IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2012-CA-00725-SCT
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
v.
NINA BUCKHALTER a/k/a NINA R.
BUCKHALTER a/k/a NINA ROZANNE
BUCKHALTER
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/18/2012
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. PRENTISS GREENE HARRELL
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAMAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY,
FIFTEENTH DISTRICT
BY: LAUREN B. HARLESS
DOUGLAS E. MILLER
HALDON J. KITTRELL
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: ROBERT B. MCDUFF
JACOB WAYNE HOWARD
KARL C. HIGHTOWER
FARAH DIAZ-TELLO
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/08/2013
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
DICKINSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. The Lamar County grand jury indicted Nina Buckhalter for culpable-negligence
manslaughter after she gave birth to a stillborn baby girl. The circuit court dismissed the
indictment, finding certain language in the manslaughter statute to be “vague and
ambiguous,” when applied to “a woman who has caused the miscarriage or stillbirth of her
unborn child.” The State 1 appealed. Because we find the indictment was fatally flawed, we
affirm its dismissal without reaching the issue addressed by the circuit court.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. In her thirty-first week of pregnancy, Nina gave birth to a stillborn child, Hayley Jade
Buckhalter. A Lamar County grand jury indicted Nina for culpable-negligence manslaughter
under Section 97-3-47,2 which defines manslaughter as the “killing of a human being, by the
act, procurement, or culpable negligence of another.” 3 The indictment alleged that Nina
did willfully, unlawfully, feloniously, [k]ill Hayley Jade Buckhalter, a human
being, by culpable negligence, contrary to and in violation of Section 97-3-47,
of the Mississippi Code of 1972, as amended; against the peace and dignity of
the State of Mississippi.4
¶3. The indictment failed to disclose how Nina allegedly caused Hayley Jade’s death, but
from statements in other pleadings, we assume the State planned to prove at trial that she
ingested illegal drugs during the course of her pregnancy.5 And neither the indictment nor
anything else in the record identifies the type of illegal drugs allegedly involved.
¶4. Nina filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, arguing the word “other” in the
manslaughter statute did not apply to a pregnant woman for the death of her unborn child;
1
The Attorney General’s Office has not filed a brief in this matter. The State’s brief is
authored by the District Attorney’s Office of the Fifteenth District.
2
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-47 (Rev. 2006).
3
(Emphasis added.)
4
(Emphasis added.)
5
The record does not identify the type of drugs Nina is accused of ingesting.
2
and that, at best, the word was ambiguous. The State opposed the motion, but the Lamar
County Circuit Court granted it, stating that Section 97-3-47 was “vague as to whether the
legislature intended the term ‘other’ to be specifically inclusive of the pregnant woman
herself as against her own unborn child.” The State appealed, raising two issues:
I. Whether the circuit court erred by dismissing the indictment upon
finding that the manslaughter statute was vague.
II. Whether the circuit court erred by considering the legislature’s failed
attempts to pass laws that specifically would criminalize a mother’s
conduct which harms her unborn child.
¶5. Because the indictment against Nina was fatally flawed, our analysis of the case must
end there. We affirm dismissal of the indictment, but for reasons other than those stated by
the circuit judge, and we decline to address the merits of either of the issues presented.
DISCUSSION
¶6. Mississippi’s manslaughter is included in Title 97 of the Mississippi Code. Within
Title 97 – prior to the manslaughter statute – are two statutes (discussed later) that
criminalize the intentional killing of a fetus. Comes then the manslaughter statute which
states in its entirety:
Every other killing of a human being, by the act, procurement, or culpable
negligence of another, and without authority of law, not provided for in this
title, shall be manslaughter.6
¶7. So the manslaughter statute applies only where there is no other applicable criminal
statute under Title 97. Stated another way, the manslaughter statute does not apply to
6
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-47 (Rev. 2006) (emphasis added).
3
conduct that may be prosecuted under any other Title 97 statute. And here – assuming Nina
did what the indictment charged she did – there are two statutes under which her conduct
may have been prosecuted.
¶8. If, as the indictment alleges, Nina indeed did “willfully . . . kill” her unborn child –
and assuming the term “any person” applies to Nina, an issue we do not reach today – she
could have been prosecuted under Section 97-3-3 (1), which states:
Any person wilfully and knowingly causing, by means of any instrument,
medicine, drug or other means whatsoever, any woman pregnant with child to
abort or miscarry . . . shall be guilty of a felony unless the same were done by
a duly licensed, practicing physician . . .7
¶9. Also, she could have been prosecuted under Section 97-3-19 (1), which provides:
The killing of a human being without the authority of law by any means or in
any manner shall be murder . . . (d) when done with deliberate design to effect
the death of an unborn child.8
¶10. So, because Nina’s conduct – as alleged in the indictment – is addressed in other Title
97 statutes, it may not be prosecuted under Section 97-3-47.
¶11. We must address two prior cases that might seem to – but do not – conflict with our
holding today. In Williams v. State,9 the defendant was indicted for “willfully and
feloniously kill[ing] and slay[ing] one John Turner, a human being, by culpable negligence.”
The 1931 culpable-negligence manslaughter statute was similar to ours today, and provided:
7
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-3 (1) (Rev. 2006).
8
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(d) (Rev. 2006). A “human being,” for purposes of this
statute, includes an unborn child. See § 97-3-37(1)(d)(Rev. 2006).
