10-0710-cv
Bernard v. JP Morgan Chase Bank NA
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUM M ARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUM M ARY ORDER
FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERM ITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. W HEN CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER IN A DOCUM ENT
FILED W ITH THIS COURT, A PARTY M UST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL A PPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC
DATABASE (W ITH THE NOTATION “SUM M ARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUM M ARY ORDER M UST SERVE
A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
3 on the 3rd day of February, two thousand eleven.
4
5 PRESENT:
6
7 ROBERT D. SACK,
8 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
9 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
10
11 Circuit Judges.
12 _______________________________________________
13
14 MARILYN BERNARD,
15
16 Plaintiff-Appellant,
17
18 v. No. 10-0710-cv
19
20 JP MORGAN CHASE BANK NA,
21
22 Defendant-Appellee.
23 ______________________________________________
24
25 DAVID G. GABOR, Gabor & Gabor, Garden City, New
26 York, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
27
28 ROBERT WHITMAN , Seyfarth Shaw LLP, New York, New
29 York, and Stacey L. Blecher, JP Morgan Chase Legal &
30 Compliance Department, New York, New York, for
31 Defendant-Appellee.
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1 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED
2 that the judgment of the district court be AFFIRMED.
3 Plaintiff-Appellant Marilyn Bernard (“Bernard”) appeals from an Opinion and Order of the
4 United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Katz, M.J.) granting Defendant-
5 Appellee JP Morgan Chase Bank NA’s (“JPMC”) motion for summary judgment. Bernard alleged
6 race and gender discrimination, as well as unlawful retaliation, in violation of Title VII of the Civil
7 Rights Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C. § 1981, the New York State
8 Constitution, the New York State Human Rights (Executive) Law § 290 et seq., and the New York
9 City Administrative Code § 8-107. After pre-trial discovery was completed, [A 3] JPMC moved for
10 summary judgment. On February 5, 2010, the district court granted JPMC’s motion for summary
11 judgment and dismissed the case with prejudice. Bernard timely appealed on February 25, 2010.
12 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history.
13 We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment. Molinari v.
14 Bloomberg, 564 F.3d 587, 595 (2d Cir. 2009). Summary judgment may not be granted unless “the
15 pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
16 affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party
17 is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Gallo v. Prudential Residential Servs., Ltd. P’ship, 22
18 F.3d 1219, 1223 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). The burden is on the moving
19 party to demonstrate that no genuine issue respecting any material fact exists. Id. In reviewing a
20 court’s decision granting summary judgment, the appellate court must consider “the evidence in the
21 light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw[ ] all reasonable inferences in its favor.”
22 Palmieri v. Allstate Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 179, 187 (2d Cir. 2006). “Nevertheless, the nonmoving party
23 must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.”
2
1 Shannon v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 332 F.3d 95, 99 (2d Cir. 2003). “Conclusory allegations,
2 conjecture, and speculation . . . are insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact.” Id. (internal
3 quotation marks omitted); see also Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 41 (2d Cir. 2000)
4 (“[U]nsupported allegations do not create a material issue of fact.”).
5 When deciding whether summary judgment should be granted in a discrimination case, we
6 must take additional considerations into account. Gallo, 22 F.3d at 1224. “A trial court must be
7 cautious about granting summary judgment to an employer when, as here, its intent is at issue.” Id.
8 “[A]ffidavits and depositions must be carefully scrutinized for circumstantial proof which, if
9 believed, would show discrimination.” Id. Summary judgment remains appropriate in
10 discrimination cases, as “the salutary purposes of summary judgment – avoiding protracted,
11 expensive and harassing trials – apply no less to discrimination cases than to . . . other areas of
12 litigation.” Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 41 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Abdu-Brisson v.
13 Delta Air Lines, Inc., 239 F.3d 456, 466 (2d Cir. 2001) (“It is now beyond cavil that summary
14 judgment may be appropriate even in the fact-intensive context of discrimination cases.”).
