Jan's Helicopter Service, Inc. v. Federal Aviation Administration

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

2007-1410

JAN’S HELICOPTER SERVICE, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

-----------------------------------------

2007-1411

AMERICOPTERS, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

David P. Ledger, Carlsmith Ball LLP, of Hagatna, Guam, argued for plaintiff-
appellant in Appeal Nos. 2007-1410 and 2007-1411. With him on the briefs was Elyze
J. McDonald.

Kyle E. Chadwick, Senior Trial Counsel, Commerical Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for
defendant-appellee in Appeal Nos. 2007-1410 and 2007-1411. With him on the briefs
was Jeanne E. Davidson, Director.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Guam

Chief Judge Frances M. Tydingco-Gatewood
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2007-1410

JAN’S HELICOPTER SERVICE, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.
-----------------------------------

2007-1411

AMERICOPTERS, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Guam in case nos. 03-
CV-00002 and 03-CV-00005, Chief Judge Frances M. Tydingco-Gatewood.

___________________________

DECIDED: April 14, 2008
___________________________

Before LINN, DYK, and PROST, Circuit Judges.

Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge DYK. Circuit Judge PROST dissents in part.

DYK, Circuit Judge.

Appellants Jan’s Helicopter Service, Inc. (“Jan’s”) and Americopters, LLC

(“Americopters”), appeal from decisions of the District Court of Guam transferring their
claims against appellee Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) to the United States

Court of Federal Claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (2000). Appellants are seeking money

damages against the United States in excess of $10,000 for alleged regulatory takings.

Therefore under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1), the only court that could have

subject matter jurisdiction over their claims is the Court of Federal Claims. We affirm

the order of the District Court of Guam transferring appellants’ claims to that court.

BACKGROUND

Jan’s and Americopters both were engaged in helicopter-related businesses in

Guam until 2002. Jan’s was in the business of transporting helicopters by airplane from

Guam International Airport to rental and lease customers in Micronesia. Americopters

provided sightseeing helicopter rides to tourists in Guam, using the roof of a restaurant

as a takeoff and landing site. Appellants allege that actions by the FAA in 2002 forced

them to cease operations. Jan’s alleges that on July 31, 2002, Lewis I. Zeigler, an FAA

employee in San Francisco, sent an e-mail message to the Guam International Airport

authorities directing the airport to halt Jan’s flight operations because its transport

aircraft did not have authority to operate. On August 9, 2002, airport authorities denied

Jan’s transport aircraft access to the airport taxiway, allegedly as a result of Zeigler’s e-

mail. A second FAA employee, Monroe P. Balton, subsequently informed Jan’s that, as

“a preliminary finding,” “it appears that Mr. Zeigler’s conclusion was accurate.” Jan’s

J.A. at 67. Guam airport authorities issued a notice on September 13, 2002, stating

that, based on Balton’s preliminary finding, the airport would restrict Jan’s from using its

transport aircraft “for commercial air activity at or out of our Airport.” Id. at 70.

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 Americopters alleges that on June 24, 2002, Clarence Kanae, an FAA employee

in Honolulu, issued a formal written statement directing Americopters to cease its flight

operations because its rooftop helicopter-pad was unsafe and did not meet applicable

design requirements.

Both Jan’s and Americopters responded to the FAA’s actions by seeking various

forms of administrative review, including requesting hearings and filing formal

complaints with the FAA. The FAA denied or failed to respond to each of these

requests. On September 19, 2002, in a letter sent to appellants’ counsel, the FAA

explained that appellants were not entitled to hearings under 14 C.F.R. § 13.20(b),

because that regulation “sets forth the procedures for requesting hearings where the

FAA has issued orders of compliance, cease and desist orders, orders of denial, and

other orders,” and “[n]o such orders were issued with respect to the operations of

[appellants].” Americopters J.A. at 85; Jan’s J.A. at 79. This letter also stated that

appellants “should be aware that [14 C.F.R. § 13.5] does not apply to complaints

against the Administrator or complaints against FAA employees acting within the scope

of their employment,” id., and suggested that formal complaints filed under that

regulation would therefore be unsuccessful. Appellants nonetheless filed formal

complaints with the agency under 14 C.F.R. § 13.5 after receiving this letter; appellants

allege that these complaints went unanswered.

