The BIG L CORPORATION, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
COURTLAND CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, David J. Ziomkowski, Mary K. Ziomkowski, Mark E. McDowell, Amanda B. McDowell, Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., Marvin J. Berkenpas Builder, Inc., Mid-Michigan Ceilings & Drywall, Inc., and Grand Bank Mortgage Company, Defendants, and
Homeowner Construction Lien Recovery Fund, Defendant-Appellant.
Docket No. 271880.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted December 5, 2007 at Grand Rapids. Decided April 1, 2008, at 9:05 a.m.*630 Hanes & Associates, P.L.L.C. (by Patrick D. Hanes and Kelly L. Komray), East Lansing, for The Big L Corporation.
Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Kelley T. McClean, Assistant Attorney General, for the Homeowner Construction Lien Recovery Fund.
Before: BANDSTRA, P.J., and METER and BECKERING, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this action filed pursuant to the Construction Lien Act (CLA), MCL 570.1101 et seq., defendant Homeowner Construction Lien Recovery Fund appeals as of right the trial court's June 29, 2006, judgment in favor of plaintiff The Big L Corporation. We reverse and remand.
In 2001, Mark and Amanda McDowell contracted with Courtland Construction Company to build a house. Courtland, a general contractor, contracted with plaintiff, a subcontractor,[1] to supply materials for the house. During construction, Courtland provided the McDowells' bank with nine "Sworn Statements" listing the subcontractors Courtland contracted with, the improvements they furnished, the total contract price, the amount already paid, and the amount owed to each.[2] These Sworn Statements were signed and dated by a Courtland officer as the named "Deponent," but none was notarized. The McDowells' bank paid Courtland pursuant to the statements. Although Courtland received the full contract price from the bank, Courtland failed to pay plaintiff in full for the materials it supplied. Courtland owed plaintiff a balance of $19,000, including $4,901.11 for materials furnished after February 19, 2002, the date of Courtland's last Sworn Statement. On June 19, 2002, plaintiff provided its first notice of furnishing and recorded a construction lien on the McDowells' house.
On appeal, the Homeowner Construction Lien Recovery Fund (defendant) claims that because the McDowells' bank made payments to Courtland pursuant to Courtland's Sworn Statements, plaintiff's right to a construction lien was defeated by its failure to submit a timely notice of furnishing. According to defendant, Courtland's unverified Sworn Statements substantially complied with the requirements of MCL 570.1110(4). Resolution of this issue involves the construction of the CLA. The proper construction of a statute is a question of law, which we review de novo. Washburn v. Makedonsky, 271 Mich.App. 95, 98, 718 N.W.2d 842 (2006).
In Vugterveen Sys., Inc. v. Olde Millpond Corp., 454 Mich. 119, 121, 560 N.W.2d 43 (1997), our Supreme Court stated that the purpose of the CLA is "to protect the interests of contractors, workers, and suppliers through construction liens, while protecting owners from excessive costs." The Court further stated that the act "is to be liberally construed to effectuate these purposes." Id. The CLA creates an exchange of information between the property owner, the general contractor, and the subcontractors. Id. The owner must file a notice of commencement before any improvement is made to the property and, in most cases, subcontractors must provide a notice of furnishing to the owner and general contractor within 20 days of first furnishing labor or *631 materials. MCL 570.1108(1); MCL 570.1109(1); Vugterveen, supra at 122, 560 N.W.2d 43. The purpose of the notice of furnishing is to notify the owner that a subcontractor is improving the property and to alert the owner to the possibility of a lien. Vugterveen, supra at 122, 131, 560 N.W.2d 43.
The CLA also provides owners with information by requiring general contractors to make sworn statements itemizing their bills. MCL 570.1110(1); Vugterveen, supra at 123, 560 N.W.2d 43. A sworn statement notifies the owner of each subcontractor, supplier, and laborer with whom the general contractor contracted. MCL 570.1110(4). "Thus, the owner can rely on a sworn statement as a comprehensive list of potential lien claimants." Vugterveen, supra at 123, 560 N.W.2d 43. The purpose of a sworn statement is "to enable the homeowner to retain out of any money due or to become due to the contractor an amount sufficient to pay the subcontractors," suppliers, and laborers. Alan Custom Homes, Inc. v. Krol, 256 Mich.App. 505, 510, 667 N.W.2d 379 (2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). An owner may also use a "sworn statement . . . to avoid the claim of a subcontractor, unless the subcontractor has provided a notice of furnishing." Vugterveen, supra at 123-124, 560 N.W.2d 43. A subcontractor's failure to provide a timely notice of furnishing defeats its right to a lien for labor and material furnished before the notice was provided, but only if the owner made payments to the general contractor pursuant to the contractor's sworn statement or a waiver of lien. MCL 570.1109(6); Vugterveen, supra at 122-123, 560 N.W.2d 43.
MCL 570.1110(4) requires that a sworn statement be in "substantially the following form" as set forth in the statute. Pursuant to the statute's exemplar form, the sworn statement must list: (1) the name of each subcontractor, supplier, and laborer with whom the general contractor contracted; (2) the type of improvement furnished by each; (3) the total contract price; (4) the amount already paid to each; and (5) the amount currently owing to each.[3] It must also be subscribed and sworn to before a notary public. Id.
