[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-12858 JULY 7, 2011
JOHN LEY
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:09-cr-00234-RAL-TGW-2
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
DARRYL EARL MOODY,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(July 7, 2011)
Before MARCUS, PRYOR and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Darryl Earl Moody appeals his total 240-month term of imprisonment, imposed
after a jury verdict found him guilty of: one count of conspiracy to commit three
Hobbs Act robberies and one count of committing a Hobbs Act robbery, all in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a); and one count of brandishing a firearm during a
crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). Moody argues that:
(1) his sentences were procedurally unreasonable, because the court relied on his
prior unscored criminal convictions to impose variances, without giving him prior
notice of its intent to do so, which violated his process rights; and (2) his sentences
were substantively unreasonable, because the court improperly relied on his vacated
murder conviction, for which he was sentenced to death, to impose a harsh sentence,
and erred by failing to appropriately consider his age -- 48 at the time of sentencing
-- or the time he wrongly spent in prison for his later-vacated conviction. After
thorough review, we affirm.
When a party fails to adequately object to an alleged sentencing error below,
we review only for plain error. United States v. Massey, 443 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir.
2006). However, where a party properly preserves an objection, we review the
sentence a district court imposes for “reasonableness,” which “merely asks whether
the trial court abused its discretion.” United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189
(11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 351 (2007)).
In reviewing sentences for reasonableness, we perform two steps. Id. at 1190.
First, we must “‘ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural
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error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range,
treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain
the chosen sentence -- including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines
range.’” Id. (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).1 When
determining the effect of the § 3553(a)(1) factors -- specifically the history and
characteristics of the defendant -- a court may consider a wide latitude of evidence.
See United States v. Shaw, 560 F.3d 1230, 1231-35 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 129
S.Ct. 2847 (2009). The district court need not discuss each § 3553(a) factor. United
States v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 786 (11th Cir. 2005). It is generally sufficient that the
record, viewed as a whole, reflects that the sentencing judge considered the parties’
arguments and has taken the § 3553(a) factors properly into account. See United
States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1194-95 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc), cert. denied, 131
S. Ct. 1813 (2011).
1
The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the
seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the
offense; (3) the need for the sentence imposed to afford adequate deterrence; (4) the need to
protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with educational or vocational training
or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) the
pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission; (9) the need to avoid unwanted
sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
3
Due process does not require that a court provide parties with notice of its
intent to vary from the guideline range. Irizarry v. United States, 553 U.S. 708,
714-16 (2008). Parties may not claim unfair surprise or an inability to present
mitigating evidence when a defendant’s imposed sentence lies outside the Guidelines
because, after United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), parties are inherently on
notice that the sentencing guidelines range is advisory. Id. at 712-13.
If we conclude that the district court did not procedurally err, we must consider
the “‘substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an
abuse-of-discretion standard,’” based on the “‘totality of the circumstances.’” Pugh,
515 F.3d at 1190 (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). This review is “deferential,”
requiring us to determine “whether the sentence imposed by the district court fails to
achieve the purposes of sentencing as stated in section 3553(a).” Talley, 431 F.3d at
788. “The weight to be accorded any given § 3553(a) factor is a matter committed
to the sound discretion of the district court, and we will not substitute our judgment
in weighing the relevant factors.” United States v. Amedeo, 487 F.3d 823, 832 (11th
Cir. 2007) (quotation and brackets omitted). The district court is “permitted to attach
great weight to one factor over others.” Shaw, 560 F.3d at 1237 (quotation omitted).
We will “vacate the sentence if, but only if, we are left with the definite and firm
conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the
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§ 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable
sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190 (quotation
omitted). “The party challenging the sentence bears the burden to show it is
unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Tome,
611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 674 (2010).
The reasonableness of a sentence may be indicated when the sentence imposed
was well below the statutory maximum sentence. See United States v. Gonzalez, 550
F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S.Ct. 2848 (2009). Sentences
outside the guidelines are not presumed to be unreasonable. Shaw, 560 F.3d at 1237
(holding that a district court’s decision to vary upward, from the 30-37 month
guideline range to the 120-month statutory maximum, was reasonable). A court may
consider all pertinent prior conduct within a defendant’s criminal history, which is
proven by a preponderance of the evidence, in determining a substantively reasonable
sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3661; see also United States v. Culver, 598 F.3d 740, 752-
53 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 336 (2010).
In this case, the district court did not violate Moody’s due process rights, and
his sentences were procedurally reasonable.2 The trial court was entitled to consider
2
As an initial matter, Moody did not adequately preserve his argument of procedural
unreasonableness based on a lack of due process. See Massey, 443 F.3d at 819 (“[T]o preserve
an objection to [his] sentence for appeal, [a defendant] must ‘raise that point in such clear and
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Moody’s unscored criminal convictions when determining his sentences. See Shaw,
560 F.3d at 1231-35. Furthermore, due process did not require that the court provide
Moody with notice of its intent to impose an upward variance based on these
convictions. See Irizarry, 553 U.S. at 714-16. Indeed, Moody was especially on
notice that he might not receive a sentence within the initially calculated guideline
range, because the PSI explicitly noted U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 as grounds for a possible
departure.
Moody’s sentences were also substantively reasonable. The § 3553(a) factors
support the district court’s action in that his sentences reflect the seriousness of the
offenses, will deter further criminal conduct, protect the public from Moody, and will
promote respect for the law. In addition, though the sentences imposed were outside
the Guidelines, they were well below the statutory maximums. See 18 U.S.C. §
1951(a); see also United States v. Pounds, 230 F.3d 1317, 1319 (11th Cir. 2000)
(noting that the statutory maximum for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) is life
in prison). Furthermore, the district court acted within its discretion by not imposing
a lesser sentence based on Moody’s age.
simple language that the trial court may not misunderstand it.’”). Accordingly, Moody’s
procedural unreasonableness arguments are reviewed for plain error.
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Moreover, Moody mischaracterizes the proper effect of the time he served in
prison on later-vacated convictions. He asserts he should be given credit for the
“nearly a decade” he wrongly spent in prison. But the majority of this imprisonment
was warranted, because it was required by the 60-month concurrent sentences that
Moody received for his guilty pleas to three counts of being a felon in possession of
a firearm. Accordingly, Moody has failed to show that the district court committed
plain error or abused its discretion, and his sentences were both procedurally and
substantively reasonable.
AFFIRMED.
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