15 A. Title VII Discrimination Claims
16 Under Title VII, an employer may not discriminate against an individual “with respect to his
17 compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race,
18 color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1); see also Williams v. R.H.
19 Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2004). We examine Title VII disparate treatment
20 claims under the burden-shifting analysis articulated by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas
21 Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See, e.g., Feingold v. State of N.Y., 366 F.3d 138, 152 (2d Cir.
22 2004); Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42. Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must first
23 establish a prima facie case of racial or gender-based discrimination. 411 U.S. at 802. We have held
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1 that the plaintiff’s burden of proof at this stage is de minimis. Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42. Once he
2 has done so, the burden then shifts to the employer to articulate a “legitimate, nondiscriminatory
3 reason” for the employment action. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. In other words, “[t]he
4 defendant must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, reasons for its
5 actions which, if believed by the trier of fact, would support a finding that unlawful discrimination
6 was not the cause of the employment action.” St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507
7 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted).
8 Upon the defendant’s proffer of such a reason, the presumption of discrimination arising with
9 the prima facie case “drops from the picture.” Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42 (citing Hicks, 509 U.S. at
10 510-11). The plaintiff must then establish that the defendant’s proffered reason is a mere pretext for
11 actual discrimination. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804; Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42. The
12 plaintiff must produce “sufficient evidence to support a rational finding that the legitimate, non-
13 discriminatory reasons” presented by the defendant were false, and that “more likely than not
14 discrimination was the real reason for the employment action.” Weinstock, 224 F.3d at 42 (internal
15 quotation marks and alterations omitted). “In short, the question becomes whether the evidence,
16 taken as a whole, supports a sufficient rational inference of discrimination.” Id. “[I]t is not
17 enough . . . to disbelieve the employer; the factfinder must [also] believe the plaintiff’s explanation
18 of intentional discrimination.” Hicks, 509 U.S. at 519 (emphasis omitted).
19 On appeal, Bernard argues that she established a prima facie case of employment
20 discrimination, and that JPMC’s proffered reason for her termination is a pretext for discrimination.
21 JPMC claimed below and maintains on appeal that Bernard was terminated because she failed to
22 meet clearly established sales goals for the fourth fiscal quarter of 2007. Assuming arguendo that
23 Bernard has established a prima facie case of racial or gender-based discrimination, we agree with
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1 the district court that Bernard has not produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to
2 conclude that JPMC’s proffered reason for terminating Bernard was a mere pretext for unlawful
3 discriminatory intent. See Leibowitz v. Cornell Univ., 584 F.3d 487, 504 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing
4 D’Cunha v. Genovese/Eckerd Corp., 479 F.3d 193, 196 (2d Cir. 2007)). Bernard herself admitted
5 that acquiring new companies was the most important role of a National Account Representative
6 (“NAR”). Nevertheless, Bernard indisputably failed to meet the sales goals set by her superiors for
7 the fourth quarter of 2007. Her Written Warning made clear that she had to acquire five new
8 companies and reacquire five existing clients by December 31, 2007 to continue in her NAR role.
9 Bernard, however, failed to acquire any new companies, as JPMC was unable to confirm acceptance
10 with any of the three companies that Bernard reported as new acquisitions. Moreover, even
11 assuming, as Bernard insists, that she had indeed acquired these three companies, she would still not
12 have met the Written Warning’s new acquisition requirement.
13 Bernard was also well aware of her superiors’ growing dissatisfaction with her job
14 performance. As far back as January 2005, Bernard’s superior contacted her and expressed his
15 concern with Bernard’s efforts in acquiring new companies. Bernard’s 2005 performance review,
16 meanwhile, urged Bernard to spend significantly more time acquiring new companies and finding
17 new business opportunities. Bernard’s supervisors later issued a verbal warning after she only met
18 58 percent of her new company acquisition goal in the second quarter of 2007, and was projected
19 to miss her acquisition goal for the third quarter. Bernard was informed multiple times that the
20 problem was her new company acquisition numbers and was expressly given a new company
21 acquisitions target for the remainder of the third quarter. Similarly, the Written Warning required
22 that Bernard meet a particular company acquisition goal, while the Recommendation for Termination
23 relied on the fact that Bernard had failed to meet that goal for the fourth quarter.
