IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
September 9, 2010
Nos. 05-70028 and 09-70018 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
FELIX ROCHA,
Petitioner – Appellant
v.
RICK THALER, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice,
Correctional Institutions Division,
Respondent – Appellee
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
Federal habeas petitioner Felix Rocha confessed to the murder of Rafael
Fuentes—a security guard found shot to death outside the Houston nightclub
where he worked—but later pled not guilty and proceeded to trial. Texas
indictments charged both Rocha and a co-defendant, Virgilio Maldonado, with
capital murder, though each defendant was tried separately. A jury convicted
Rocha and on its answer to the sentencing questions he was sentenced to death.
State courts affirmed the conviction and sentence on direct review. Over the
course of the next eight years, Rocha filed four state habeas applications and one
federal habeas petition. All failed. The federal district court denied relief but
held an evidentiary hearing and granted Rocha a certificate of appealability
(“COA”) on his claim under Brady v. Maryland, a claim we now examine. Before
this court Rocha also renews his request for a COA on two additional questions:
whether he is entitled to review on the merits of his punishment-phase
ineffective assistance of counsel claim under Wiggins v. Smith; and whether the
state violated an individually-enforceable right under the Vienna Convention by
failing to inform Rocha that he was entitled, as a Mexican citizen, to contact his
country’s consulate. We affirm the district court, deny relief on Rocha’s Brady
claim, and deny Rocha’s request for a COA on his claim under the Vienna
Convention. We also hold that Rocha was not entitled to have a federal court
review the merits of his Wiggins claim, but we grant his request for a COA on
that question.
I
Rocha’s federal petition is subject to the heightened standard of review set
out in the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”). In the
review of state proceedings, AEDPA proscribes federal habeas relief unless the
state court’s adjudication on the merits (1) “resulted in a decision that was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established
federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or (2)
“resulted in a decision that was based upon an unreasonable determination of
the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.”1 “A
state court decision is ‘contrary to . . . clearly established precedent if the state
court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [the Supreme
1
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
2
Court’s] cases.’”2 “A state-court decision will also be contrary to . . . clearly
established precedent if the state court confronts a set of facts that are
materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme Court] and
nevertheless arrives at a result different from [Supreme Court] precedent.”3 “A
state-court decision involves an unreasonable application of [Supreme Court]
precedent if the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from [the]
Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular state
prisoner’s case.”4 AEDPA requires us to presume state-court findings of fact to
be correct “unless the petitioner rebuts that presumption by clear and convincing
evidence.”5 We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo, “applying the same standards to the state court’s
decision as did the district court.”6
II
After the state courts affirmed his conviction on direct and habeas review,
Rocha learned that one of the officers who had testified at his trial, Jaime
Escalante, had a disciplinary record and was romantically involved with the
sister of the lone eyewitness, Reynaldo Muñoz. Now on federal habeas, he says
the state suppressed this information in violation of Brady v. Maryland.7 Rocha
2
Wallace v. Quarterman, 516 F.3d 351, 354 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 405 (2000)) (addition in Wallace).
3
Williams, 529 U.S. at 406.
4
Id. at 407.
5
Valdez v. Cockrell, 274 F.3d 941, 947 (5th Cir. 2001) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)).
6
Harrison v. Quarterman, 496 F.3d 419, 423 (5th Cir. 2007).
7
See 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
3
claims he would have used the information to impeach the trial testimony of
both Officer Escalante and eyewitness Muñoz. The district court, as we have
noted, denied relief but granted a COA. We affirm the district court’s denial of
habeas relief because the information was immaterial to the jury’s decision to
convict.
A
A successful Brady claim has three elements: “The evidence at issue must
be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it is
impeaching; that evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either
willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have ensued.”8 Rocha
procedurally defaulted on this claim by failing to present it in any of his four
state habeas petitions so in federal court he must demonstrate “cause and
prejudice” to qualify for habeas relief, unless failure to do so would result in a
fundamental miscarriage of justice.9 When a habeas petitioner brings a
Brady claim, the “cause and prejudice” requirements of the procedural default
doctrine parallel the last two elements of the alleged constitutional violation
itself.10 That is, a petitioner shows “cause” when the reason for his failure to
develop facts in state-court proceedings was the state’s suppression of the
relevant evidence, while “prejudice” exists when the suppressed evidence is
“material” for Brady purposes.11 On appeal, we assume without deciding both
that the asserted evidence is at least nominally favorable to Rocha and that the
8
Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281–82 (1999).
9
Id. at 282.
10
Id.
11
Id.
4
state suppressed the evidence. Our focus here is on materiality.
B
The parties do not dispute the relevant facts. At Rocha’s trial—again,
conducted separately from co-defendant Maldonado’s—eyewitness Muñoz
testified that he was checking on some coin-operated pool tables he owned at the
nightclub when he saw two men—one taller, and one shorter—approach
Fuentes, the eventual victim. The taller of the two men lifted his arms as if to
permit a frisk. According to Muñoz, the shorter man then pointed a gun at
Fuentes before demanding and reaching for Fuentes’s own holstered firearm.
Muñoz fled the scene without seeing what happened next. He did, however, hear
two or three gunshots as he ran. At Rocha’s trial, Muñoz identified Maldonado
as the taller man who had approached Fuentes the night of the murder. Muñoz
never pinned the murder on Rocha, saying only that his physical features “fit[]
the description” of the shorter man.
But the state’s case against Rocha did not rise and fall on eyewitness
testimony—Rocha had confessed. The prosecution sought to lay a foundation for
this confession through the testimony of Officer Escalante and a second police
officer, Xavier Avila. Escalante began by testifying that after the shooting he
“made the scene” at the nightclub. There he interviewed “five or six Spanish-
speaking witnesses.” From then on he “[took] charge . . . of investigating leads
and following up on things [he] learned during that initial visit.”
Escalante’s testimony continued: With no arrests made nearly a year and
a half after the murder, police arrested Rocha and Maldonado on unrelated bank
robbery and capital murder charges. Two days later, officers Escalante and
Avila went to see Rocha and Maldonado in detention, suspecting that the
attempted bank robbers also had something to do with the Fuentes murder.
5
Their hunch seemed to bear fruit: Rocha made an uncounseled waiver of his
Miranda rights with both officers present but requested that they come back the
next day, at which time he would allow them to record his statement.
When the officers returned, they split up: Avila interviewed Rocha;
Escalante took Maldonado. After about fifteen to thirty minutes, Maldonado
confessed to the murder and implicated Rocha. This success in hand, Escalante
interrupted Avila’s interview with Rocha—which up to this point had been
unproductive—to share the news. He presented an audio recording of
Maldonado’s confession and prompted Avila to use a particular segment as a tool
to speed Rocha’s interview along. Avila, working alone, resumed his questioning
of Rocha, eventually making an audio recording of Rocha’s full confession.12
Escalante took no direct part in Rocha’s interview.