9
Williams v. State, 161 Miss. 406, 137 So. 106, 107 (1931).
4
“every other killing of a human being, by the act, procurement, or culpable negligence of
another, and without authority of law, not provided for in this chapter, shall be
manslaughter.” 10
¶12. On appeal from the trial court’s denial of Williams’s demurrer, he did not argue that,
because he could have been prosecuted under other statutes, he could not be prosecuted for
manslaughter. This Court did not address the issue.
¶13. Similarly, the defendant in Yazzie v. State11 was indicted for “unlawfully, wilfully, and
feloniously . . . kill[ing] and slay[ing] one Phyllis Waits, a human being . . .” under Section
97-3-47. Yazzie’s conviction was affirmed on appeal, but he neither raised nor argued the
issue before us today. But to be clear, to the extent they conflict with today’s opinion, we
overrule Williams and Yazzie.
¶14. We also note that Nina’s counsel did not employ this argument in challenging the
indictment in the trial court, nor was it briefed to this Court on appeal. It was raised at oral
argument, however, and the State conceded that the indictment was flawed because the
“willful” language should not have been included as there was no evidence of a willful
10
Id. (quoting Section 1002, Code 1930) (emphasis added).
11
Yazzie v. State, 366 So. 2d 240, 242 (Miss. 1979).
5
killing. Because the flaw in Nina’s indictment is clear and obvious, and because it affects
a fundamental right,12 we have elected to address the issue as plain error.13
¶15. We also express concern over the indictment’s failure to provide any notice or
information whatsoever as to how the State alleges Nina “did willfully, unlawfully,
feloniously, [k]ill Hayley Jade Buckhalter, a human being, by culpable negligence.” We
need not elaborate further on this curious omission.
CONCLUSION
¶16. This Court will affirm a trial court that has reached the right result, even if we disagree
with – or, as here, decline to address – the trial court’s reasoning.14 Nina’s indictment for
manslaughter, which alleges she “willfully” caused the death of her child, is fatally flawed,
so we affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the indictment.
¶17. AFFIRMED.
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, P.J., LAMAR, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ.,
CONCUR. KING, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION JOINED BY KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ.
KING, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN RESULT:
12
“Under the plain-error doctrine, we can recognize obvious error which was not properly
raised by the defendant on appeal, and which affects a defendant’s ‘fundamental, substantive
right.’”Smith v. State, 986 So. 2d 290, 294 (Miss. 2008) (citations omitted).
13
“Plain-error review is properly utilized for ‘correcting obvious instances of injustice or
misapplied law.’” Id. (quoting Newport v. Fact Concerts, 453 U.S. 247, 256, 101 S. Ct. 2748, 69
L. Ed. 616 (1981)).
14
See Falco Lime, Inc. v. Mayor and Aldermen of City of Vicksburg, 836 So. 2d 711, 725
(Miss. 2002) (citing Jackson v. Fly, 215 Miss. 303, 311, 60 So. 2d 782, 786 (1952)).
6
¶18. Finding the manslaughter statute to be vague and ambiguous regarding whether
Buckhalter may be prosecuted for the death of her unborn child, the trial court dismissed
Buckhalter’s indictment. The majority opinion finds the indictment to be flawed and
dismisses the indictment, but leaves room for the State simply to reindict Buckhalter. See
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-1-9 (Rev. 2007). If the majority were able to dismiss the case with
prejudice, I would concur. However, it cannot. For this reason, I join solely in the result.
¶19. Buckhalter did not raise the indictment issue below or on appeal. As noted by the
majority, the issue was raised by the Court in oral argument. When asked about the
indictment during oral argument, Buckhalter’s appellate counsel requested that the Court
address the merits of the case rather than having the case returned to circuit court for a new
indictment and then returned here. I agree with Buckhalter’s counsel that this Court, in the
interest of judicial economy, should address the merits of this matter. The merits of the case
are subject to repetition and should be addressed by the Court. See Miss. Ethics Comm’n
v. Comm. on Prof’l Responsibility of the Miss. Bar, 672 So. 2d 1222, 1224 (Miss. 1996).
¶20. Since I have been a member of this Court, this issue has arisen twice. First, in Gibbs
v. State, the Court initially granted Gibbs’s request for interlocutory appeal to determine
whether the depraved-heart-murder statute applied to women who gave birth to stillborn
babies. Gibbs v. State, 2010-IA-00819-SCT, Order No. 172566 (Miss. October 27, 2011).
The Court even heard oral arguments in the case. Id. (King, J., objecting). Then, 498 days
after having granted the interlocutory appeal, the Court decided it had granted improvidently
Gibbs’s request for an interlocutory appeal and remanded the case to trial. Id.
7
¶21. Now, Buckhalter is before the Court with a very similar issue. Today’s decision
places Buckhalter at risk of substantial injury – reindictment and a possible trial and
conviction. Also with reindictment, Buckhalter will have the same issue to present to the
circuit court for resolution – whether she can be charged for murder of any kind under
Mississippi statutes. Buckhalter’s case, like Gibbs, will be back to square one. If the
majority feels compelled to address the merits of an issue never raised by the defense, it
certainly should feel compelled to address Buckhalter’s concerns, which are properly before
this Court and possibly could end the case.
¶22. Thus, in the interest of judicial economy, I would address the case on the merits.
KITCHENS AND CHANDLER, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
8