In February 2003, Jan’s and Americopters each filed separate but similar

complaints in the District Court of Guam, alleging that the FAA’s actions violated its own

regulations and “constitute[d] a violation of due process under Amendment V to the

United States Constitution and therefore, an illegal taking of [appellants’] property,” and

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seeking restoration of their operating authority, “civil penalties pursuant to [14 C.F.R. §§

13.15-.16],” and money damages for the alleged constitutional violations. Complaint at

5, Americopters, LLC v. FAA, No. 03-00005 (D. Guam filed Feb. 18, 2003); see also

Complaint at 6-7, Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. FAA, No. 03-00002 (D. Guam filed Feb.

4, 2003). On motion by the FAA, the district court dismissed the complaints for lack of

subject matter jurisdiction. The court held that the claims relating to the FAA’s alleged

violations of its regulations could only be filed as petitions for review of agency orders

with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, pursuant to 49 U.S.C. § 46110(a), and that the

constitutional claims were “inescapably intertwined with” the review of the agency

orders.

Jan’s and Americopters filed original petitions for review of the FAA’s orders

under section 46110(a) in the Ninth Circuit and also appealed the dismissal of their

claims to the Ninth Circuit. The Ninth Circuit criticized both appellants and the

government for the procedural confusion. The court stated that Jan’s and Americopters

“now find themselves in a sort of procedural limbo or netherworld, largely the making of

the FAA,” because of the agency’s inconsistent legal positions as to the availability of

review of the administrative actions, but also noted that appellants “contributed to this

mess by taking their own wrong turns in litigating this case.” Americopters, LLC v. FAA,

441 F.3d 726, 730 (9th Cir. 2006). Addressing the petitions for review, the court held

that because the petitions were filed much more than sixty days after the purported final

orders were issued, they were therefore untimely. Id. at 733 (finding no reasonable

grounds for delay). The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s dismissal of the

administrative review claims, explaining that “if the Zeigler Email and Kanae Letter are

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final orders . . . § 46110 [providing the petition for review procedure] preempts the

district court from considering these claims. But if they are not final, then the

Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’) bars the district court from hearing the case for

lack of jurisdiction.” Id. at 735 (citing 5 U.S.C. § 704). As to the district court’s dismissal

of the constitutional claims, however, the court held that the “inescapably intertwined”

doctrine, designed to prevent collateral attacks on agency orders and to preserve the

jurisdictional limitation of section 46110(a), did not apply in this case. The court

explained that “[b]ecause there is no pending FAA order and because there were no

previous agency determinations on the merits, no foundation supports the notion of

‘intertwining.’” Id. at 738. The Ninth Circuit therefore reversed the dismissal of the

constitutional claims and remanded those claims to the district court. Id.

On remand, Jan’s and Americopters filed amended complaints, each containing

a single claim seeking damages for “violations of due process under Amendment V to

the United States Constitution and therefore, an illegal taking of [appellants’] property.”

Americopters J.A. at 10-11; Jan’s J.A. at 11. The FAA filed motions to dismiss the

amended complaints under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state

takings claims, because the appellants did not concede the lawfulness of the

government’s conduct. The FAA also filed motions in the alternative to transfer the

cases under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, because appellants were seeking money damages from

the United States in excess of $10,000 and therefore the Court of Federal Claims had

exclusive jurisdiction under the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491. In separate but nearly

identical decisions issued on the same day, the district court did not address the Rule

12(b)(6) motions, because it held that transfer of both actions was proper under section

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1631. The court found that Americopters and Jan’s were alleging takings claims, based

on the Ninth Circuit’s description of the constitutional claims as “taking claims” and on

the complaints’ citation to the Fifth Amendment, and that the damages sought were in

excess of $10,000. Because the district court found that it lacked jurisdiction over the

claims under the Little Tucker Act, and that jurisdiction would be proper in the Court of

Federal Claims under the Tucker Act, the district court granted appellee’s motions to

transfer the actions under 28 U.S.C. § 1631.

Jan’s and Americopters timely appealed the transfer orders to this court. We

have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(4)(A).

DISCUSSION

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1631, when a civil action is filed in a federal district court that

lacks jurisdiction over the action, “the court shall, if it is in the interest of justice, transfer

such action . . . to any other such court in which the action . . . could have been brought

at the time it was filed.” We review a district court’s decision to transfer a case to the

Court of Federal Claims without deference. James v. Caldera, 159 F.3d 573, 578 (Fed.