Escalante’s trial testimony then turned to his interactions with eyewitness
Muñoz. He explained that he first met Muñoz during the investigation and that
in November 1994 he showed Muñoz two photo spreads, neither depicting
Maldonado or Rocha. Muñoz did not identify anyone on the two spreads, noting
only that two photos “looked like” the taller man. Much later, in 1997, Escalante
12
On direct appeal, the Court of Criminal Appeals recounted Rocha’s confession as
follows:
[Rocha] and Fuentes had been involved in an altercation at some time prior to the
murder. Fuentes had beaten and otherwise embarrassed [Rocha], and [Rocha] had
vowed to get revenge. On the night of the killing, [Rocha] and Maldonado confronted
Fuentes. [Rocha] intended to take Fuentes’s gun to embarrass him and show that
Fuentes was not a good security guard. [Rocha] pulled his own gun on Fuentes, and
Fuentes grabbed [Rocha]’s gun. Then [Rocha] and Fuentes struggled over [Rocha]’s gun,
and [Rocha]’s gun was shot once during the struggle. [Rocha] did not know whether the
shot hit Fuentes or simply went into the air. Maldonado shot Fuentes several times to
protect [Rocha]. Maldonado then took Fuentes’[s] gun, and [Rocha] and Maldonado fled
the scene.
Rocha v. State, 16 S.W.3d at 5.
6
again showed Muñoz a series of photographs—this time with Maldonado’s
photograph included. Muñoz identified Maldonado as the taller of the two men
who had approached Fuentes.
Officer Avila’s trial testimony confirmed Escalante’s account of their initial
visit to Rocha. Avila testified in greater detail, answering questions regarding
Rocha’s mental state, physical well-being, and apparent ability to understand his
waiver of Miranda rights. He then stepped the jury through his interrogation
of Rocha.
On federal habeas review, the district court held an evidentiary hearing
before rejecting Rocha’s Brady claim; Muñoz, Escalante, and others were
deposed. In his deposition, Escalante disclosed, for the first time, that he had
freelanced for the owner of the nightclub—Maria Medeles—during the Fuentes
investigation and that their relationship had turned romantic by the time of
Rocha’s trial. He testified that their professional relationship began sometime
after the murder when Medeles hired him as an apparent jack-of-all-trades for
her area businesses. Only later did the relationship blossom into something
more. In seeming contrast to his trial testimony, Escalante also downplayed the
level of his involvement in the Fuentes murder investigation, claiming, for
example, that he did not recall taking part in the initial crime scene
investigation at all. Rather, he said his involvement began when the detectives
handling the case asked him, months after the murder, to contact eyewitness
Muñoz through Medeles—Escalante’s part-time employer and paramour—and,
as it turns out, Muñoz’s sister:
What happened, Avila couldn’t get ahold of him, and he told me,
“Hey, tell Maria that we need to talk to her brother, show him a
photo spread, and I said, ‘Well, give me the photo spread so I can
show it to him.’ Maria tracked him down.
7
In his deposition, Escalante reiterated that he had first met Muñoz during
the investigation and that he had seen Muñoz only “three or four times.”
Escalante said he could not “stand” Muñoz and that Medeles and Muñoz were
not close, emphasizing that the siblings were related by adoption only.
Consistent with testimony adduced at trial, Escalante confirmed that he had not
been present for Rocha’s confession but had provided Avila with the audio
recording of Maldonado’s statement. In his federal petition, Rocha concedes
“Escalante is vague on when his relationship with Medeles began” but asserts
that at a minimum Escalante “knew Medeles well enough in 1994 to use her to
find her brother . . . during the investigation.”
Escalante also admitted that he had been disciplined for running two
background checks on Medeles and three on her son at their request, and that
he had retrieved the case number for a case involving the theft of items from
Medeles’s car. In response to these actions, the department suspended him for
six days in 2001 for unauthorized usage of police computer systems. It is not
entirely clear when the department’s investigation began, but Escalante first
gave a statement on the subject in September 1999—after Rocha’s November
1998 trial.
Adding to this milieu, Rocha rests his Brady claim in part on the
deposition testimony of Andres Reza, a former police officer who is currently
serving a prison sentence on an unrelated conviction for kidnapping Medeles and
holding her for ransom. Based on Reza’s testimony, Rocha claims that the police
department’s internal affairs division had long investigated Escalante’s activities
and that the prosecution failed to disclose evidence of the following: (1)
Escalante’s suspected involvement in the murder of a Colombian victim; (2) his
suspected involvement in the drug trade; (3) a DEA investigation into his alleged
drug activities; (4) his suspected use of local cantinas in distributing drugs; (5)
8
his suspected involvement with a Colombian drug-trafficking network; and (6)
his suspected involvement in underage prostitution at the cantinas. Notably,
Rocha provides no corroboration for these allegations. Nor does he assign dates
to any of the alleged incidents or investigations, explaining only that Escalante’s
disciplinary history spanned 13 years and included seven sustained complaints.
For its part, the state identifies three internal department misconduct
complaints filed prior to Rocha’s trial, but the record admits no further detail.
C
“Unless suppressed evidence is ‘material for Brady purposes, [its]
suppression [does] not give rise to sufficient prejudice to overcome [a] procedural
default.’”13 “[T]he materiality standard for Brady claims is met when ‘the
favorable evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a
different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.’”14 Where, as here,
there are a number of potential Brady violations, “a court must analyze whether
the cumulative effect of all such evidence suppressed by the government raises
a reasonable probability that its disclosure would have produced a different
result.”15
“The materiality of Brady material depends almost entirely on the value
of the evidence relative to the other evidence mustered by the state.”16
13
Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 698 (2004) (quoting Strickler, 527 U.S. at 282)
(alterations in Banks).
14
Id. (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435 (1995)).
15
See United States v. Sipe, 388 F.3d 471, 478 (5th Cir. 2004); see also Kyles, 514 U.S.
at 434.
16
Sipe, 388 F.3d at 478 (quoting Smith v. Black, 904 F.2d 950, 967 (5th Cir.1990))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
9
Undisclosed evidence that is merely cumulative of other evidence is not material,
while the impeached testimony of a witness whose account is “strongly
corroborated by additional evidence supporting a guilty verdict . . . generally is
not found to be material” either.17 Conversely, a Brady violation is more likely
to occur when the impeaching evidence “would seriously undermine the
testimony of a key witness on an essential issue or there is no strong
corroboration.”18
The record, read liberally in Rocha’s favor, indicates that Escalante had
a professional and romantic relationship with Medeles by the time of Rocha’s
trial; that because of this relationship Escalante at least knew of Medeles’s
brother, eyewitness Muñoz; that Escalante saw Muñoz three or four times over
the course of the subsequent investigation; and that his relationship with Muñoz
was neither close nor particularly amicable. It is also undisputed that Escalante
was the subject of three sustained misconduct complaints prior to Rocha’s trial.
