the murder paragraph instead of the voluntary manslaughter
paragraph.
III. Exclusion of Polygraph Evidence
In United States v. Scheffer, 118 S. Ct. 1261, 1264-65 (1998), the Supreme Court upheld the
automatic exclusion of polygraph evidence in military courts, finding no violation of the defendant’s
right to present a defense. Following Scheffer, this court recently held that a Texas court’s exclusion
of polygraph evidence based on state law did not violate the § 2254 petitioner’s federal constitutional
rights. Castillo v. Johnson, 141 F.3d 218, 222 (5th Cir. 1998) (“Castillo’s claim challenging the
exclusion of evidence based o n state law thus does not afford a basis for federal habeas corpus
relief.”).
In his original brief, Mayabb argues that the Texas per se exclusion of polygraph evidence
violated his right under the sixth amendment to present his defense. In his reply brief, however,
12
Mayabb concedes this issue in light of the Supreme Court’s opinion in Scheffer. Accordingly, there
is no basis for relief.
IV. Retroactive Application of Texas’s Parole Laws
Mayabb contends that he is entitled to retroactive application of an amendment to Texas’s
parole laws decreasing the time a prisoner must serve before becoming eligible for parole. He asserts
that under a 1987 amendment of the parole law, he would be eligible for parole after serving one-
fourth of his sentence, rather than one-third of his sentence. Mayabb contends that the failure to
apply the amendment retroactively violates the Equal Protection Clause.
Mayabb was convicted of murder under Texas law in 1980. Effective September 1, 1987,
the Texas legislature amended its parole eligibility law, making inmates convicted of aggravated
offenses eligible for release after serving the lesser of one-fourth of the sentence imposed, or 15
calendar years ("one-fourth law"). Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.18, § 8(b) (West 1991).
The prior version of the statute required inmates convicted of aggravated crimes to serve the lesser
of one-third of the sentence imposed, or 20 calendar years ("one-third law"). Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 42.12, § 15(b) (West 1979). The one-fourth rule is prospective only and is not given
retrospective effect. Ex Parte Choice, 828 S.W. 2d 5, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
The Equal Protection Clause requires that "all persons similarly situated should be treat ed
alike." City of Cleburne, Tex. v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S. 432, 439 (1985). In determining
an equal protection challenge to state legislation, such legislation is generally "presumed to be valid
and will be sustained if the classification drawn by the statute is rationally related to a legitimate state
interest." Id. at 440 (citations omitted). A claimant who alleges an equal protection violation has the
burden of proving the existence of purposeful discrimination. McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279,
13
292 (1987). A violation of equal protection occurs only when the governmental action in question
“classif[ies] or distinguish[es] between two or more relevant persons or groups[,]” Brennan v.
Stewart, 834 F.2d 1248, 1257 (5th Cir. 1988), or when a classification impermissibly interferes with
a fundamental right. Hatten v. Rains, 854 F.2d 687, 690 (5th Cir. 1988). The Equal Protection
Clause is violated only by intentional discrimination. “Discriminatory purpose . . . implies more than
intent as volition or as awareness of consequences.” Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v.
Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979). “It implies that the decisionmaker singled out a particular group
for disparate treatment and selected his course of action at least in part for the purpose of causing its
adverse effect on an identifiable group.” Shango v. Jurich, 681 F.2d 1091, 1104 (7th Cir. 1982)(citing
Feeney, 442 U.S. at 279).
This court has upheld the purely prospective application of the one-fourth statute against an
identical equal protection challenge. Ruiz v. Morales, 9 F.3d 103 (table), No. 93-4405, (5th Cir. Nov.
3, 1993).10 The one-fourth statute “does not discriminate on any purposeful or invidious basis. . .
[and] [t]he Texas legislature acted rationally in making its change in the parole eligibility law
prospective only.” Id. Consequently, we reject Mayabb’s claim.
We also find that Mayabb has no constitutional right to parole. Orellana v. Kyle, 65 F.3d 29,
32 (5th Cir. 1996). He has not shown that the Texas legislature intended to cause any adverse effects
on any identifiable group when it amended the parole laws. His equal protection contention lacks
merit.
10
Although this decision is not controlling under the law-of-the-case doctrine because it is not
a subsequent proceeding in the same case, see Paul v. United States, 734 F.2d 1064, 1066 (5th Cir.
1984), it is nevertheless of precedential value, see Fifth Circuit Local Rule 47.5.3 (unpublished
opinions issued before January 1, 1996, are precedent); its legal analysis is persuasive, and it should
be applied here to resolve the issue against Mayabb.
14
Conclusion
Mayabb has failed to demonstrate that his conviction and sentence violates the Constitution.
Each of the issues presented before this court has received full and fair consideration by the state and
federal courts below. We have reviewed Mayabb’s claims and find no merit in his petition for habeas
corpus relief. We AFFIRM the dismissal of Mayabb’s petition for habeas relief.
15