Cir. 1998). A case may be transferred under section 1631 only to a court that has

subject matter jurisdiction. Souders v. S.C. Pub. Serv. Auth., 497 F.3d 1303, 1307

(Fed. Cir. 2007). The propriety of the district court’s decision to transfer this case

therefore depends on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction in the District Court of Guam

and the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in the Court of Federal Claims. See

Fisherman’s Harvest, Inc. v. PBS & J, 490 F.3d 1371, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

The statutory provision commonly known as the Tucker Act confers jurisdiction

on the Court of Federal Claims “to render judgment upon any claim against the United

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States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress.” 28 U.S.C. §

1491(a)(1). Another provision, known as the Little Tucker Act, grants the district courts

concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Federal Claims for claims against the United

States “not exceeding $10,000 in amount” and “founded either upon the Constitution, or

any Act of Congress.” 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2). The Supreme Court and this court have

explained that “the obvious implication of these acts is that Congress intended the Court

of Federal Claims to have ‘exclusive jurisdiction to render judgment upon any claim

against the United States for money damages exceeding $10,000 that is founded either

upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress.’” Christopher Village, L.P. v. United

States, 360 F.3d 1319, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting E. Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498,

520 (1998)); see also E. Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 520 (1998); 14 Charles Alan

Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3657

(3d ed. 1998) (“Actions on [Tucker Act] claims exceeding $10,000, except suits in

admiralty, must be brought in the Court of Federal Claims.”).

Plainly, the District Court of Guam lacked jurisdiction over appellants’ amended

complaints. 1 The complaints were brought against an agency of the United States and

were based entirely on the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. As the district

1
Appellants argue that the Ninth Circuit held that the District Court of Guam
had subject matter jurisdiction over their constitutional claims, and that the doctrine of
law of the case therefore bars us from reconsidering that court’s jurisdiction. See
Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 816 (1988). However, the
Ninth Circuit did not address whether the amount of damages sought by appellants
required that the case be transferred to the Court of Federal Claims, rather than heard
in the district court under the Little Tucker Act; it merely reviewed the district court’s
application of the “inescapably intertwined” doctrine. Law of the case therefore does not
apply to the issue of whether the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction of
appellants’ claims.

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court noted, appellants each sought well over $10,000 in money damages from the

federal government. 2 Therefore, the concurrent district court jurisdiction provided by the

Little Tucker Act was not available. See Smith v. Orr, 855 F.2d 1544, 1553 (Fed. Cir.

1988) (“The amount of a claim under the Little Tucker Act, for jurisdictional purposes, is

based on the actual recovery sought by a plaintiff pursuant to that claim . . . .”).

Because the District Court of Guam lacked jurisdiction over appellants’ claims,

transfer under section 1631 was proper as long as jurisdiction existed in the Court of

Federal Claims. As we noted in Gonzales & Gonzales Bond & Insurance Agency, Inc.

v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 490 F.3d 940 (Fed. Cir. 2007), “we must be satisfied that the

transferee court has jurisdiction to hear the case.” Id. at 944. The issue therefore is

whether appellants’ claims fall within the terms of the Tucker Act’s waiver of sovereign

immunity, even if those claims are frivolous on the merits. 3

I

2
According to exhibits filed with the FAA’s motions to transfer,
Americopters was seeking $94,890.37 in damages, and Jan’s was seeking at least
$30,600 to cover its lease of an alternative aircraft, plus insurance charges on the
aircraft.
3
The dissent appears to suggest that whether Tucker Act jurisdiction
requires a nonfrivolous claim on the merits is not presented in this case. We
respectfully disagree. Appellants’ claims are based on alleged regulatory violations by
the government, and our cases have “made clear that a claim premised on a regulatory
violation does not state a claim for a taking.” Lion Raisins, Inc. v. United States, 416
F.3d 1356, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Rith Energy, Inc. v. United States, 270 F.3d
1347, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (on petition for rehearing) (stating that “complaints about
the wrongfulness of the [government conduct] are . . . not properly presented in the
context of [a] takings claim”). Therefore, there is a substantial question here as to the
frivolousness of appellants’ claims. In light of our disposition we need not decide the
issue of whether the claims are frivolous on the merits, which is a determination best left
to the Court of Federal Claims in the first instance.
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 At the outset, we note that the dissent suggests that a substantial federal

question is essential to jurisdiction under Article III, citing Steel Co. v. Citizens for a

Better Environment, 523 U.S. 83, 89 (1998). See Diss. Op. at 2-3. But Steel Co. and

other Supreme Court cases recognizing such a requirement involved situations where

jurisdiction was founded on the “arising under” language of Article III, U.S. Const. art. III,

§ 2, cl. 1, which, in turn, is reflected in the “arising under” language of 28 U.S.C.

