Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 15, 2011
No. 10-60350 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
NICHOLAS ACOUSTICS & SPECIALTY COMPANY, INC.,
Plaintiff–Appellant
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant–Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Mississippi
Before GARWOOD, GARZA, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:
This appeal stems from a construction firm’s attempt to obtain a refund
of federal employment taxes and an abatement of interest and penalties. At
issue is whether remittances of employment withholding taxes by Plaintiff-
Appellant Nicholas Acoustics & Specialty Company, Inc., (“Nicholas”) constitute
tax payments or deposits. The classification is important because certain tax
payments have a time limitation for refunds. There is no such time limitation,
however, for deposits. Nicholas argues its remittances are the latter. The
Government argues the remittances are the former. We agree with the
Government.
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 2 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
I
Between 1999 and 2003, Nicholas, a construction firm, paid employment
payroll taxes, but failed to file tax returns for those taxes. When a business files
a tax return for employment payroll taxes, the properly executed form
automatically constitutes a refund claim.1 See 26 C.F.R. § 301.6402-4. The
Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) is legally prohibited, however, from
automatically refunding or redistributing overpayments when a taxpayer pays
taxes, but fails to file a tax return for same. See generally 26 U.S.C. § 6402(a);
26 U.S.C. § 6514(a)(1). During the period in question, Nicholas did not file tax
returns nor did it remit funds for the exact amount owed. Rather, the firm
estimated the amount due and occasionally overpaid taxes, erroneously
assuming that the IRS could apply the overpayment to other quarters in which
the firm had underpaid its tax liability.
In 2003, the IRS audited Nicholas due to the firm’s failure to file its tax
returns. After the audit, Nicholas filed tax returns for the missing quarters,
which permitted the IRS to refund overpayments or credit the overpayments to
certain quarters in which a deficit had occurred. Because of the statute of
limitations, the IRS could only refund or credit Nicholas’s overpayments for tax
returns due within the past three years. Nicholas still owed taxes for the period
in question even after the IRS made the adjustments. The IRS filed a lien
against Nicholas, which the firm paid before seeking a refund. In its refund
request, Nicholas contended that the shortfall would not have occurred had the
IRS applied all of Nicholas’s overpayments to future or past quarters rather than
transferring the money into an excess collection account. The IRS countered
1
The instructions for employment payroll taxes also state that the IRS may apply an
overpayment to future tax returns when a taxpayer has properly executed the tax return, but
has failed to properly indicate whether the IRS should refund an overpayment or apply it to
a future return. I.R.S. Form 941 (last rev. Jan. 2011).
2
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 3 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
that when Nicholas actually filed the refund claims, certain overpayments could
not be refunded due to the three-year statute of limitations. See 26 U.S.C. §
6511.2 Nicholas disagreed and sued the IRS in district court, seeking a refund
of the lien.
Before the district court, Nicholas argued that the IRS should have
classified the tax remittances as deposits akin to a cash bond instead of
classifying the remittances as payments. Under IRS regulations, a deposit may
be refunded at any time, but a payment is subject to a statute of limitations. Id.
The district court concluded that as a matter of law, the contested tax
remittances constituted payments subject to the three-year statute of limitations
and therefore, could not be refunded. The district court rejected Nicholas’s
remaining arguments and granted summary judgment in favor of the IRS.
Dissatisfied, Nicholas appealed.
II
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same standards as the district court. DePree v. Saunders, 588 F.3d
2
In pertinent part, § 6511(a) states:
Claim for credit or refund of an overpayment of any tax imposed
by this title in respect of which tax the taxpayer is required to file
a return shall be filed by the taxpayer within 3 years from the
time the return was filed or 2 years from the time the tax was
paid, whichever of such periods expires the later, or if no return
was filed by the taxpayer, within 2 years from the time the tax
was paid. Claim for credit or refund of an overpayment of any
tax imposed by this title which is required to be paid by means of
a stamp shall be filed by the taxpayer within 3 years from the
time the tax was paid.