Rocha contends that the state’s failure to disclose this alleged
impeachment evidence tainted the testimony of both Escalante and Muñoz. We
cannot say that he is entirely wrong—Escalante’s credibility, for one, is strained
to say the least. Yet, even if the undisclosed evidence tends to impeach all of
Escalante’s testimony, that testimony was merely duplicative of Officer Avila’s.
While Escalante went beyond Avila in stating he had “made the scene” at the
nightclub where the murder took place, “interviewed five or six Spanish-
speaking witnesses at the scene,” and witnessed Muñoz’s initial identification
of Maldonado as the “taller man,” the prosecution primarily relied on Escalante
17
Id. (quoting Spence v. Johnson, 80 F.3d 989, 995 (5th Cir. 1996); Wilson v. Whitley,
28 F.3d 433, 439 (5th Cir. 1994)) (quotation marks omitted).
18
Id. (quoting United States v. Weintraub, 871 F.2d 1257, 1262 (5th Cir. 1989))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
10
to lay a foundation for Rocha’s confession. On that score, it was Avila—not
Escalante—who provided the meaningful detail about Rocha’s confession; he was
the one, after all, who actually questioned Rocha. The remainder of Escalante’s
testimony was largely irrelevant to the state’s case. And at any rate Rocha does
not now contend that his full confession was anything but knowing and
voluntary, so neither officer’s testimony is particularly relevant in
demonstrating Rocha’s guilt.
Muñoz’s testimony also withstands Rocha’s scrutiny, especially given the
minimal impeachment value of the Escalante-Medeles-Muñoz triangle.
Escalante romanced Medeles; Escalante found Muñoz through Medeles a few
years after the murder; Escalante presented a series of photographs and Muñoz
identified Maldonado, Rocha’s co-defendant; and Muñoz later attested to that
identification, adding only that Rocha “fit[] the description” of the short man
present moments before Fuentes’s murder. Without more, this narrative—while
no doubt curious—is not compelling impeachment. As the district court
reasoned, “Muñoz’[s] relationship to Medeles does not establish that Muñoz had
any motive to lie about Rocha or anything else in this case. . . . [or] had any
reason to frame Rocha or otherwise lie about who committed the murder.”
A motive to lie or to frame is particularly difficult to fathom in light of the
actual substance of Muñoz’s testimony, which reached Rocha’s guilt tangentially
at most. Muñoz merely related that Rocha resembled the shorter man seen at
the nightclub the night of Fuentes’s murder, and the balance of his
testimony—like Escalante’s account—was only useful to the prosecution in
corroborating the underlying facts of Rocha’s full confession. That confession
remains in evidence uncontested, strongly corroborating Muñoz’s supporting
testimony and rendering it largely superfluous.
Viewed as a whole, the “transcript falls far short of undermining
11
confidence in the guilt phase’s outcome,”19 and the undisclosed evidence is thus
immaterial for Brady purposes.
III
Rocha also requests a COA to address two additional issues, first, a
punishment-phase ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and second, a charge
that the state violated his rights under the Vienna Convention. The district
court rejected his request in full.
Under AEDPA, a COA—which is a necessary predicate to our full
review—may issue only if the habeas petitioner “has made a substantial showing
of the denial of a constitutional right.”20 We will grant a COA only when
“reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that)” the
court below should have resolved the claims in a different manner or that this
court should encourage the petitioner to further litigate his claims in federal
court.21 This “requires an overview of the claims in the habeas petition and a
general assessment of their merits” but not “full consideration of the factual or
legal bases adduced in support of the claims.”22
A
i
Rocha first raised the claim that his trial counsel was constitutionally
19
Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 349 (2003) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
20
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2); Miller-El, 537 U.S. at 335–36.
21
Id. at 336 (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483–84 (2000)).
22
Id.
12
ineffective at sentencing by failing to investigate, develop, and present
mitigation evidence—his claim under Wiggins v. Smith—in the district court as
part of his federal habeas petition.23 The court noted that Rocha did not raise
this claim in state court, making the claim unexhausted. Ordinarily, the district
court observed, “a federal habeas petition that contains unexhausted claims is
dismissed without prejudice, allowing the petitioner to return to the state forum
to present his unexhausted claims.” However, “if the court to which a petitioner
must present his claims to satisfy the exhaustion requirement would now find
the claims procedurally barred,” the court need not dismiss his claims to allow
exhaustion. The district court concluded that Rocha’s Wiggins claim would be
procedurally barred in Texas court, and that Rocha was unable to show cause for
or prejudice from a procedural default or that he was actually innocent of capital
murder or the death penalty. Accordingly, the district court held that Rocha’s
Wiggins claim was procedurally barred from review in federal court and denied
him habeas relief.24
With his appeal pending before our court, Rocha filed a subsequent state
habeas application to exhaust his Wiggins claim. Rocha also moved for—and
obtained—a stay of the federal appellate proceedings until the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals (“CCA”) ruled on Rocha’s Wiggins claim. The CCA eventually
dismissed Rocha’s claim, after briefly reciting the procedural history, in an
unsigned per curiam order:
23
See 539 U.S. 510 (2003). As part of his initial habeas petition, Rocha also asserted
that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to discover and use impeachment evidence
concerning Escalante and Muñoz. He has since abandoned this claim.
24
After the district court denied his federal habeas petition and before Rocha filed his
notice of appeal, Rocha filed a motion to alter or amend the district court’s judgment on his
Brady claim and a motion for a COA on his Vienna Convention claim. At that time, Rocha did
not file a motion for post-judgment relief on his Wiggins claim.
13
We have reviewed the application and find that the allegations do
not satisfy the requirements of Article 11.071, Section 5(a)(3).
Therefore, we dismiss this application as an abuse of the writ.25
Rocha then returned to federal district court and filed a motion to reopen
the district court’s final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)
for further evaluation of his Wiggins claim. Rocha asserted that the CCA had
reached the merits of his Wiggins claim, thus permitting federal habeas review.
Rocha also moved for another stay and limited remand in the Fifth Circuit to
allow the district court to consider Rocha’s Rule 60(b) motion. While Rocha’s
motion to stay the proceedings and for limited remand was pending, the district
court denied Rocha’s motion for Rule 60(b) relief and denied Rocha’s application
for a COA. The district court denied Rocha’s Rule 60(b) motion for relief from
judgment because it concluded that the CCA’s reliance on § 5(a)(3) was an
independent and adequate state ground, leaving intact its original conclusion
that Rocha’s Wiggins claim was procedurally barred.
Rocha appealed the district court’s denial of his Rule 60(b) motion to this
court.26 We denied as moot Rocha’s motion to stay the proceedings and for
25
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.071, § 5(a)(3) (Vernon 2010).
26
This appeal was docketed as number 09-70018. We have jurisdiction to consider the
denial of a Rule 60(b) motion in a habeas proceeding only if the motion “attacks, not the
substance of the federal court’s resolution of the claim on the merits, but some defect in the
integrity of the federal habeas proceedings.” Gonzales v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 532 (2005).