§ 1331. 4 There is no such limit on the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims, which

does not depend on the “arising under” clause of Article III or section 1331, but rather

on a separate clause in Article III that authorizes jurisdiction over all “controversies to

which the United States is a party,” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 1, 5 and on 28 U.S.C. §

4
See Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682-83 (1946) (noting that “a suit may
sometimes be dismissed for want of jurisdiction where the alleged claim under the
Constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to be immaterial,” but holding that the
plaintiff had adequately “show[n] that the matter in controversy arose under the
Constitution of the United States”) (emphases added); see also Oneida Indian Nation v.
Oneida County, New York, 414 U.S. 661, 666-67 (1974) (finding that “the complaint
asserted a controversy arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United
States” because its assertion of a federal right “cannot be said to be so insubstantial . . .
as not to involve a federal controversy within the jurisdiction of the District Court”); Ex
parte Poresky, 290 U.S. 30, 31 (1933) (“In the absence of diversity of citizenship, it is
essential to jurisdiction that a substantial federal question should be presented.”),
quoted in Hagans v. Lavine, 415 U.S. 528, 537 (1974).

Even in this context, the Supreme Court has suggested that the substantial
federal question requirement may not, in fact, be compelled. See Rosado v. Wyman,
397 U.S. 397, 404 (1970) (calling “the view that an insubstantial federal question does
not confer jurisdiction . . . a maxim more ancient than analytically sound”); Bell, 327 U.S.
at 683 (“The accuracy of calling these dismissals jurisdictional has been questioned.”);
see also Yazoo County Indus. Dev. Corp. v. Suthoff, 454 U.S. 1157 (1982) (Rehnquist,
J., dissenting from denial of certiorari) (noting an apparent conflict between the
substantiality requirement, when cast as a jurisdictional inquiry, and Fed. R. Civ. P. 12).
5
Although the Supreme Court in Williams v. United States, 289 U.S. 553
(1933), in finding that the original Court of Claims was not an Article III court, stated that
this constitutional grant of jurisdiction applied only when the United States was a
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1491(a)(1), which confers jurisdiction on the Court of Federal Claims for “any claim

against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress

or any regulation of an executive department.” 6 We are not aware of any Supreme

Court authority that controversies falling under the “founded upon” language of 28

U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) require a showing of nonfrivolousness. Rather, the jurisdictional

requirements of section 1491(a)(1) have evolved differently.

We have explained that, because the Tucker Act itself does not create a

substantive cause of action, “in order to come within the jurisdictional reach and the

waiver of the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must identify a separate source of substantive law

that creates the right to money damages.” Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1172

(Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc in relevant part). The Supreme Court on several occasions

has addressed the jurisdictional scope of the Tucker Act, and has clearly defined it. In

United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206 (1983), the Court explained that “[t]he claim

must be one for money damages against the United States, and the claimant must

demonstrate that the source of substantive law he relies upon ‘can fairly be interpreted

as mandating compensation by the Federal Government for the damages sustained.’”

plaintiff, in Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 370 U.S. 530 (1962), Justice Harlan recognized that
“only in th[e] sense” that a waiver of sovereign immunity is still required before a suit
can be maintained “is Article III’s extension of judicial competence over controversies to
which the United States is a party ineffective to confer jurisdiction over suits to which it
is a defendant.” Id. at 563-65 (plurality opinion). Glidden has been interpreted as
overruling that aspect of Williams. See Ortiz v. United States, 595 F.2d 65, 69 & n.6
(1st Cir. 1979); see also Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Daniel J. Meltzer & David L. Shapiro,
Hart and Wechsler’s The Federal Courts and The Federal System 280-81 & n.1 (5th ed.
2003).
6
Nearly identical language appears in 28 U.S.C. § 1345(a)(2), which
provides concurrent jurisdiction in the district courts for certain money damages suits
against the United States.