This Court has previously ruled that a general contractor's sworn statement need only substantially comply with MCL 570.1110(4). See Alan Custom Homes, supra at 510, 667 N.W.2d 379 (determining that "the CLA's `substantial compliance' provision is applicable to the notice requirement in MCL 570.1110(8)," which is currently subsection [9]); Horton v. Verhelle, 231 Mich.App. 667, 675, 588 N.W.2d 144 (1998), overruled on other grounds Smith v. Globe Life Ins. Co., 460 Mich. 446, 597 N.W.2d 28 (1999) (stating that a sworn statement must be in substantially the same form as outlined in MCL 570.1110[4]). "It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction that a clear and unambiguous statute warrants no further interpretation and requires full compliance with its provisions, as written." Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc. v. Sinacola CosMidwest, Inc., 461 Mich. 316, 320, 603 N.W.2d 257 (1999). In the CLA, however, the Legislature provided an exception to this rule by way of the "substantial compliance" provision, MCL 570.1302(1). Northern Concrete Pipe, supra at 320-321, 603 N.W.2d 257. While this provision is limited in its application, notice provisions such as MCL 570.1110(4) are well suited to a *632 "substantial compliance" application. Id. at 321-323, 603 N.W.2d 257; Alan Custom Homes, supra at 510, 667 N.W.2d 379. Moreover, failure to apply the "substantial compliance" provision to a sworn statement would violate the plain language of MCL 570.1110(4). The Legislature only required that a sworn statement be in substantially the same form as outlined in MCL 570.1110(4). See Robinson v. Detroit, 462 Mich. 439, 459, 613 N.W.2d 307 (2000) ("Each word of a statute is presumed to be used for a purpose, and, as far as possible, effect must be given to every clause and sentence.").
We agree with defendant that the unverified Sworn Statements Courtland provided to the McDowells' bank substantially complied with the requirements of MCL 570.1110(4). All nine of Courtland's statements were fully compliant with the form outlined in MCL 570.1110(4), including being signed and dated, except that they were not sworn to before a notary. In Horton, supra at 676, 588 N.W.2d 144, this Court concluded that "a contractor's statement that is neither signed nor sworn is not a `sworn' statement as required by subsection 110(4)." The statement in that case was also not dated. More recently, however, this Court found that an unverified statement that is otherwise adequate substantially complies with "the statutory notice requirement of MCL 570.1110(8)," which is currently subsection 9, because it "still gives the owner notice of who the subcontractors[, suppliers, and laborers] are and the amount owing to each for the materials and labor supplied." Alan Custom Homes, supra at 510-511, 667 N.W.2d 379. "That a statement is not sworn before a notary does not defeat the notice purpose of the statement." Id. at 510, 667 N.W.2d 379. Because Courtland's statements were signed and dated by a Courtland officer, and provided notice of who the subcontractors, suppliers, and laborers were and the amounts owed to each, the statements substantially complied with MCL 570.1110(4).[4] Therefore, because plaintiff did not provide a notice of furnishing until after February 19, 2002, the date of Courtland's last Sworn Statement, its claim of lien for materials furnished before that date is defeated by the untimely notice. MCL 570.1109(6).
Because the trial court held that an unverified statement does not substantially comply with MCL 570.1110(4), we reverse the court's June 29, 2006, judgment in favor of plaintiff. But because defendant has agreed to pay plaintiff $4,901.11 for materials furnished after February 19, 2002, we remand for entry of judgment in this amount against defendant.
*633 Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] We will use the term "subcontractor" to refer to both subcontractors and suppliers.
[2] Although the statements were not notarized, they were titled "Sworn Statements," and thus, they will be referred to by their title herein.
[3] The current statutory version of the exemplar form contains minor additional requirements that are irrelevant to this matter.
[4] Plaintiff argues that holding that an unverified statement substantially compliant with MCL 570.1110(4) will create the potential for abuse by general contractors. According to plaintiff, general contractors will no longer be deterred from submitting false statements because they will no longer be subject to criminal prosecution for perjury. We find, however, that the applicable criminal penalties contained in the CLA and the Michigan building contract fund act (MBCFA), MCL 570.151 et seq., will sufficiently deter general contractors from providing false sworn statements even absent the threat of prosecution for perjury. The CLA provides that a contractor who submits a false sworn statement, with the intent to defraud, is guilty of a crime. MCL 570.1110(11). Such a contractor may be guilty of a felony, punishable by up to ten years' imprisonment and a fine of up to $15,000 or three times the amount stated in the false statement. Id. In addition, the MBCFA provides that a contractor who, with intent to defraud, retains or uses payments for a purpose other than to first pay subcontractors, suppliers, or laborers, with the intent to defraud, shall be guilty of a felony. MCL 570.152. Such a felony is punishable by a fine of not less than $100 and not more than $5,000, along with a term of imprisonment for not less than six months and not more than three years. Id.