Where the Rule 60(b) motion contains a new claim, it is properly considered a successive
habeas petition and is subject to AEDPA’s “requirement that a successive habeas petition be
precertified by the court of appeals as falling within an exception to the successive-petition
bar.” Id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)). The parties agree that Rocha’s Rule 60(b) motion was
not an improper successive petition, which is in accord with the law of this circuit. Ruiz v.
Quarterman, 504 F.3d 523, 526 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding that AEDPA’s limitation on successive
federal habeas petitions does not apply where the district court previously denied relief based
on procedural default and failure to exhaust and the petitioner is using Rule 60(b) to seek a
merits determination). We thus have jurisdiction to review the district court’s denial of Rocha’s
Rule 60(b) motion.
14
limited remand, and consolidated Rocha’s appeal of the denial of his Rule 60(b)
motion with Rocha’s appeal of the denial of his habeas petition.27
Rule 60(b)(6) authorizes relief from a final judgment, order, or proceeding
for “any other reason that justifies relief.”28 We have interpreted Rule 60(b)(6)’s
“any other reason” language to mean any other reason than those contained in
the preceding five enumerated grounds of Rule 60(b).29 While Rule 60(b)(6) is
commonly referred to as a “grand reservoir of equitable power to do justice,” the
rule is only invoked in “extraordinary circumstances.”30 Indeed, this court has
repeatedly stated that “the decision to grant or deny relief under Rule 60(b) lies
within the sound discretion of the district court and will be reversed only for an
abuse of that discretion.”31
27
The original appeal was docketed as number 05-70028.
28
FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(6). In his briefing before this court, Rocha fails to state which
subset of Rule 60(b) authorizes relief from the district court’s judgment. In his briefing before
the district court, Rocha asserted that he was entitled to relief under both Rule 60(b)(5) and
(6). Rule 60(b)(5) vests a court with the authority to grant relief from a final judgment, order,
or proceeding if “the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged; it is based on an
earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it prospectively is no longer
equitable.” FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b)(5). The district court’s judgment has not been satisfied,
released, or discharged; nor was the district court’s decision based on an earlier judgment of
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals since that judgment had not yet been issued at the time
of the district court’s decision. Accordingly, Rocha’s claim for relief under Rule 60(b) is properly
analyzed under subsection (6). See Bailey v. Ryan Stevedoring Co., Inc., 894 F.2d 157, 159 (5th
Cir. 1990) (“It should be noted that while 60(b)(5) authorizes relief when a judgment upon
which it was based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, it does not authorize relief from
a judgment on the ground that the law applied by the court in making its adjudication has
been subsequently overruled or declared erroneous in another and unrelated proceeding.”)
(quoting Lubben v. Selective Sys. Local Bd. No. 27., 453 F.2d 645, 650 (1st Cir. 1972)).
29
Batts v. Tow-Motor Forklift Co., 66 F.3d 743, 747 (5th Cir. 1995).
30
Williams v. Thaler, 602 F.3d 291, 311 (5th Cir. 2010).
31
Id. at 312 (internal quotations, brackets, and citations omitted); see also Seven Elves,
Inc. v. Eskenazi, 635 F.2d 396, 402 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981) (“It is not enough that the granting
of relief might have been permissible, or even warranted[—]denial must have been so
unwarranted as to constitute an abuse of discretion.”).
15
ii
A federal court is precluded from considering a state prisoner’s habeas
petition if the underlying state decision rests on an adequate and independent
state ground, such as a state procedural bar.32 We must presume “that there is
no independent and adequate state ground for a state court decision when the
decision fairly appears to rest primarily on federal law, or to be interwoven with
federal law.”33 A state court may overcome this presumption by “stating clearly
and expressly that its decision is based on bona fide separate, adequate, and
independent grounds.”34 Otherwise, a federal court “will accept as the most
reasonable explanation that the state court decided the case the way it did
because it believed that federal law required it to do so.”35 Rocha asserted before
the district court—and re-asserts on appeal—that the CCA’s dismissal of his
application did not unambiguously rest on an independent state ground, and
that the federal court accordingly erred by not reviewing the merits of his
Wiggins claim.36
32
Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991). Whether a particular state-law rule
is “independent” of federal law is a federal question. Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. 362, 375 (2002).
33
Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735.
34
Id. at 733 (internal quotations, brackets, ellipses, and citations omitted).
35
Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 1040–41 (1983).
36
The “adequacy” of a state ground, which Rocha does not contest here, turns on
whether the state law ground is both “firmly established and regularly followed” by the state
courts. Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423–24 (1991) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted); see also Hughes v. Quarterman, 530 F.3d 336, 341 (5th Cir. 2008). The Supreme
Court recently held that a state discretionary procedural rule is not automatically inadequate
to bar federal court review on habeas. Beard v. Kindler, 130 S. Ct. 612, 619, ___ U.S. ____,
____ (2009). The state pointed to Beard in a December 2009 Rule 28(j) letter. Although
Rocha’s brief at times appears to contest both the independent and adequate nature of § 5, his
response to the state’s Rule 28(j) letter clearly disavows any claim that § 5 is inadequate: “Mr.
Rocha has argued in his application for a Certificate of Appealability that he is entitled to
federal review because the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ . . . decision did not rest on an
16
In 1995, § 5(a) of Article 11.071 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,
on which the CCA’s dismissal relied, canonized Texas’s abuse of writ doctrine.
The provision governs whether Texas state courts have the authority to consider
new claims raised in a subsequent application for writ of habeas corpus in a
death-penalty case. Once a habeas applicant has filed an initial habeas
application in state court, “a court may not consider the merits of or grant relief
based on [any new claims brought in a] subsequent application unless the
application contains sufficient specific facts establishing that”:
(1) the current claims and issues have not been and
could not have been presented previously in a timely
initial application or in a previously considered
application filed under this article or Article 11.07
because the factual or legal basis for the claim was
unavailable on the date the applicant filed the previous
application;
(2) by a preponderance of the evidence, but for a
violation of the United States Constitution, no rational
juror could have found the applicant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt; or
(3) by clear and convincing evidence, but for a violation
of the United States Constitution no rational juror
would have answered in the state’s favor one or more of
the special issues that were submitted to the jury in the
applicant’s trial under Article 37.071, 37.0711, or
37.072.37
Rocha invokes—and the CCA’s dismissal specifically relied on—§ 5(a)(3),
independent state ground. He has not made any argument that discretion in the [CCA’s]
judgment renders it inadequate and requires federal review. Rather, Mr. Rocha has argued
that the [CCA’s] decision disposing of Mr. Rocha’s subsequent habeas application is not
independent because: (1) the dismissal rests on a ground (specifically, Tex. Code of Crim. Proc.
5(a)(3)) that is interwoven with federal law, and (2) the decision did not clearly and expressly
rely on state law.”
37
TEX. CODE. CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.071 § 5(a) (West 2010).