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Id. at 216-17 (internal citation and footnote omitted) (quoting United States v. Testan,

424 U.S. 392, 400 (1976)).

In Mitchell, the Court found that the Court of Federal Claims had jurisdiction

because the statutes and regulations at issue “clearly establish[ed] fiduciary obligations

of the Government in the management and operation of Indian lands and resources,”

and therefore concluded that they could “fairly be interpreted as mandating

compensation by the Federal Government” for the alleged breach of those fiduciary

obligations. 463 U.S. at 226. The Court did not go on to consider whether the plaintiffs

had a nonfrivolous claim that such a breach had occurred; rather, it stated that because

the plaintiffs had alleged violations of statutes and regulations that could fairly be

interpreted as being money-mandating, “[t]he Court of Claims therefore has jurisdiction

over [plaintiffs’] claims for alleged breaches of trusts.” Id. at 228 (footnote omitted). 7

In a subsequent case the Court again addressed the standards of jurisdiction

under the Tucker Act. In United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. 465

(2003), the Court made clear that “[i]t is enough . . . that a statute creating a Tucker Act

right be reasonably amenable to the reading that it mandates a right of recovery in

damages.” Id. at 473. The Court found that a statute requiring the former Fort Apache

military post to be held in trust by the United States for the White Mountain Apache

Tribe did create such a right. The Court held that “[t]he statutory language . . .

expressly defines a fiduciary relationship,” and “the fact that the property occupied by

7
See also United States v. Navajo Nation, 537 U.S. 488, 503 (2003) (“To
state a litigable claim, a tribal plaintiff must invoke a rights-creating source of
substantive law that ‘can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation by the
Federal Government for the damages sustained.’”) (quoting Mitchell, 463 U.S. at 218).
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the United States is expressly subject to a trust supports a fair inference that an

obligation to preserve the property improvements was incumbent on the United States

as trustee.” Id. at 474-75. Having concluded that the plaintiffs alleged a money-

mandating source for their claim against the government, the Court determined that the

Court of Federal Claims had jurisdiction over that claim. See id. at 479. The Court

made clear that the merits of the claim were not pertinent to the jurisdictional inquiry.

See id. at 476 n.4.

In Fisher, following White Mountain, the en banc court explicitly overruled our

previous approach, set out in Gollehon Farming v. United States, 207 F.3d 1373 (Fed.

Cir. 2000). In Gollehon the court held that jurisdiction under the Tucker Act required “a

nonfrivolous claim for relief.” Id. at 1379. In Fisher we explained that jurisdiction under

the Tucker Act exists if the statute, regulation, or constitutional provision that is the

basis for the complaint “can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation by the

Federal Government for the damage sustained,” Mitchell, 463 U.S. at 217, and is

“reasonably amenable to the reading that it mandates a right of recovery in damages,”

White Mountain, 537 U.S. at 473. See Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173. In Greenlee County,

Arizona v. United States, 487 F.3d 871 (Fed. Cir. 2007), we explained that, consistent

with the requirement from Mitchell that a source of law be money-mandating “for the

damage sustained,” 463 U.S. at 217, that source must also be reasonably amenable to

the reading that the plaintiff is “within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the

statute if the elements of a cause of action are established.” 487 F.3d at 876. 8

8
We have previously explained that this requirement is satisfied when a
plaintiff makes “a non-frivolous assertion that [plaintiffs] are entitled to relief under the
statute.” Brodowy v. United States, 482 F.3d 1370, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2007).
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 Thus, if the test described in Mitchell and White Mountain is satisfied and the

plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous assertion that it is within the class of plaintiffs entitled

to recover under the money-mandating source, the Court of Federal Claims has

jurisdiction. There is no further jurisdictional requirement that plaintiff make the

additional nonfrivolous allegation that it is entitled to relief under the relevant money-

mandating source. Rather, as the panel explained in Fisher, “the consequence of a

ruling by the court . . . that plaintiff’s case does not fit within the scope of the source . . .

is simply this: plaintiff loses on the merits for failing to state a claim on which relief can

be granted.” 402 F.3d at 1175-76.

This principle was illustrated in In re United States, 463 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir.

2006). The plaintiff in that case, a former bankruptcy judge, alleged that his failure to be

reappointed was in violation of Judicial Conference regulations, and asserted 28 U.S.C.

§ 153(a) as the basis for Tucker Act jurisdiction. Id. at 1331. We held that section

153(a) satisfied the money-mandating test of Mitchell and White Mountain. Id. at 1334.

Therefore, the Court of Federal Claims had jurisdiction under the Tucker Act even

though “it [was] clear from the face of [plaintiff’s] complaint that [he] does not come

within the reach of section 153(a).” Id. at 1335. Applying our decision in Fisher, we

held that the Court of Federal Claims should have dismissed the complaint under Rule

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, rather than under

Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Id.; see also Doe v. United States,

463 F.3d 1314, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding that the Court of Federal Claims erred in

dismissing for lack of jurisdiction when plaintiffs had identified a money-mandating

statute but had not established that they were entitled to relief under that statute).