The subsequent sub-section, § 6511(b), places additional time limitations on refunds
and essentially creates a second statute of limitations period. §§ 6511(b)(2)(A)–(C). Thus,
even when a refund claim is timely filed under § 6511(a), the application of § 6511(b)(2) to such
a refund claim “can operate to reduce or eliminate entirely the amount of refund or credit a
taxpayer may receive.” Nicholas Acoustics & Specialty Co. v. United States, 718 F. Supp. 2d
764, 770 (S.D. Miss. 2010).
3
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 4 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
282, 286 (5th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is warranted when “the pleadings,
the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Id. at 286 (internal quotations omitted).
Nicholas argues that the district court erred by concluding that the firm’s
employment tax remittances constituted payments and could not be refunded
due to the statute of limitations. The IRS classifies a remittance of taxes as
either a payment or a deposit. If a tax remittance is determined to be a deposit,
it is treated much like a cash bond, which the IRS simply holds, and a taxpayer
may seek a refund of the deposit at any time. Rosenman v. United States, 323
U.S. 658, 662–63 (1945). But if a remittance is deemed a payment, the taxpayer
may only recover the money by filing “a timely claim for a refund.” Miller v.
United States, No. 99-737 T, 2000 WL 1868947, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Nov. 9, 2000). A
remittance that discharges or pays a deemed or assessed tax liability constitutes
a payment. Rosenman, 332 U.S. at 662. A remittance also constitutes a
payment if made under a section of the Internal Revenue Code for which the
statute’s plain language states that such a remittance is to be “deemed paid.”
Deaton v. Commissioner, 440 F.3d 223, 230 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing Baral v.
United States, 528 U.S. 431, 434–36 (2000)). In this appeal, the remittances in
question involve employment withholding taxes and are governed by 26 U.S.C.
§ 6513(c)(2).
Section 6513(c) states:
(1) If a return for any period ending with or within a calendar
year is filed before April 15 of the succeeding calendar year, such
return shall be considered filed on April 15 of such succeeding
calendar year; and
(2) If a tax with respect to remuneration or other amount paid
during any period ending with or within a calendar year is paid
4
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 5 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
before April 15 of the succeeding calendar year, such tax shall be
considered paid on April 15 of such succeeding calendar year.
§§ 6513(c)(1)–(2). Any money remitted to the IRS in connection with §
6513(c)(2), “will be considered to be a payment of tax on the last day prescribed
for filing the applicable return for the return period.” 26 C.F.R. § 31.6302-1(h)(9)
(emphasis added). Thus, under this regulation, employment tax remittances
constitute payments and refunds of these payments are subject to the three-year
statute of limitations of § 6511.
Nicholas argues that the district court erroneously concluded that under
Baral v. United States, § 6513(c)(2) was a “deemed paid” provision,3 and that the
firm’s payments were subject to the refund time limitations of § 6511. Baral,
528 U.S. 431 (2000). We disagree with Nicholas. The district court correctly
interpreted and applied Baral to this case. In Baral, the Court considered an
individual’s refund claim for income tax partially paid through his employer’s
wage withholding and partially paid through his own remittance of the
estimated tax under § 6513(b). The Court held that the tax was paid when the
money was remitted, not when the tax was assessed. Id. at 435–36. The Court
also held that remittances governed by a deemed paid provision “akin to § 6513”
constituted payments subject to the look-back period of § 6511. Id. at 438 & n.2
(“We need not address the proper treatment under § 6511 of remittances that,
unlike withholding and estimated income tax, are not governed by a ‘deemed
paid’ provision akin to § 6513(b).”).4
3
A statute constitutes a “deemed paid provision” when the law states when a
remittance must be paid and specifies that the remittance is considered a payment.
4
Since the Court issued Baral, no circuit court has analyzed whether § 6513(c)
constitutes a “deemed paid” provision. In cases involving employee withholding taxes under
§ 6513(b), circuit courts have held that such remittances constitute payments, not deposits.