17
which, as paraphrased by the CCA, permits a subsequent state habeas applicant
like Rocha to proceed with his claim “if he can show to the requisite level of
confidence that no rational juror ‘would’ have answered at least one of the
statutory special punishment issues”—which determine whether capital
punishment will be imposed—“in the State’s favor.”38 The Texas legislature “has
determined, however, that the State’s interest in the finality of its judgments
justifies the imposition of higher burdens upon the subsequent applicant who did
not avail himself of the opportunity and resources available to him . . . in an
initial writ to raise his claim.”39 For an applicant who bypassed the opportunity
to raise a claim in an initial writ, the “requisite level of confidence” is clear and
convincing evidence.40
The state of Texas undisputedly has the right to establish the conditions
under which it will entertain a subsequent writ. And we have long held that
those conditions as enumerated in § 5(a) “normally constitute[] an adequate and
independent procedural bar to federal review,”41 with at least two notable
exceptions.42
38
Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d 151, 161 (Tex. Crim App. 2007).
39
Id. at 162.
40
Id.
41
See Morris v. Dretke, 413 F.3d 484, 500 (5th Cir. 2005) (Higginbotham, J.,
concurring); see also Aguilar v. Dretke, 428 F.3d 526, 533 (5th Cir. 2005) (“This court has
consistently held that Texas’[s] abuse-of-writ rule is ordinarily an ‘adequate and independent’
procedural ground on which to base a procedural default ruling.”).
42
See Rivera v. Quarterman, 505 F.3d 349 (5th Cir. 2007); Ruiz v. Quarterman, 504
F.3d 523 (5th Cir. 2007). Rivera involved a denial under § 5(a)(1), as indicated in the CCA’s
articulation of the applicable standard in that case: “an applicant must allege ‘sufficient
specific facts’ to support his entitlement to bring a claim under newly established law within
that writ application.” Ex parte Rivera, 2003 WL 21752841, at *1. Ruiz also considered a
denial under § 5(a)(1). The CCA denied the habeas application under § 5, Ruiz argued § 5(a)(1)
to this court, and we based our analysis on that argument: “The Texas Code of Criminal
18
A federal petitioner at the same time may avoid a state-law procedural bar
if he “can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of
the alleged violation of federal law, or demonstrate that failure to consider the
claims will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.’”43 The “miscarriage
of justice” exception applies where a petitioner is “actually innocent” of either the
offense giving rise to his conviction or “actually innocent” of the death penalty.44
Under the Supreme Court’s decision in Sawyer v. Whitley, a petitioner who
claims to be actually innocent of the death penalty to which he has been
sentenced “must show by clear and convincing evidence that, but for a
constitutional error, no reasonable juror would have found the petitioner eligible
for the death penalty under the applicable state law.”45 Actual innocence is “not
itself a constitutional claim, but instead a gateway through which a habeas
petitioner must pass to have his otherwise barred constitutional claim
considered on the merits.”46
Texas largely adopted this federal gateway in crafting its own conditions
for subsequent habeas applications. As the CCA has explained, “[t]he [Texas]
Procedure, as interpreted by the CCA, provides for subsequent applications where (1) the
factual or legal basis for the subsequent claim was previously unavailable and (2) where the
facts alleged would constitute a federal constitutional violation that would likely require relief
from either the conviction or sentence.” Ruiz, 504 F.3d at 527. Appended to this assertion was
a citation to Ex parte Campbell, a CCA decision discussing § 5(a)(1), finding that the habeas
applicant had “facially surmounted the ‘unavailability’ hurdle of Section 5(a)(1),” and asking
whether he had put forth a “prima facie” showing of a constitutional violation. 226 S.W.3d
418, 421–22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
43
Hughes, 530 F.3d at 341 (quoting Coleman, 501 U.S. at 750).
44
See Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 326–27; Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 338
(1992); see also Williams, 602 F.3d at 307.
45
505 U.S. at 336.
46
See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 315 (quoting Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 404 (1993))
(internal quotation marks omitted).
19
Legislature quite obviously intended [§ 5(a)(3)], at least in some measure, to
mimic the federal doctrine of ‘fundamental miscarriage of justice.’ . . . apparently
intending to codify, more or less, the [actual-innocence-of-the-death-penalty]
doctrine found in Sawyer v. Whitley.”47 The practical result in nearly all cases
will be that the federal and state standards are identical.48
Texas is not alone in providing exceptions to habeas procedural bars under
heightened pleading standards; as the Third Circuit recently recognized, “[m]any
states have procedural default rules with similar ‘safety valves’ for situations in
which enforcing the procedural default would work a serious injustice.”49 These
rules typically invoke “plain error” review of alleged constitutional violations,50
or pleading requirements to weed out “facially implausible” or “frivolous” claims,
in order to mitigate the effects of procedural default.51 The circuits are split on
whether these exceptions negate an otherwise independent state-law ground.
The First,52 Third,53 Fourth,54 Sixth,55 Seventh,56 Tenth,57 and Eleventh58 Circuits
47
Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 159–60; see also Hughes, 526 F.3d at 196 (“[T]he Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals has also construed section 5(a)(3) as analogous to the federal “actual
innocence” exception to exhaustion.”).
48
Compare Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 336, with TEX. CODE. CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.071 §
5(a) (West 2010).
49
Campbell v. Burris, 515 F.3d 172, 178 (3d Cir. 2008) (collecting cases).
50
Id.
51
Gardner v. Galetka, 568 F.3d 862, 884 (10th Cir. 2009).
52
Lynch v. Ficco, 438 F.3d 35 (1st Cir. 2006) (“The [state court], expressly noting that
the instruction ‘was not objected to at trial,’ reviewed Lynch's jury instructions claim for ‘a
substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.’ Limited review of this sort does not work a
waiver of the contemporaneous objection requirement.”) (internal citations and some quotation
marks omitted).
53
Campbell, 515 F.3d at 178 (“Many states have procedural default rules with similar
‘safety valves’ for situations in which enforcing the procedural default would work a serious
injustice. As a result, while the United States Supreme Court has not definitively resolved the
20
hold that such exceptions do not ordinarily deprive state court rulings of their
“independent” character. The Ninth Circuit disagrees,59 the Eighth has reached
matter, there is ample court of appeals case law on whether invocation of similar ‘plain error’
review of alleged violations of the federal constitution in order to mitigate the effect of a state
procedural default rule will suffice to deprive a state court ruling of its ‘independent’ character.
We agree with our sister Courts of Appeals for the First, Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, Tenth and
Eleventh Circuits that it does not.”).
54
Daniels v. Lee, 316 F.3d 477, 487 (4th Cir. 2003) (holding that a federal court is
procedurally barred from considering claim where state court’s review was limited to
determining, under the plain error doctrine, whether an error “so infected the trial with
unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process”).