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 We reaffirmed this principle as well in Greenlee County. There we affirmed the

Court of Federal Claims’s dismissal of a Tucker Act claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

Although the government argued that the court should have dismissed for lack of

jurisdiction, we emphasized:

[W]hen a claim is brought under the Tucker Act, the Court of
Federal Claims must first consider whether the statute or regulation is
money-mandating. In doing so, the Court of Federal Claims asks only
whether the plaintiff is within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under
the statute if the elements of a cause of action are established. If the
statute is not money-mandating, the Court of Federal Claims lacks
jurisdiction, and the dismissal should be for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.

Only after this initial inquiry is completed and the Court of Federal
Claims takes jurisdiction over the case does it consider the facts specific
to the plaintiff’s case to determine “whether on the facts [the plaintiff’s]
claim f[alls] within the terms of the statutes.”

Greenlee County, 487 F.3d at 876 (quoting Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1172) (footnote and

internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Because the statute at issue was

reasonably amenable to a reading that it was money-mandating and the plaintiffs were

within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recovery under the statute if a cause of action

were established, the Court of Federal Claims properly dismissed the case for failure to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted when it determined that plaintiffs could

not recover under that statute. Id. at 880. 9

9
The dissent urges that our decision here, and presumably our decisions in
In re United States and Greenlee, are inconsistent with Moden v. United States, 404
F.3d 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2005). In light of our en banc decision in Fisher, we decline to read
Moden, as the dissent does, as determining that a plaintiff’s claim as a whole must be
nonfrivolous to establish Tucker Act jurisdiction. Consistent with Fisher, we read Moden
as holding that the plaintiff must make a nonfrivolous allegation that it is within the class
of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating source of law.

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 In determining whether the Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction, all that is

required is a determination that the claim is founded upon a money-mandating source

and the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous allegation that it is within the class of plaintiffs

entitled to recover under the money-mandating source. There is no further jurisdictional

requirement that the court determine whether the additional allegations of the complaint

state a nonfrivolous claim on the merits. A contrary rule would seriously undermine

Congress’s decision to vest the Court of Federal Claims with exclusive jurisdiction over

claims against the United States seeking money damages exceeding $10,000 and

founded on the Constitution or a federal statute. Claims erroneously filed in the district

courts could only be transferred to the Court of Federal Claims once the district court

had examined the merits to ascertain whether the claim was frivolous or substantial, a

task which Congress entrusted exclusively (in the first instance) to a court specially

created for that purpose.

II

In any event, the court’s statements, quoted at page 4 of the dissent, are dicta,
and we are not bound by them, because the court did not consider the possibility that
under Fisher a nonfrivolous allegation on the merits of the claim was not required. See
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 630-31 (1993) (noting that although the Court had
“applied the Chapman standard in a handful of federal habeas cases . . . since [it had]
never squarely addressed the issue, and ha[d] at most assumed the applicability of the
Chapman standard on habeas, [it was] free to address the issue on the merits”); Nat’l
Am. Ins. Co. v. United States, 498 F.3d 1301, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (stating that when
an earlier case had involved a question about a performance bond surety, the court’s
discussion of a payment bond surety “was unnecessary to the decision,” and the Court
of Federal Claims correctly treated it as dicta); Boeing N. Am., Inc. v. Roche, 298 F.3d
1274, 1282 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Under our established precedent we are not bound by
Northrop on the issue of allocability under the CAS standards since the CAS issue was
neither argued nor discussed in our opinion.”). Indeed, the opinion’s failure to consider
this issue is not surprising, because the government did not raise it, but simply argued
that the plaintiffs’ inability to make out a successful inverse condemnation claim on the
merits deprived the Court of Federal Claims of jurisdiction.
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 Appellants’ first amended complaints in this case alleged “violations of due

process under Amendment V to the United States Constitution and therefore, an illegal

taking of [appellants’] property.” Americopters J.A. at 10-11; Jan’s J.A. at 11. The

complaints invoke the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment, and both the District

Court of Guam and the Ninth Circuit understood appellants to allege takings claims.

See Americopters, 441 F.3d at 738 (describing the remaining constitutional claims as

“takings claims”); Americopters, LLC v. FAA, No. 03-00005, slip op. at 5 (D. Guam May

11, 2007) (“The Plaintiff is alleging a takings claim.”); Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v.