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1 In addition, to the extent that there was any “disparate treatment,” such treatment made it
2 easier for Bernard to remain employed. For the third and fourth quarters of 2007, Bernard’s
3 supervisors asked Bernard to meet new company acquisition goals that were lower than those of the
4 other NARs. Bernard’s own proffered evidence shows that NARs generally had a sales goal of 15
5 new company acquisitions for the third quarter. It is undisputed, however, that the verbal warning
6 gave Bernard a target of 10 new company acquisitions for the third quarter. Further, while other
7 NARs had a sales goal of 10 new companies in the fourth quarter, Bernard’s Written Warning
8 required Bernard to launch only five new companies to continue her participation in the program.
9 Bernard was not treated differently from similarly situated NARs. Three other Caucasian
10 male NARs also received written warnings in 2007, while the other female member of Bernard’s
11 team, as well as a fellow African-American team member, each received favorable reviews for 2007.
12 Moreover, Bernard admitted during her deposition that she never told anyone at JPMC that she felt
13 she was discriminated against because of her race or gender, and that no one at JPMC ever made any
14 remarks indicating a racial or gender-based bias. Bernard also offered no evidence of any instances
15 of discrimination involving any other female NARs, despite the fact that half of them were female
16 at the time.
17 In sum, Bernard has failed to submit evidence providing any basis on which a reasonable jury
18 could conclude that her termination was the result of discriminatory animus. We therefore find that
19 the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to JPMC on Bernard’s racial and gender-
20 based discrimination claims.
21 B. Unlawful Retaliation Claim
22 Bernard next argues that members of JPMC retaliated against her for complaining about her
23 discriminatory treatment. We review Title VII retaliation claims under a three-step burden-shifting
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1 analysis similar to the McDonnell Douglas test for disparate treatment. See Jute v. Hamilton
2 Sundstrand Corp., 420 F.3d 166, 173 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802-
3 05). As with McDonnell Douglas, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation by
4 showing: 1) participation in a protected activity; 2) defendant’s knowledge of the protected activity;
5 3) an adverse employment action; and 4) a causal connection between the protected activity and the
6 adverse employment action. Id.; see also Kessler v. Westchester County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 461
7 F.3d 199, 205-06 (2d Cir. 2006).
8 Here, Bernard cannot establish a causal connection between her complaint to JPMC’s Human
9 Resources Department and her termination. We have held that, “[w]here timing is the only basis for
10 a claim of retaliation, and gradual adverse job actions began well before the plaintiff had ever
11 engaged in any protected activity, an inference of retaliation does not arise.” Slattery v. Swiss Reins.
12 Am. Corp., 248 F.3d 87, 95 (2d Cir. 2001). Bernard on appeal merely lists the sequence of adverse
13 job actions culminating in her termination. Bernard’s supervisors, however, gave her their verbal
14 warning in August 2007, and a written warning in October 2007. Bernard did not complain to
15 JPMC’s Human Resources Department until December 6, 2007. Further, Bernard herself stated that
16 she felt that her termination “was pretty much set” when she received her verbal warning in August
17 2007. Pl.’s Dep. at 146:8-18. Since JPMC’s adverse employment actions against Bernard began
18 several months before Bernard engaged in any potentially protected activity, Bernard cannot
19 demonstrate a causal connection between them. The district court therefore correctly granted
20 summary judgment to JPMC on Bernard’s retaliation claim.
21 C. Conclusion
22 We also conclude that the district court properly granted summary judgment to JPMC on
23 Bernard’s state and municipal law claims. We have reviewed the parties’ remaining arguments and
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1 find them to be moot, waived, or without merit. See Norton v. Sam’s Club, 145 F.3d 114, 117 (2d
2 Cir. 1998). The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
3
4 FOR THE COURT:
5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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8