55
Gulertekin v. Tinnelman-Cooper, 340 F.3d 415, 423 (6th Cir. 2003) (‘The [state court
of appeals] did not conduct the sort of review of the jury instructions that presumably would
have been undertaken had there been a timely objection to them; instead, the court inquired
only whether affirmance of the conviction would ‘result in manifest injustice’ because of the
alleged instructional error . . . . We would be loath to adopt an exception to the ‘cause and
prejudice’ rule that would discourage state appellate courts from undertaking the sort of
inquiry conducted by the [state] court, and we do not believe that the state court’s explanation
of why the jury instructions resulted in no manifest injustice can fairly be said to have
constituted a waiver of the procedural default.”).
56
Rodriguez v. McAdory, 318 F.3d 733, 736 (7th Cir. 2003) (“Although a state court’s
review of whether an error is plain often entails at least limited review of the merits, that
limited review is at most ‘entangled’ with the merits and certainly not ‘entirely dependent on
the merits.’ Thus the state court’s plain error review of Mr. Rodriguez’s claims did not undo
his procedural default.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
57
See Gardner, 568 F.3d at 884 (stating in dicta that a federal court is procedurally
barred when state courts ask whether a constitutional claim was “facially implausible” or
“frivolous” because the “frivolousness inquiry is not the bar; it is an element of the exception
to the bar”).
58
Julius v. Johnson, 840 F.2d 1533, 1546 (11th Cir. 1988) (“[T]he mere existence of a
‘plain error’ rule does not preclude a finding of procedural default.”).
59
See Walker v. Endell, 850 F.2d 470, 474–75 (9th Cir. 1987) (“[A] state appellate court
reviewing for plain error reaches the merits of a petitioner’s claim . . . . In reaching its
conclusion that there was no plain error, the [state] court conducted a review on the merits .
. . effectively lift[ing] the state’s procedural bar to [federal] review.”).
21
inconsistent results,60 and the Supreme Court’s teachings are inconclusive.61 But
we need not enter this fray because the identity of state and federal law in this
case has rendered meaningless any search for an independent and adequate
ground.
Either § 5(a)(3) operates as an independent state ground, in which case
federal law permits merits review only if the petitioner demonstrates cause and
prejudice or actual innocence of the death penalty, or the provision is not
independent of federal law, and we apply the actual-innocence-of-the-death-
penalty standard because state law—§ 5(a)(3) itself—demands that of us. In
both cases, Rocha must clear the identical hurdle before we can reach the merits
of his Wiggins claim. Texas may exercise its prerogative to establish heightened
barriers to subsequent state habeas applications, and the federal courts are
obliged to faithfully apply those barriers in federal habeas proceedings as well.62
60
Compare Toney v. Gammon, 79 F.3d 693, 699 (8th Cir. 1996) (“[A] properly limited
plain error review by a state court does not cure a procedural default.”), with Hornbuckle v.
Groose, 106 F.3d 253, 257 (8th Cir. 1997) (holding that when a state conducts a plain error
review, the federal court may also review for plain error).
61
In Osborne v. Ohio, a direct review case, the Supreme Court considered the Ohio
Supreme Court’s ruling that, although the trial judge failed to charge the jury that scienter
was an element of the petitioner’s crime, the petitioner had waived the issue by failing to object
at trial and the omissions did not “amount[] to plain error.” 495 U.S. 103, 107–08 (1990).
Without reciting Ohio’s plain error analysis, the Court had “no difficulty agreeing with the
State that Osborne’s counsel’s failure to urge that the court instruct the jury on scienter
constitutes an independent and adequate state-law ground preventing us from reaching
Osborne’s due process contention on that point.” Id. at 123. Furthermore, on direct review and
in the non-death penalty context, the Supreme Court has suggested that where a state court
does not actually reach the underlying merits, the independence of the state procedural rule
is not automatically undermined by the mere existence of provisions requiring or empowering
the state court to excuse procedural defaults if the underlying error is “plain” or “fundamental.”
See Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. 527, 534 n.*.
62
See Haynes v. Quarterman, 526 F.3d 189, 196–97 (5th Cir. 2008) (applying § 5(a)(3)’s
“actual innocence of the death penalty” standard to determine whether Texas courts would
grant a federal habeas petitioner the opportunity to pursue a successive habeas petition
despite failing to assert his claims in a previous petition), rev’d on other grounds sub nom.
22
“[N]othing in [the CCA’s] perfunctory dismissal of the claims . . . suggests that
it” went behind Sawyer and “actually considered or ruled on the merits.”63 It
signifies that whether § 5(a)(3) is characterized as a federally-mandated
exception to a state procedural bar or as an exception derived from federal
caselaw yet circumscribed by state statute, the threshold review is for actual
innocence of the death penalty.64
Here, Rocha cannot make the requisite showing under this shared
standard. When a claim of actual innocence contests a sentence of death, the
habeas petitioner’s claim must tend to negate not just the jury’s discretion to
impose a death sentence but the petitioner’s very eligibility for that punishment.
Thaler v. Haynes, 130 S. Ct. 1171 (2010) ; see also Williams, 602 F.3d at 307–08 (applying §
5(a)(2)’s “actual innocence” standard to decide whether a federal habeas petitioner’s new
evidence demonstrated that “but for a violation of the United States Constitution no rational
juror could have found [him] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt”); Hornbuckle, 106 F.3d at 257
(8th Cir. 1997) (holding that when a state conducts a plain error review for “manifest
injustice,” the federal court may review the habeas petitioner’s claim under the same
standard); Jones v. Jerrison, 20 F.3d 849, 854 (8th Cir. 1994) (“Because the state courts
reviewed Jones’s claim under a plain-error standard, we also apply a plain-error standard on
habeas review, not a more stringent standard.”) (citation omitted); Roy v. Coxon, 907 F.2d 385,
390 (2d Cir. 1990) (“The implication of Osborne [v. Ohio], therefore, appears to be that even
if the state court has addressed the questions of (a) whether there was error, and (b) whether
the error was prejudicial, if these questions were answered in the context of plain-error
analysis, the decision was not sufficiently a ruling on the merits to authorize the federal court
to reach the merits.”); cf. Osborne, 495 U.S. at 123.
63
See Hughes, 530 F.3d at 342.
64
In Balentine v. Thaler, 609 F.3d 729 (5th Cir. 2010), a panel of this Court held that
the CCA reached the merits of a petition for habeas corpus when it dismissed the petition
under Article 11.071 § 5. Balentine first relied on Ruiz to conclude that a bare citation to § 5
is not a clear and express statement that the decision rests on an independent and adequate
state-law ground. See id. at 735-38. It then proceeded to consider the merits of the underlying
claim. See id. at 738-43. To the extent that our decision today is not fully consonant with the
decision in Balentine, we believe that dissonance stems from Balentine’s misapplication of our
decision in Ruiz. The mandate has yet to issue in Balentine, and a petition for rehearing en
banc remains pending. We therefore instruct the clerk of the court that the mandate in this
case shall not issue until the mandate has issued in Balentine.