FAA, No. 03-00002, slip op. at 5 (D. Guam May 11, 2007) (“The Plaintiff is alleging a

takings claim.”). 10 It is undisputed that the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment is a

money-mandating source for purposes of Tucker Act jurisdiction. See Moden, 404 F.3d

at 1341. Because the Mitchell and White Mountain tests are satisfied, and because

appellants, having alleged a taking of their property by the government, are within the

class of plaintiffs entitled to recovery if a takings claim is established, the District Court

of Guam correctly decided that the Court of Federal Claims had subject matter

jurisdiction over appellants’ complaints.

Appellants’ contentions about the lawfulness or authorization of the government’s

actions, while relevant to whether appellants’ takings claims will be successful on their

merits, do not affect the jurisdiction of the Court of Federal Claims to consider those

claims. See Del-Rio Drilling Programs, Inc. v. United States, 146 F.3d 1358, 1362 (Fed.

10
The government argues that the claim for relief should be construed as
seeking compensation under the Due Process Clause, rather than the Takings Clause,
and that the Due Process Clause is not money-mandating in these circumstances. We
need not address this argument because, like the district court, we construe the
complaint as asserting a takings claim, despite its infelicitous reference to due process.
2007-1410
2007-1411 16
Cir. 1998) (analyzing arguments about the authorization of the government actions as

an issue of whether plaintiff had stated a taking claim on which relief could be granted,

not as an issue of subject matter jurisdiction). Because appellants’ complaints contain

nonfrivolous allegations that they fall within a protected class under the Fifth

Amendment, the Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction to consider those complaints

under the Tucker Act.

III

As explained above, the District Court of Guam plainly lacked jurisdiction over

appellants’ takings claims. Because appellants are asserting claims against the

government based on a money-mandating provision of the Constitution and seeking

money damages in excess of $10,000, the Court of Federal Claims has exclusive

jurisdiction over those claims. Therefore the District Court of Guam properly transferred

the claims to that court under 28 U.S.C. § 1631. We leave it for the Court of Federal

Claims in the first instance to address whether appellants have stated regulatory takings

claims on which relief may be granted.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the District Court of Guam is affirmed.

AFFIRMED

COSTS

No costs.

2007-1410
2007-1411 17
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2007-1410

JAN’S HELICOPTER SERVICE, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

-----------------------------------------------

2007-1411

AMERICOPTERS, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Guam in case nos. 03-
CV-00002 and 03-CV-00005, Chief Judge Frances M. Tydingco-Gatewood.

PROST, Circuit Judge, dissenting-in-part.

I join Part III of the majority opinion and concur in the result affirming the transfer

from the United States District Court for the District of Guam to the United States Court

of Federal Claims. I do not join Parts I and II of the majority opinion, however, because

they foreclose dismissal of frivolous claims for lack of jurisdiction if the claim is founded

upon a money-mandating source and the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous allegation
that it is within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating

source. 1

First, resolution of this nonfrivolous question is not required in the present case.

The government does not argue that the plaintiffs’ takings claims are frivolous or that

they should not be transferred to the Court of Federal Claims, as long as the claims are

not construed as due process claims. 2 See Oral Arg. at 31:36-50, 33:13-54, available at

http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/oralarguments/mp3/2007-1410.mp3. Additionally, while

the parties were questioned about Fisher v. United States at oral argument, this issue

was not briefed or raised by either party, nor was it raised before or considered by the

district court. 402 F.3d 1167 (Fed. Cir. 2005).

Second, the majority has not satisfactorily explained why the determination of

Tucker Act jurisdiction in the Court of Federal Claims differs from that of general federal

question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 relating to the dismissal of frivolous claims

for lack of jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has indicated that a district court may lack

jurisdiction if a “claim ‘clearly appears to be immaterial and made solely for the purpose

of obtaining jurisdiction or where such a claim is wholly insubstantial and frivolous.’”

Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 89 (1998) (quoting Bell v. Hood,

1
See Majority Op. at 15 (“In determining whether the Court of Federal
Claims has jurisdiction, all that is required is a determination that the claim is founded
upon a money-mandating source and the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous allegation
that it is within the class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating
source. There is no further jurisdictional requirement that the court determine whether
the additional allegations of the complaint state a nonfrivolous claim on the merits.”).
2
As explained by the majority, the plaintiffs’ claims in the present case are
properly construed as takings claims, not due process claims. See Majority Op. at 16
n.10.

2007-1410, 2007-1411 2
327 U.S. 678, 682-83 (1946)). As the Court has explained, “[d]ismissal for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction because of the inadequacy of the federal claim is proper only

when the claim is ‘so insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions of this

Court, or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal controversy.’”