Oropallo v. United States, 994 F.2d 25, 27–28 (1st Cir. 1993) (per curiam); Weigand v. United
States, 760 F.2d 1072, 1074 (10th Cir. 1985); Ehle v. United States, 720 F.2d 1096, 1097 (9th
Cir. 1983) (per curiam).
5
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 6 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
Here, the district court noted that Baral’s analysis specifically pertained
to §§ 6513(b)(1) and (2), which govern employee withholding taxes. The district
court concluded, however, that Baral’s holding extended to employer withholding
taxes and § 6513(c) because of a footnote in Baral. In the footnote, the Court
explained that “‘remittances which are governed by a “deemed paid” provision
akin to § 6513’ are ‘payments’ subject to § 6511.” Nicholas, 718 F. Supp. 2d at
773 (quoting Baral, 528 U.S. 439 n.2). The district court relied on the Court’s
holding to determine that the plain language of § 6513(c)(2) made it a “deemed
paid” provision and, accordingly, concluded that tax deposits remitted under §
6513(c) constituted payments. Id. at 774. The district court then concluded that
these payments were subject to § 6511’s statute of limitations as a matter of law.
Id. We agree.
The plain language of § 6513(c)(2)5 indicates that it is a deemed paid
provision, and therefore it is subject to § 6511’s limitation period for refunds.
See Baral, 528 U.S. at 439 n.2. In addition, corresponding Treasury Regulations
deem a remittance of employment taxes as payments. 26 C.F.R. § 31.6302-
1(h)(9). Section 31.6302-1(h)(9) addresses whether employer withholding taxes
constitute payments by stating: “In general, an amount deposited under this
paragraph (h) will be considered to be a payment of tax . . . .” Id. (emphasis
added). The regulation then states that for “section 6511 and the regulations
thereunder . . . if an amount is deposited prior to April 15th of the calendar year
immediately succeeding the calendar year that includes the period for which the
amount was deposited, the amount will be considered paid on April 15th.” Id.
(emphasis added). The regulation specifically states that remittances of
employer withholding taxes constitute “a payment of tax.” Id. Accordingly, it
is reasonable to conclude that § 6513(c) is a “deemed paid” provision and that
5
See supra p.4–5.
6
Case: 10-60350 Document: 00511510145 Page: 7 Date Filed: 06/15/2011
No. 10-60350
remittances made under the statute constitute payments subject to § 6511’s
statute of limitations.
In addition, the remittances in question constituted payments under
Revenue Procedure 84-58, the regulation that governed employment tax
remittances during the contested time period. In Baral, the Court noted that its
holding was limited to sections of the Internal Revenue Code that were “‘deemed
paid’ provisions.” 528 U.S. at 438–39 & n.2. The Court did not define what
constituted a “deemed paid” provision. But the Court noted that “the Service has
promulgated procedures to govern classification of a remittance as a deposit or
payment in this context” and the Court cited to Revenue Procedure 84-58. This
revenue procedure states that the IRS will treat remittances as deposits only if
they are made before “the mailing of a notice of deficiency that is designated by
the taxpayer in writing as a deposit in the nature of a cash bond.” Rev. Proc. 84-
58, 194-33 I.R.B. 9.6 In this case, Nicholas’s bookkeeper remitted payments to
the IRS via a phone software system. At the time of payment, Nicholas did not
protest these payments in writing nor did Nicholas request that the payments
be treated as deposits. Furthermore, Nicholas’s payments were not made in
response to a deficiency notice nor were the payments made in response to a
proposed liability.7 The district court, therefore, correctly determined that these
remittances were payments and refunds of these payments were subject to the
time limitations of § 6511.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all
respects.
6
Although Rev. Proc. 84-58 was superceded by Rev. Proc. 2005-18, the new revenue
procedure was not issued until after Nicholas filed its tax returns.
7
Furthermore, if Nicholas had confusion as to whether employment tax remittances
constituted payments or deposits, they could have relied on this IRS regulation for guidance.
7