23
That is, a habeas petitioner who is “unquestionably eligible” for the sentence
received can never be “actually innocent of the death penalty.”65 This is so
because late-arriving constitutional error that impacted only a jury’s sentencing
discretion is not “sufficiently fundamental as to excuse the failure to raise it
timely in prior state and federal proceedings.”66 “[T]he ‘actual innocence’
requirement must,” then, “focus on those elements that render a defendant
eligible for the death penalty, and not on additional mitigating evidence that was
prevented from being introduced as a result of a claimed constitutional error.”67
But that is just the sort of evidence Rocha presents here. His Wiggins
claim reduces to an assertion that mitigating evidence could have influenced the
jury’s discretion in considering a sentence of death; he does not argue that this
evidence would have rendered him ineligible for the death penalty. A Wiggins
claim by its operation in this case goes only to a jury’s discretion in meting out
the penalty of death, not a particular defendant’s eligibility for that
punishment.68
That said, a caveat is necessary. Although the state actual innocence
standard as a general rule coincides with the federal standard, uncertainty
exists because the CCA speculated in Ex parte Blue that it might “permit a
subsequent state habeas applicant to proceed under circumstances that would
not excuse a federal petitioner under Sawyer v. Whitley,” specifically
circumstances where the applicant faults his counsel’s failure to develop and
65
Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 160 (citing Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 343–48).
66
Id. (citing Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 343–48).
67
Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 347; Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 161 (“This reading of the [§
5(a)(3)] exception seems to limit its applicability to constitutional errors that affect the
applicant’s eligibility for the death penalty under state statutory law.”) (emphasis in original).
68
See Haynes, 526 F.3d at 197; Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 160.
24
present mitigation evidence at sentencing.69 Thus, Rocha’s Wiggins claim—the
constitutional vehicle for complaints of inadequate mitigation at
sentencing—might very well “meet the criteria” of § 5(a)(3) as a matter of state
law.70
But in the face of this state-law uncertainty, the CCA in Rocha’s case was
silent, dismissing his subsequent application with a bare citation to § 5(a)(3).
From this silence we cannot discern whether the CCA resolved the question left
open in Ex parte Blue, concluded that the state version of actual innocence does
in fact permit mitigation evidence to form the basis of such a claim, and then
determined on the facts of this case that Rocha had nevertheless failed the
standard, or whether the court simply reverted to the federal standard. Putting
aside the low probability that any court would resolve sub rosa an issue it had
very recently and explicitly left unanswered, we must at any rate conclude that
69
See Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 161 n.42 (“Since 1991, one of the special issues that
determine whether capital punishment will be imposed is the so-called ‘mitigation’ special
issue, embodied in Article 37.071, Section 2(e). Article 11.071 was originally promulgated in
1995, after this amendment to Article 37.071. Therefore it is arguable that, in theory at least,
a subsequent habeas applicant could demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that, but
for some constitutional error, no rational juror would have answered the mitigation special
issue in the State’s favor.”); see also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. §37.071 (West 2010)
(“(2)(b) On conclusion of the presentation of the evidence, the court shall submit the following
issues to the jury: (1) whether there is a probability that the defendant would commit criminal
acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society; and (2) in cases in which
the jury charge at the guilt or innocence stage permitted the jury to find the defendant guilty
as a party under Sections 7.01 and 7.02, Penal Code, whether the defendant actually caused
the death of the deceased or did not actually cause the death of the deceased but intended to
kill the deceased or another or anticipated that a human life would be taken. . . . (e)(1) The
court shall instruct the jury that if the jury returns an affirmative finding to each issue
submitted under Subsection (b), it shall answer the following issue: Whether, taking into
consideration all of the evidence, including the circumstances of the offense, the defendant's
character and background, and the personal moral culpability of the defendant, there is a
sufficient mitigating circumstance or circumstances to warrant that a sentence of life
imprisonment without parole rather than a death sentence be imposed.”).
70
Ex parte Blue, 230 S.W.3d at 161 n.42.
25
the CCA relied on federal law in making its decision. Hitched to the Supreme
Court’s teachings in Sawyer, bare citation to § 5(a)(3)—without more—“fairly
appears to rest primarily on federal law, or to be interwoven with federal law,”71
namely the federal actual innocence standard, and there is no clear and express
basis to say otherwise.72 Accordingly, we must “accept as the most reasonable
explanation that the state court decided the case the way it did because it
believed that federal law required it to do so.”73 And federal law under Sawyer
precludes Rocha’s Wiggins claim.
Seen generally, the district court’s conclusion—that Rocha’s Wiggins claim
is of no help to him given the procedural posture of his case and the contours of
state law—was correct. However, given Balentine and its newly minted reading,
reasonable jurists could debate whether Rocha’s Wiggins claim fails because
§ 5(a)(3) operates as an independent and adequate state ground and Rocha
cannot make the showing of actual innocence of the death penalty that is
required to overcome a state-law procedural bar, or his Wiggins claim fails
because his claim of actual innocence under § 5(a)(3) fails on the merits.
Therefore, a COA will issue on this question. As for our broader conclusion,
whether state court invocation of § 5(a) of Article 11.071 of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure or its parts clearly rests a decision upon independent state
grounds does not yield to a universal answer. Rather, the answer will often turn
on contextual and case specific inquiries laid on the federal blanket of Michigan
71
Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735.
72
Id. at 733 (internal quotations, brackets, ellipses, and citations omitted).
73
Long, 463 U.S. at 1040–41.
26
v. Long74 and Coleman v. Thompson,75 ever mindful that the state has the right
to define the gateways of state habeas processes—free of federal review if clearly
stated.
B
Lastly, Rocha requests a COA to determine whether the state of Texas
violated his rights under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention and whether such
a violation warrants the exclusion of his confession. The state admits that it
violated the Convention’s terms: Rocha is a citizen of Mexico—a fact known to
the arresting officer—yet Rocha was never informed of his right to talk to the
Mexican consulate. For this violation, Rocha seeks to suppress his confession.
The trial court denied relief, and direct and state habeas review upheld that
decision. The federal district court also denied relief, explaining that Article 36
did not create individually-enforceable rights.76
Rocha acknowledges we have held that Article 36 does not create
individually-enforceable rights but wants a COA so that he may pursue en banc
consideration.77 He points to the Supreme Court’s 2006 decision in Sanchez-
74
463 U.S. 1032.
75
501 U.S. 722.
76
The district court also observed that the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) has
already determined that Rocha’s rights under the treaty were not substantively violated.
While it is true that the ICJ refused to find that Mexico’s right to “arrange for [Rocha’s] legal
representation” had not been violated, it found that the state violated the Convention when
it failed to inform Rocha of his right to request that the authorities inform his government’s
consulate that he had been detained. Case Concerning Avena and Other Mexican Nationals
(Mexico v. United States), 2004 I.C.J. 12; see also Medellín II, 552 U.S. at 502. The rights of
an individual are distinct from those of a government under the Convention, and the ICJ
decision is not determinative here.