Id. (quoting Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. v. County of Oneida, 414 U.S. 661, 666

(1974)); see also Moden v. United States, 404 F.3d 1335, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (same).

The majority has certainly not shown why, under the Tucker Act, we should foreclose

the dismissal of claims for lack of jurisdiction that are so frivolous or insubstantial as to

not involve a federal controversy.

Third, as the majority opinion correctly notes, “[i]n Fisher, following White

Mountain, the en banc court explicitly overruled our previous approach, set out in

Gollehon Farming v. United States, 207 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2000).” Majority Op. at 12.

Contrary to the suggestion by the majority, however, I do not read Fisher as having

resolved the issue of whether a nonfrivolous claim for relief is required for Tucker Act

jurisdiction. See id. Rather, I read Fisher as overruling the two step approach, set out

in Gollehon, for addressing the issue of whether a source is money-mandating. See

Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1172-73. As we explained in Moden, “Fisher addressed how the

Court of Federal Claims should determine whether the ‘Constitutional provision, statute,

or regulation is one that is money-mandating.’” 404 F.3d at 1341. In the present case,

as in Moden, however, “the parties do not dispute that the Takings Clause of the Fifth

Amendment is money-mandating.” Id. Thus, the Fisher issue of the proper approach to

determining whether a source is money-mandating is not present here.

2007-1410, 2007-1411 3
 Finally, for the Court of Federal Claims to have jurisdiction, the majority would

only require a determination that: (1) “the claim is founded upon a money-mandating

source,” and (2) “the plaintiff has made a nonfrivolous allegation that it is within the

class of plaintiffs entitled to recover under the money-mandating source.” Majority Op.

at 15. Beyond these two requirements, it concludes that “[t]here is no further

jurisdictional requirement that the court determine whether the additional allegations of

the complaint state a nonfrivolous claim on the merits.” Id. This analysis appears in my

view to be inconsistent with the court’s decision in Moden. 404 F.3d at 1335. In

Moden, decided one month after Fisher, this court provided:

Here the parties do not dispute that the Takings Clause of the Fifth
Amendment is money-mandating. Thus, to the extent the Modens have a
nonfrivolous takings claim founded upon the Fifth Amendment, jurisdiction
under the Tucker Act is proper.
The government neither argues that the Modens’ claim is frivolous
nor argues that it is so insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior
decisions, or otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a
federal controversy. And while at oral argument the United States
repeatedly refused to concede that jurisdiction is proper in this case, it
clearly is.
. . . In short, we have jurisdiction to address the merits of this case,
as did the Court of Federal Claims, because the Modens’ claim is neither
frivolous nor so insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions, or
otherwise completely devoid of merit as not to involve a federal
controversy.

Id. at 1341-42.

The majority attempts to disregard Moden by (1) “read[ing] Moden as holding that

the plaintiff must make a nonfrivolous allegation that it is within the class of plaintiffs

entitled to recover under the money-mandating source of law,” and (2) claiming that the

relevant statements in Moden “are dicta, and we are not bound by them, because the

court did not consider the possibility that under Fisher a nonfrivolous allegation on the

2007-1410, 2007-1411 4
merits of the claim was not required.” 3 Majority Op. at 15 n.9. First, I simply disagree

with the majority’s reading of Moden. It does not confine the nonfrivolous claim

requirement to a “class of plaintiffs” analysis. Second, contrary to the suggestion by the

majority, the Moden court expressly addresses Fisher in the portion of the opinion

discussing the nonfrivolous claim requirement for jurisdiction. The Moden court

determined that jurisdiction was proper because a nonfrivolous claim was asserted,

noting that the Fisher court’s jurisdictional discussion addresses another issue (i.e., how

to determine whether a source is money-mandating). Moden, 404 F.3d at 1341.

In sum, based on this record, I would not foreclose dismissal for lack of

jurisdiction of claims that point to a money-mandating source but are frivolous or “so

insubstantial, implausible, foreclosed by prior decisions, or otherwise completely devoid

of merit as not to involve a federal controversy.” Id. Therefore, I respectfully dissent-in-

part.

3
In support of its claim that the Moden court did not consider whether
Fisher changed the nonfrivolous claim requirement, the majority states that “the
opinion’s failure to consider this issue is not surprising, because the government did not
raise it.” Majority at 15 n.9. Even if the majority is correct in its claim that the
government did not raise this issue in Moden, we note that the same circumstance
exists in the present case where neither party raised this issue.

2007-1410, 2007-1411 5