77
See, e.g., Leal Garcia v. Quarterman, 573 F.3d 214, 218 n.19 (5th Cir. 2009);
Cardeñas v. Dretke, 405 F.3d 244, 253 (5th Cir. 2005).
27
Llamas where four justices—Ginsburg, Breyer, Stevens, and Souter—expressed
their belief that the Vienna Convention does create individually-enforceable
rights.78 Without a clear holding from the Court, however, our precedent stands
and we must decline Rocha’s request for a COA on this issue.
Even if we were to take up the subject as a full court, Rocha’s requested
remedy—suppression of inculpatory statements—is unavailable. Sanchez-
Llamas held that suppression of evidence is not an available remedy where, as
here, the Vienna Convention “does not provide [that] particular remedy, either
expressly or implicitly.”79 Absent a prescribed remedy, “it is not for the federal
courts to impose one on the States through lawmaking of their own.”80 And in
any event, suppression here would upend the state courts’ determination that
Rocha knowingly and voluntarily confessed and did not desire an attorney at
that time, whether provided to him by the Mexican consulate or not.
***
We AFFIRM the district court, DENY relief on the Brady claim, DENY a
COA on the claim under the Vienna Convention, and HOLD that Rocha was not
entitled to have his Wiggins claim considered on the merits but GRANT a COA
on that question. Because we are convinced that the issue on which we grant
the COA has been fully briefed and squarely addressed at oral argument by able
counsel, we will not seek additional briefing. In addition, we instruct the clerk
of the court not to issue the mandate in this case until the mandate issues in
78
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331, 360 (Ginsburg, J., concurring in the
judgment); id. at 365 (Breyer, J., dissenting).
79
Id. at 347.
80
Id.
28
Balentine.
29
HAYNES, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting:
I concur in the majority opinion with the exception of Section III.A. and
the portion of the conclusion reflecting that ruling. I agree that a COA should
be granted on this issue, but I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion’s
determination, at this stage, that Rocha is not entitled to have a federal court
review the merits of his Wiggins claim. The majority opinion represents a deft
and scholarly approach, but it also represents a novel analysis not fully
consonant with this court’s recent decision in Balentine v. Thaler, 609 F.3d 729
(5th Cir. 2010), as well as other decisions of this court.
In Balentine, we addressed a case with an almost identical procedural
posture and reversed the district court’s denial of the habeas petitioner’s Rule
60(b) motion as an abuse of discretion. We concluded that a Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals’s decision denying habeas relief on a successive petition did
not rest upon an independent state-law ground because “that denial could have
been a decision that the facts were previously available and no excuse from
presenting the claim earlier existed—an adequate and independent state
ground—or that denial could have been based on a finding that the facts as
alleged did not indicate a federal constitutional violation.” 609 F.3d at 737.
Because the basis for the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’s decision could have
rested on a finding that the petitioner failed to allege facts establishing a federal
constitutional violation—a question of federal constitutional law—the court
concluded that Balentine was entitled to have a federal court review the merits
of his Wiggins claim. Id. at 738 (citing Ruiz v. Quarterman, 504 F.3d 523 (5th
Cir. 2007)).
30
Balentine and Ruiz support a reversal of the district court’s denial of
Rocha’s Rule 60(b) motion in the instant case. Here, the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals’s decision rested upon a finding that Rocha’s allegations “do not satisfy
the requirements of Article 11.071, Section 5(a)(3).” Under our decisions in
Balentine and Ruiz, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’s decision—relying on
§ 5(a)(3), which incorporates federal constitutional law—was based on the merits
of Rocha’s federal constitutional claim rather than an independent state-law
ground. Balentine, 609 F.3d at 738 (“[A] ruling that the facts, if established, did
not constitute a violation would also be ‘interwoven’ with federal constitutional
law.”); Ruiz, 504 F.3d at 527 (“The boilerplate dismissal by the CCA of an
application for abuse of the writ is itself uncertain on this point, being unclear
whether the CCA decision was based on the first element [whether the factual
or legal basis for the subsequent claim was previously unavailable], a state-law
question, or on the second element [whether the facts alleged would establish a
federal constitutional violation], a question of federal constitutional law.”). In
short, our prior decisions in Balentine and Ruiz suggest that the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals’s decision in this case was merits-based rather than
procedural, entitling Rocha to federal merits review of his Wiggins claim.
The majority opinion does not attempt to reconcile today’s result with our
prior holding in Balentine, and it does not fully reconcile this case with Ruiz,
Hughes,1 and Rivera.2 Instead, the majority opinion instructs the clerk of the
court to hold the mandate in this case because a petition for rehearing en banc
has been filed in Balentine. The majority opinion’s approach is collegial but
contrary to the circuit’s rule that one panel cannot overrule a prior panel’s
decision in the absence of an intervening or superseding decision by the United
States Supreme Court or a decision by this court sitting en banc. Burge v.
1
Hughes v. Quarterman, 530 F.3d 336 (5th Cir. 2008).
2
Rivera v. Quarterman, 505 F.3d 349 (5th Cir. 2007).
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Parish of St. Tammany, 187 F.3d 452, 466 (5th Cir. 1999) (“It is a firm rule of
this circuit that in the absence of an intervening contrary or superseding
decision by this court sitting en banc or by the United State Supreme Court, a
panel cannot overrule a prior panel’s decision.”). Because this court’s prior
decisions in Balentine and Ruiz have not been overruled or altered as of this
date, we are bound to follow those decisions.
Our court’s jurisprudence in this area—including Balentine, Ruiz, Hughes,
and Rivera—creates confusion as to the precise language that will be considered
to be “an independent and adequate state ground” in cases where the state court
does not elaborate on its reasoning. En banc consideration of Balentine (perhaps
together with this case) may very well be appropriate but, as of this time, the
court has yet to take that action, and Ruiz and Balentine remain controlling
precedent. In the meantime, at a minimum, it makes little sense to hold the
mandate in this case while denying the parties full briefing and possibly further
oral argument on this issue. I would, at the very least, allow full briefing by the
parties before deciding the merits of the procedural default question and, if
appropriate, the merits of the Wiggins claim.3
3
The majority opinion states that the issue of whether Rocha is entitled to federal
merits review has already been“fully briefed and squarely addressed” by the parties at oral
argument. But oral argument in this case was heard on June 14, 2010, and the Balentine
decision was not released until June 18, 2010. Thus, the parties could not have fully briefed
and argued the impact of Balentine on the instant case because that decision had not yet been
released. While the parties did submit letters pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure
28(j) addressing the impact of Balentine, they did not get the benefit of full briefing or the
opportunity to address the majority opinion’s novel interpretation of § 5(a)(3). Indeed, no other
federal appellate court to date has applied this approach in such a situation. Accordingly, I
conclude that this case would benefit from full briefing on whether, under Balentine, Ruiz, or
the approach set forth in the majority opinion, federal merits review of Rocha’s Wiggins claim
is appropriate.
32